The new military autonomy in Latin America

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 1998, Pages

  Cruz, Consuelo ^a   Diamint, Rut ^a  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 18744421120     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.1998.0057     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. The concept of the "living museum" was developed by Charles Anderson. See his "Toward a Theory of Latin American Politics," in Howard Wiarda, ed., Politics and Social Change in Latin America: Still a Distinct Tradition? (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1992), 245.
2. For Chile, see Claudio Fuentes, "Militares en Chile: ni completa autonomía, ni total subordinación," in Chile 96: Análisis y Opiniones (Santiago: Nueva Serie, FLACSO, 1997). For Brazil, see Braz Araujo, Novos Padroes de pensamento estratégico no Brasil (São Paulo: Nucleo de Politicas y Estrategias de Universidad de São Paulo,
3. For Chile, see Claudio Fuentes, "Militares en Chile: ni completa autonomía, ni total subordinación," in Chile 96: Análisis y Opiniones (Santiago: Nueva Serie, FLACSO, 1997). For Brazil, see Braz Araujo, Novos Padroes de pensamento estratégico no Brasil (São Paulo: Nucleo de Politicas y Estrategias de Universidad de São Paulo,
4. For Ecuador, see Fernando Bustamente, "Las fuerzas armadas ecuatorianas y la coyuntura político-social del fin de siglo," paper prepared for the project "La cuestión cívico-militar en las nuevas democracias de América Latina," Universidad Torcuato Di Tella-Ford Foundation.
5. For Paraguay, see José Luis Simón, Política Internacional para la democracia (Asunción: Fundación Hans Seidel, 1995).
6. Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
7. Jo-Marie Burt, "Political Violence in Lima," in Douglas Chalmers et al., eds., The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 298-99.
8. Alfred Stepan, cited in Paulo Sérgio Pinheiro, "State-Sponsored Violence in Brazil," in Douglas Chalmers et al., eds., The New Politics of Inequality in Latin America, 273.
9. See the New York Times, 22 August 1996; O Globo (São Paulo) 9 August 1997, 7
10. See the New York Times, 22 August 1996; O Globo (São Paulo) 9 August 1997, 7
11. Folha de São Paulo, 10 August 1997, 17
12. In Brazil and Chile, the Armed Forces control "mixed enterprises" in "strategic" industries, notably chemicals and aerospace. These have not been generally regarded as problematic by the private sector. But the military's political clout tends to foment opportunistic behavior within these firms (the extreme case being that of Pinochet's son during his father's government).
13. See Colonel Alberto Molina Flores, "Las Fuerzas Armadas Ecuatorianas, Paz y Desarrollo," ALDHU, Quito, Ecuador, 1993. Cited in Fernando Bustamante, Las Fuerzas Armadas ecuatorianas y la coyuntura político social del fin de siglo. (Universidad Torcuato Di Tella-Ford Foundation Project "The Civil-Military Issue in Latin America: Training a Civil Network of Specialists," forthcoming).
14. See Colonel Alberto Molina Flores, "Las Fuerzas Armadas Ecuatorianas, Paz y Desarrollo," ALDHU, Quito, Ecuador, 1993. Cited in Fernando Bustamante, Las Fuerzas Armadas ecuatorianas y la coyuntura político social del fin de siglo. (Universidad Torcuato Di Tella-Ford Foundation Project "The Civil-Military Issue in Latin America: Training a Civil Network of Specialists," forthcoming).
15. For the first time in the country's history, the chief of Nicaragua's army presented a report to the Contralor de la República revealing possession of a fund of several million dollars accumulated through private, semi-private, and state enterprises, over which the military qua institution claims not to have majority control. Diálogo Centroamericano 21 (June 1997): 7.
16. Kai Ambos, "Razones del fracaso del combate internacional a las drogas," in Contribuciones, Seguridad Jurídica y Desarrollo Económico, CIEDLA, Fundación Konrad Adenauer, No. 3, 1997, 147.
17. For Brazil, see Folha de São Paulo, 10 August 1997, 17. For Peru, see IDEELE, Revista del Instituto de Defensa Legal, No. 102, November 1997, 21. Also refer to the November 1997 issue of IDEELE for General Walter Ledesma's assertion that when drug traffickers deploy instruments that outstrip police capabilities, the Armed Forces must step in.
18. For Brazil, see Folha de São Paulo, 10 August 1997, 17. For Peru, see IDEELE, Revista del Instituto de Defensa Legal, No. 102, November 1997, 21. Also refer to the November 1997 issue of IDEELE for General Walter Ledesma's assertion that when drug traffickers deploy instruments that outstrip police capabilities, the Armed Forces must step in.
19. For Brazil, see Folha de São Paulo, 10 August 1997, 17. For Peru, see IDEELE, Revista del Instituto de Defensa Legal, No. 102, November 1997, 21. Also refer to the November 1997 issue of IDEELE for General Walter Ledesma's assertion that when drug traffickers deploy instruments that outstrip police capabilities, the Armed Forces must step in.
20. Fabio L.S. Petrarolha, "Brazil: The Meek Want the Earth Now," Bulletin of Atomic Scientists 52 (November-December, 1996): 20-29.
21. Stephen Fidler, "Forces to be reckoned with," Financial Times, 17 September 1997.
22. Francisco Rojas Aravena, ed., América Latina: Gasto Militar-Actores Cloves-Proceso de Decisión (Chile: FLACSO, 1994), 28-37.
23. See Rolando Ames, "Las Políticas de seguridad en el Perú," and José Luis Simón, "La toma de decisión en defensa en Paraguay," in Rut Diamint, ed., "La toma de decisión en asuntos de seguridad," Working Paper, Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, No. 39, May 1997.
24. Porfirio Munoz Ledo, "A Conversation with the Leaders of the Mexican Opposition," statement delivered at New York University's Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 21 November 1997.
25. Interview with Elizúr Arteaga, Professor of Constitutional Law, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Proceso, 10 August 1997, 18-19.
26. Fernando Rospigliosi, "Las fuerzas armadas que necesitamos," in IDEELE, Revista del Instituto de Defensa Legal, No. 102, November 1997, 15.
27. Jessica Tuchman Mathews, "Power Shift," Foreign Affairs 76 (January-February 1997): 51-52; and Ronnie D. Lipschutz, On Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 14.
28. Jessica Tuchman Mathews, "Power Shift," Foreign Affairs 76 (January-February 1997): 51-52; and Ronnie D. Lipschutz, On Security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 14.
29. El País (Madrid), 11 February 1997; and La Nación (Buenos Aires), 10 May 1997. El Mercurio (Santiago), 13 May 1996.
30. El País (Madrid), 11 February 1997; and La Nación (Buenos Aires), 10 May 1997. El Mercurio (Santiago), 13 May 1996.
31. El País (Madrid), 11 February 1997; and La Nación (Buenos Aires), 10 May 1997. El Mercurio (Santiago), 13 May 1996.
32. IDEELE, Revista del Instituto de Defensa Legal, No. 102, November 1997, 22.