Carbon isotope record for the onset of the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion in the Great Lakes area, North America

Precambrian Research

Volumn 148, Issue 1-2, 2006, Pages 145-180

  Bekker, A ^a   Karhu, J A ^b   Kaufman, A J ^c  

^a GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^c University of Maryland   (United States)

Author keywords

Basin analysis; Chemostratigraphy; Chocolay Group; Glaciation; Huronian Supergroup; Paleoproterozoic Era

Indexed keywords

BASIN ANALYSIS; CARBON ISOTOPE; CARBONATE; CARBONATE ROCK; CHEMICAL WEATHERING; FLUVIAL DEPOSIT; GLACIAL DEPOSIT; GLACIATION; LAKE DYNAMICS; PROTEROZOIC; SEAWATER; SUCCESSION; SULFATE; VOLCANO;

AFRICA; CANADA; GREAT LAKES; GRIQUALAND WEST BASIN; LAKE SUPERIOR; NORTH AMERICA; NORTHERN CAPE; ONTARIO; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

SALMONIDAE;

EID: 33745251998     PISSN: 03019268     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.precamres.2006.03.008     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. Addison W.D., Brumpton G.R., Vallini D.A., McNaughton N.J., Davis D.W., Kissin S.A., Fralick P.W., and Hammond A.L. Discovery of distal ejecta from the 1850 Ma Sudbury impact event. Geology 33 (2005) 193-196
2. Akhmedov A.M. Epochs of evaporization in the Paleoproterozoic of the Baltic Shield. Doklady Akademii Nauk 312 3 (1990) 698-702
3. Allen, R.C., 1910. The Iron River iron-bearing district of Michigan. Michigan Geol. Biol. Surv. Pub. 3, Geol. Ser. 2, 151 pp.
4. Altermann W., and Hälbich I.W. Structural history of the southwestern corner of the Kaapvaal Craton and the adjacent Namaqua realm: new observations and a reappraisal. Precambrian Res. 52 (1991) 133-166
5. Andrews A.J., Masliwec A., Morris W.A., Owsiacki L., and York D. The silver deposits at Cobalt and Gowganda, Ontario. II. An experiment in age determinations employing radiometric and paleomagnetic measurements. Can. J. Earth Sci. 23 (1986) 1507-1518
6. Argast A. The lower Proterozoic Fern Creek Formation, northern Michigan: mineral and bulk geochemical evidence for its glaciogenic origin. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 (2002) 481-492
7. Aspler L.B., and Chiarenzelli J.R. Mixed siliciclastic-carbonate storm-dominated ramp in a rejuvenated Palaeoproterozoic intracratonic basin: upper Hurwitz Group, Nunavut, Canada. In: Altermann W., and Corcoran P.L. (Eds). Precambrian Sedimentary Environments: A Modern Approach to Ancient Depositional Systems (2002), Blackwell Science 293-321
8. Aspler L.B., and Chiarenzelli J.R. Two Neoarchean supercontinents? Evidence from the Paleoproterozoic. Sediment. Geol. 120 (1998) 75-104
9. Aspler L.B., and Chiarenzelli J.R. Initiation of ∼2.45-2.1 Ga intracratonic basin sedimentation of the Hurwitz Group, Keewatin Hinterland, Northwest Territories, Canada. Precambrian Res. 81 (1997) 265-297
10. Aspler L.B., Chiarenzelli J.R., and Bursey T.L. Ripple marks in quartz arenites of the Hurwitz Group, Northwest Territories, Canada: evidence for sedimentation in a vast, Early Proterozoic, shallow, fresh-water lake. J. Sediment. Res. A 642 (1994) 282-298
11. Barley M.E., Bekker A., and Krapez B. Late Archean to Early Paleoproterozoic global tectonics, environmental change and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 238 (2005) 156-171
12. Barley M.E., Pickard A.L., and Sylvester P.J. Emplacement of a large igneous province as a possible cause of banded iron formation 2.45 billion years ago. Nature 385 (1997) 55-58
13. Bau M., Romer R.L., Lüders V., and Beukes N.J. Pb, O, and C isotopes in silicified Mooidraai dolomite (Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa): implications for the composition of Paleoproterozoic seawater and 'dating' the increase in oxygen in the Precambrian atmosphere. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 174 (1999) 43-57
