Epothilones in the treatment of cancer

Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 691-702

  Larkin, James M G ^a   Kaye, Stanley B ^a  

^a ROYAL MARSDEN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

BMS 310705; Cancer treatment; Epothilone; Ixabepilone; KOS 862; Microtubule; Patupilone; ZK EPO

Indexed keywords

2 METHOXYESTRADIOL; ANTHRACYCLINE DERIVATIVE; ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BMS 310705; CAPECITABINE; CARBOPLATIN; COMBRETASTATIN A4; CRYPTOPHYCIN DERIVATIVE; DOCETAXEL; DOLASTATIN; EPOTHILONE A; EPOTHILONE B; EPOTHILONE D; EPOTHILONE DERIVATIVE; ESTRAMUSTINE PHOSPHATE; GEMCITABINE; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IXABEPILONE; MACROLIDE; MITOXANTRONE; N [2 [(4 HYDROXYPHENYL)AMINO] 3 PYRIDINYL] 4 METHOXYBENZENESULFONAMIDE; PACLITAXEL; PREDNISOLONE; SUNITINIB; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINCA ALKALOID; ZK 219477;

ALOPECIA; ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTHRALGIA; ATAXIA; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER THERAPY; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONSTIPATION; CYTOTOXICITY; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG BLOOD LEVEL; DRUG CLEARANCE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TARGETING; DYSPNEA; FATIGUE; FLUID RETENTION; GAIT DISORDER; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; HYPONATREMIA; ILEUS; KIDNEY CANCER; LUNG CANCER; METASTASIS; MICROTUBULE; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; MYALGIA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUROPATHY; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; OVARY CANCER; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; PROSTATE CANCER; REVIEW; SENSORY NEUROPATHY; STOMATITIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THORAX PAIN; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

ANIMALS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CARCINOMA, NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG; CLINICAL TRIALS; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; DRUG EVALUATION, PRECLINICAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; EPOTHILONES; FEMALE; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS; TUBULIN MODULATORS;

EID: 33745262072     PISSN: 13543784     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.6.691     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. GERTH K, BEDORF N, HOFLE G, IRSCHIK H, REICHENBACH H: Epothilons A and B: antifungal and cytotoxic compounds from Sorangium cellulosum (Myxobacteria). Production, physico-chemical and biological properties. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) (1996) 49(6):560-563.
2. BOLLAG DM, McQUENEY PA, ZHU J et al: Epothilones, a new class of microtubule-stabilizing agents with a taxol-like mechanism of action. Cancer Res. (1995) 55(11):2325-2333.
3. JORDAN MA, WILSON L: Microtubules as a target for anticancer drugs. Nat. Rev. Cancer (2004) 4(4):253-265.
4. VERDIER-PINARD P, WANG F, BURD B et al.: Direct analysis of tubulin expression in cancer cell lines by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Biochemistry (2003) 42(41):12019-12027.
5. LUDUENA RF: Multiple forms of tubulin: different gene products and covalent modifications. Int. Rev. Cytol. (1998) 178:207-275.
6. GIODINI A, KALLIO MJ, WALL NR et al.: Regulation of microtubule stability and mitotic progression by survivin. Cancer Res. (2002) 62(9):2462-2467.
7. GALMARINI CM, KAMATH K, VANIER-VIORNERY A et al.: Drug resistance associated with loss of p53 involves extensive alterations in microtubule composition and dynamics. Br. J. Cancer (2003) 88(11):1793-1799.
8. MANEY T, WAGENBACH M, WORDEMAN L: Molecular dissection of the microtubule depolymerizing activity of mitotic centromere-associated kinesin. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276(37):34753-34758.
9. MARTELLO LA, VERDIER-PINARD P, SHEN HJ et al.: Elevated levels of microtubule destabilizing factors in a Taxol-resistant/dependent A549 cell line with an α-tubulin mutation. Cancer Res. (2003) 63(6):1207-1213.
10. DUMONTET C, SIKIC BI: Mechanisms of action of and resistance to antitubulin agents: microtubule dynamics, drug transport, and cell death. J. Clin. Oncol. (1999) 17(3):1061-1070.
11. KAVALLARIS M, TAIT AS, WALSH BJ et al.: Multiple microtubule alterations are associated with vinca alkaloid resistance in human leukemia cells. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(15):5803-5809.
12. COONEY MM, RADIVOYEVITCH T, DOWLATI A et al.: Cardiovascular safety profile of combretastatin a4 phosphate in a single-dose Phase I study in patients with advanced cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10(1 Part 1):96-100.
13. ANDERSON HL, YAP JT, MILLER MP et al.: Assessment of pharmacodynamic vascular response in a Phase I trial of combretastatin A4 phosphate. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(15):2823-2830.
14. DOWLATI A, ROBERTSON K, COONEY M et al.: A Phase I pharmacokinetic and translational study of the novel vascular targeting agent combretastatin a-4 phosphate on a single-dose intravenous schedule in patients with advanced cancer. Cancer Res. (2002) 62(12):3408-3416.
15. RUSTIN GJ, GALBRAITH SM, ANDERSON H et al.: Phase I clinical trial of weekly combretastatin A4 phosphate: clinical and pharmacokinetic results. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(15):2815-2822.
16. STEVENSON JP, ROSEN M, SUN W et al.: Phase I trial of the antivascular agent combretastatin A4 phosphate on a 5-day schedule to patients with cancer: magnetic resonance imaging evidence for altered rumor blood flow. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(23):4428-4438.
17. THORPE PE: Vascular targeting agents as cancer therapeutics. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10(2):415-427.
18. STEVENSON JP, SUN W, GALLAGHER M et al.: Phase I trial of the cryptophycin analogue LY355703 administered as an intravenous infusion on a day 1 and 8 schedule every 21 days. Clin. Cancer Res. (2002) 8(8):2524-2529.
19. EDELMAN MJ, GANDARA DR, HAUSNER P et al: Phase II study of cryptophycin 52 (LY355703) in patients previously treated with platinum based chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer (2003) 39(2):197-199.
20. SESSA C, WEIGANG-KOHLER K, PAGANI O et al.: Phase I and pharmacological studies of the cryptophycin analogue LY355703 administered on a single intermittent or weekly schedule. Eur. J. Cancer (2002) 38(18):2388-2396.
21. SIMMONS TL, ANDRIANASOLO E, McPHAIL & FLATT P, GERWICK WH: Marine natural products as anticancer drugs. Mol. Cancer Ther. (2005) 4(2):333-342.
22. SWEENEY C, LIU G, YIANNOUTSOS C et al.: A Phase II multicenter, randomized, double-blind, safety trial assessing the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy of oral 2-methoxyestradiol capsules in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(18):6625-6633.
23. YEE KW, HAGEY A, VERSTOVSEK S et al.: Phase I study of ABT-751, a novel microtubule inhibitor, in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(18):6615-6624.
24. NOGALES E, WOLF SG, KHAN IA, LUDUENA RF, DOWNING KH: Structure of rubulin at 6.5 Å and location of the taxol-binding site. Nature (1995) 375(6530):424-427.
25. JORDAN MA, WENDELL K, GARDINER S et al.: Mitotic block induced in HeLa cells by low concentrations of paclitaxel (Taxol) results in abnormal mitotic exit and apoptotic cell death. Cancer Res. (1996) 56(4):816-825.
26. CHOU TC, ZHANG XG, BALOG A et al.: Desoxyepothilone B: an efficacious microtubule-targeted antitumor agent with a promising in vivo profile relative to epothilone B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1998) 95(16):9642-9647.
27. LEE FY, BORZILLERI R, FAIRCHILD CR et al.: BMS-247550: a novel epothilone analog with a mode of action similar to paclitaxel but possessing superior antitumor efficacy. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 7(5):1429-1437.
28. NEWMAN RA, YANG J, RAYMOND M et al.: Antitumor efficacy of 26-fluoroepothilone B against human prostate cancer xenografts. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. (2001) 48(4):319-326.
29. WARTMANN M, ALTMANN KH: The biology and medicinal chemistry of epothilones. Curr. Med. Chem. Anticancer Agents (2002) 2(1):123-148.
30. CHOU TC, O'CONNOR OA, TONG WP et al.: The synthesis, discovery, and development of a highly promising class of microtubule stabilization agents: curative effects of desoxyepothilones B and F against human tumor xenografts in nude mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98(14):8113-8118.
31. BAIRD RD, KAYE SB: Drug resistance reversal-are we getting closer? Eur. J. Cancer (2003) 39(17):2450-2461.
32. BAEKELANDT MM, HOLM R, NESLAND JM, TROPE CG, KRISTENSEN GB: P-glycoprotein expression is a market for chemotherapy resistance and prognosis in advanced ovarian cancer. Anticancer Res. (2000) 20(2B):1061-1067.
33. SCHNEIDER J, JIMENEZ E, MARENBACH K, MARX D, MEDEN H: Co-expression of the MDR1 gene and HSP27 in human ovarian cancer. Anticancer Res. (1998) 18(4C).2967-2971.
34. PORUCHYNSKY MS, GIANNAKAKOU P, WARD Y et al.: Accompanying protein alterations in malignant cells with a microtubule-polymerizing drug-resistance phenotype and a primary resistance mechanism. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2001) 62(11):1469-1480.
35. KOWALSKI RJ, GIANNAKAKOU P, HAMEL E: Activities of the microtubule-stabilizing agents epothilones A and B with purified tubulin and in cells resistant to paclitaxel (Taxol®). J. Biol. Chem. (1997) 272(4):2534-2541.
36. GIANNAKAKOU P, GUSSIO R, NOGALES E et al.: A common pharmacophore for epothilone and taxanes: molecular basis for drug resistance conferred by tubulin mutations in human cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2000) 97(6):2904-2909.
37. VERRILLS NM, FLEMMING CL, LIU M et al.: Microtubule alterations and mutations induced by desoxyepothilone B: implications for drug-target interactions. Chem. Biol. (2003) 10(7):597-607.
38. ALTMANN KH, WARTMANN M, O'REILLY T: Epothilones and related structures - a new class of microtubule inhibitors with potent in vivo antitumor activity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2000) 1470(3):M79-M91.
39. KAMATH AV, CHANG M, LEE FY, ZHANG Y, MARATHE PH: Preclinical pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of BMS-310705, a novel epothilone B analog. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. (2005) 56(2):145-153.
40. BLUM W, AICHHOLZ R, RAMSTEIN P et al.: In vivo metabolism of epothilone B in tumor-bearing nude mice: identification of three new epothilone B metabolites by capillary high-pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/tandem mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. (2001) 15(1):41-49.
41. ABRAHAM J, AGRAWAL M, BAKKE S et al.: Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of BMS-247550, an epothilone B analog, administered intravenously on a daily schedule for five days. J. Clin. Oncol. (2003) 21(9):1866-1873.
42. GADGEEL SM, WOZNIAK A, BOINPALLY RR et al.: Phase I clinical trial of BMS-247550, a derivative of epothilone B, using accelerated titration 2B design. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(17):6233-6239.
43. MANI S, McDAID H, HAMILTON A et al.: Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of BMS-247550, a novel derivative of epothilone B, in solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10(4):1289-1298.
44. McDAID HM, MANI S, SHEN HJ et al.: Validation of the pharmacodynamics of BMS-247550, an analogue of epothilone B, during a Phase I clinical study. Clin. Cancer Res. (2002) 8(7):2035-2043.
45. ZHUANG SH, AGRAWAL M, EDGERLY M et al.: A Phase I clinical trial of ixabepilone (BMS-247550), an epothilone B analog, administered intravenously on a daily schedule for 3 days. Cancer (2005) 103(9):1932-1938.
46. AWADA A, BLEIBERG H, DE VALERIOLA D et al.: Phase I clinical and pharmacology study of the epothilone analog BMS-247550 given weekly in patients (Pts) with advanced solid tumors. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2001) (Abstract 427).
47. BURRIS HA III, AWADA A, JONES S et al.: Phase I study of the novel epothilone BMS-247550 administered weekly in patients (pts) with advanced malignancies. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2002) (Abstract 412).
48. RUBIN EH, ROTHERMEL J, TESFAYE F et al.: Phase I dose-finding study of weekly single-agent patupilone in patients with advanced solid tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(36):9120-9129.
49. CALVERT PM, O'NEILL V, TWELVES C et al.: A Phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of EPO906 (epothilone B), given every three weeks, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2001) (Abstract 429).
50. SPRIGGS DR, DUPONT J, PEZZULLI S et al.: KOS-862 (epothilone D): Phase I dose escalating and pharmacokinetic (PK) study in patients with advanced malignancies. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 894).
51. PIRO LD, ROSEN LS, PARSON M et al.: KOS-862 (epothilone D): a comparison of two schedules in patients with advanced malignancies. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 539).
52. HOLEN KD, SYED S, HANNAH AL et al.: Phase I study using continuous intravenous (CI) KOS-862 (epothilone D) in patients with solid tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. (2004) 23(14S):2024.
53. MEKHAIL T, CHUNG C, HOLDEN S et al.: Phase I trial of novel epothilone B analog BMS-310705 IV q 21 days. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 515).
54. SESSA C, PEROTTI A, MALOSSI A et al.: Phase I and pharmacokinetic (PK) study of the novel epothilone BMS-310705 in patients (pts) with advanced solid cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 519).
55. SCHMID P, KIEWE P, KUEHNHARDT D et al.: A Phase I study of the novel, third generation epothilone ZK-EPO in patients with advanced solid tumors. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(16S):2051.
56. LOW JA, WEDAM SB, LEE JJ et al.: Phase II clinical trial of ixabepilone (BMS-247550), an epothilone B analog, in metastatic and locally advanced breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(12):2726-2734.
57. GALSKY MD, SMALL EJ, OH WK et al.: Multi-institutional randomized Phase II trial of the epothilone B analog ixabepilone (BMS-247550) with or without estramustine phosphate in patients with progressive castrate metastatic prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(7):1439-1446.
58. HUSSAIN M, TANGEN CM, LARA PN Jr et al.: Ixabepilone (epothilone B analogue BMS-247550) is active in chemotherapy-naive patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group trial S0111. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(34):8724-8729.
59. ENG C, KINDLER HL, NATTAM S et al.: A Phase II trial of the epothilone B analog, BMS-247550, in patients with previously treated advanced colorectal cancer. Ann. Oncol. (2004) 15(6):928-932.
60. OKUNO S, MAPLES WJ, MAHONEY MR et al.: Evaluation of epothilone B analog in advanced soft tissue sarcoma: a Phase II study of the Phase II consortium. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(13):3069-3073.
61. AJANI JA, SHAH MA, BOKEMEYER C et al.: Phase II study of the novel epothilone BMS-247550 in patients (pts) with metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma previously treated with a taxane. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2002) (Abstract 619).
62. THOMAS E, TABERNERO J, FORNIER M et al.: A Phase II study of the epothilone B analog BMS-247550 in patients (pts) with taxane-resistant metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 30).
63. ROCHE HH, CURE H, BUNNELL C et al.: A Phase II study of epothilone analog BMS-247550 in patients (pts) with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) previously treated with an anthracycline. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 69).
64. CHEN T, MOLINA A, MOORE S et al.: Epothilone B analog (BMS-247550) at the recommended Phase II dose (RPTD) in patients (pts) with gynecologic (gyn) and breast cancers. J. Clin. Oncol. (2004) 23(14S):2115.
65. SINGH DA, KINDLER HL, ENG C et al.: Phase II trial of the epothilone B analog BMS-247550 in patients with hepatobiliary cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 1127).
66. VAN STEENKISTE JF, BRETON J-L, SANDLER A et al.: A randomized Phase II study of epothilone analog BMS-247550 in patients (pts) with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who have failed first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 2519).
67. WHITEHEAD RP, McCOY SA, RIVKIN SE, GROSS HM, CONRAD ME, ABBRUZZESE JL: A Phase II trial of epothilone B analogue BMS-247550 (NSC 710428) in patients with advanced pancreas cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. J. Clin. Oncol. (2004) 23(14S):4012.
68. FOJO AT, MENEFEE ME, PORUCHYNSKY M et al.: A translational study of ixabepilone (BMS-247550) in renal cell cancer (RCC): assessment of its activity and demonstration of target engagement in tumor cells. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(16S):4541.
69. PAVLICK AC, MILLWARD M, FARRELL K et al.: A Phase II study of epothilone B analog (EpoB)-BMS 247550 (NSC710428) in stage IV malignant melanoma (MM). J. Clin. Oncol. (2004) 23(14S):7542.
70. SMITH SM, PRO B, VAN BESIEN K et al.: A Phase II study of epothilone B analog BMS-247550 (NSC 710428) in patients,with relapsed aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(16S):6625. O'CONNOR O, STRAUS D, MOSKOWITZ C et al.: Targeting the microtubule apparatus in indolent and mantle cell lymphoma with the novel epothilone anlog BMS 247550 induces major and durable remissions in very drug resistant disease. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(16S):6569.
71. O'CONNOR O, STRAUS D, MOSKOWITZ C et al.: Targeting the microtubule apparatus in indolent and mantle cell lymphoma with the novel epothilone anlog BMS 247550 induces major and durable remissions in very drug resistant disease. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(16S):6569.
72. HUSSAIN A, DIPAOLA RS, BARON AD et al.: A Phase IIa trial of weekly EPO906 in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HPRC). J. Clin. Oncol. (2004) 23(14S):4563.
73. POPLIN E, MOORE M, O'DWYER P et al.: Safety and efficacy of EPO906 in patients with advanced colorectal cancer: a review of 2 Phase II trials. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 1135).
74. ANTHONY LB, CARLISLE T, POMMIER R, BENSON A, RAFFERTY T, ROTHERMEL J: An open-label Phase IIA trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of EPO906 as therapy in patients with metastatic carcinoid and other neuroendocrine tumors. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 1413).
75. KAYE S, OZA A, GORE M et al.: Preliminary results from a Phase II trial of EPO906 in patients with advanced refractory ovarian cancer. Eur. J. Cancer (2002) 38(Suppl. 7):S43.
76. THOMPSON JA, SWERDLOFF J, ESCUDIER B et al.: Phase II trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of EPO906 in patients with advanced renal cancer. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. (2003) (Abstract 1628).
77. SMIT WM, SUFLIARISKY J, SPANIK S et al.: Phase I/II dose-escalation trial of patupilone every 3 weeks in patients with relapsed/refractory ovarian cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(16S):5056.
78. YEE L, LYNCH T, VILLALONA-CALERO M et al.: A Phase II study of KOS-862 (epothilone D) as second-line therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(16S):7127.
79. OVERMOYER B, WAINTRAUB S, KAUFMAN PA et al.: Phase II trial of KOS-862 (epothilone D) in anthracycline and taxane pretreated metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(16S):778.
80. SAWAKI M, ITO Y, HASHIMOTO D et al.: Paclitaxel administered weekly in patients with docetaxel-resistant metastatic breast cancer: a single-center study. Tumori (2004) 90(1):36-39.
81. TAGUCHI T, AIHARA T, TAKATSUKA Y et al.: Phase II study of weekly paclitaxel for docetaxel-resistant metastatic breast cancer in Japan. Breast J. (2004) 10(6):509-513.
82. VALERO V, JONES SE, VON HOFF DD et al.: A Phase II study of docetaxel in patients with paclitaxel-resistant metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (1998) 16(10):3362-3368.
83. FUMOLEAU P, LARGILLIER R, CLIPPE C et al.: Multicentre, Phase II study evaluating capecitabine monotherapy in patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Eur. J. Cancer (2004) 40(4):536-542.
84. REICHARDT P, VON MINCKWITZ G, THUSS-PATIENCE PC et al.: Multicenter Phase II study oforal capecitabine (Xeloda ™) in patients with metastatic breast cancer relapsing after treatment with a taxane-containing therapy. Ann. Oncol. (2003) 14(8):1227-1233.
85. WIST EA, SOMMER HH, OSTENSTAD B et al.: Oral capecitabine in anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated advanced/metastatic breast cancer. Acta Oncol. (2004) 43(2):186-189.
86. MILLER KD, CHAP LI, HOLMES FA et al.: Randomized Phase III trial of capecitabine compared with bevacizumab plus capecitabine in patients with previously treated metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(4):792-799.
87. RHA SY, MOON YH, JEUNG HC et al.: Gemcitabine monotherapy as salvage chemotherapy in heavily pretreated metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. Treat. (2005) 90(3):215-221.
88. MODI S, CURRIE VE, SEIDMAN AD et al.: A Phase II trial of gemcitabine in patients with metastatic breast cancer previously treated with an anthracycline and taxane. Clin. Breast Cancer (2005) 6(1):55-60.
89. SCHUETTE W, NAGEL S, BLANKENBURG T et al.: Phase III study of second-line chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with weekly compared with 3-weekly docetaxel. J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(33):8389-8395.
90. PECTASIDES D, PECTASIDES M, FARMAKIS D et al.: Comparison of docetaxel and dooetaxel-irinotecan combination as second-line chemotherapy in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a randomized Phase II trial. Ann. Oncol. (2005) 16(2):294-299.
91. HANNA N, SHEPHERD FA, FOSSELLA FV et al.: Randomized Phase III trial of pemetrexed versus docetaxel in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with chemotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. (2004) 22(9):1589-1597.
92. TANNOCK IF, DE WIT R, BERRY WR et al.: Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. (2004) . 351(15):1502-1512.
93. ROSENBERG JE, KELLY WK, MICHAELSON MD et al.: A randomized Phase II study of ixabepilone (Ix) or mitoxantrone and prednisone (MP) in patients with taxane (T)-resistant hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). J. Clin. Oncol. (2005) 23(16S):4566.
94. LARKIN JM, GORE ME: The MRC randomised-controlled trial of interferon-α, interleukin-2 and 5-fluorouracil versus interferon-α alone in patients with advanced renal ce,,ll carcinoma (RE04): rationale and progress. Clin. Oncol. (R. Coll. Radiol.) (2005) 17(5):319-321.
95. EINZIG AI, GOROWSKI E, SASLOFF J, WIERNIK PH: Phase II trial of taxol in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Invest. (1991) 9(2):133-136.
96. BRUNTSCH U, HEINRICH B, KAYE SB et al.: Docetaxel (Taxotere ™) in advanced rena,l cell cancer. A Phase II trial of the EORTC Early Clinical Trials Group. Eur. J. Cancer (1994) 30A(8):1064-1067.
97. MERTENS WC, EISENHAUER EA, JOLIVET J et al.: Docetaxel in advanced renal carcinoma. A Phase Il trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Ann. Oncol. (1994) 5(2):185-187.
98. MOTZER RJ, MICHAELSON M, REDMAN BG et al.: Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol. (2006) 24(1):16-24.
99. AHMAD T, EISEN T: Kinase inhibition with BAY 43-9006 in renal cell carcinoma. Clin. Cancer Res. (2004) 10(18 Part 2):6388S-6392S.
100. ATKINS M, REGAN M, McDERMOTT D et al.: Carbonic anhydrase IX expression predicts outcome of interleukin 2 therapy for renal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2005) 11(10):3714-3721.