14. Baumgartner L.P., and Valley J.W. Stable isotope transport and contact metamorphic fluid flow. Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 43 (2001) 415-467
15. Bayley, R.W., Dutton, C.E., Lamey, C.A., 1966. Geology of the Menominee Iron-Bearing District Dickinson County, Michigan and Florence and Marinette Counties, Wisconsin with a section on the Carney Lake Gneiss by Trevis, S.B. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 513, p. 96.
16. Bayley, R.W., 1959. Geology of the Lake Mary Quadrangle, Iron County, Michigan. USGS Bull. 1077, 112 pp.
17. Beck J.W. Implications for Early Proterozoic Tectonics and the Origin of Continental Flood Basalts, Based on Combined Trace Element and Neoymium/Strontium Isotopic Studies of Mafic Igneous Rocks of the Penokean, Lake Superior Belt, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan (1988), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 262 pp
18. Bekker, A., 2005. Correlation of Paleoproterozoic glacial deposits: evidence for three global glaciations between 2.4 and 2.22 Ga. Earth System Processes 2, GSA Specialty Meetings, Abstracts with Programs, No. 1, p. 63.
19. Bekker A., and Eriksson K.A. Paleoproterozoic drowned carbonate platform on the southeastern margin of the Wyoming Craton: a record of the Kenorland breakup. Precambrian Res. 120 (2003) 327-364
20. Bekker A., Kaufman A.J., Karhu J.A., and Eriksson K.A. Evidence for Paleoproterozoic cap carbonates in North America. Precambrian Res. 137 (2005) 167-206
21. Bekker A., Wang P.-L., Rumble III D., Stein H.J., Hannah J.L., Coetzee L.L., and Beukes N.J. Dating the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Nature 427 (2004) 117-120
22. Bekker A., Holmden C., Patterson W., Eglington B.L., Coetzee L.L., and Beukes N.J. Chemostratigraphy of early Paleoproterozoic carbonates of South Africa. GSA Abstr. Programs 36 6 (2004) 341
23. Bekker A., Sial A.N., Karhu J.A., Ferrerira V.P., Noce C.M., Kaufman A.J., Romano A.W., and Pimentel M.M. Chemostratigraphy of carbonates from the Minas Supergroup, Quadrilátero Ferrífero (Iron Quadrangle), Brazil: a stratigraphic record of early Proterozoic atmospheric, biogeochemical and climatic change. Am. J. Sci. 303 (2003) 865-904
24. Bekker A., Karhu J.A., Eriksson K.A., and Kaufman A.J. Chemostratigraphy of Paleoproterozoic carbonate successions of the Wyoming Craton: tectonic forcing of biogeochemical change?. Precambrian Res. 120 (2003) 279-325
25. Bekker A., Kaufman A.J., Karhu J.A., Beukes N.J., Swart Q.D., Coetzee L.L., and Eriksson K.A. Chemostratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Duitschland Formation, South Africa: implications for coupled climate change and carbon cycling. Am. J. Sci. 301 (2001) 261-285
26. Bell R.T., and Jackson G.D. Aphebian halite and sulphate indications in the Belcher Group, Northwest Territories. Can. J. Earth Sci. 11 (1974) 722-728
27. Bennett, G., Dressler, B.O., Robertson, J.A., 1991. The Huronian Supergroup and associated intrusive rocks. In: Thurston, P.C., Williams, H.R., Sutcliffe, R.H., Stott, G.M. (Eds.), Geology of Ontario. Ontario Geological Survey Special Volume 4, Part 1, Toronto, pp. 549-591.
28. Bennett, G., Born, P., Hatfield, K., 1989. A report on a recently identified dolostone unit in Fenwick Township, Goulais Bay area, District of Algoma. In: Fenwick, K.G., Giblin, P.E., Pitts, A.E. (Eds.), Report of activities 1988. Resident Geologists, Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 142, pp. 211-215.
29. Berman R.G., Sanborn-Barrie M., Stern R.A., Jercinovic M.J., and Skulski T. Collisional orogenesis at ca. 2.35 Ga in the Rae Domain, Western Churchill Province, Nunavut, Canada. GSA Abstracts with Programs 36 6 (2004) 255-256
30. Beukes N.J., and Smit C.A. New evidence for thrust faulting in Griqualand West, South Africa: implications for stratigraphy and the age of red beds. S. Afr. J. Geol. 90 4 (1987) 378-394
31. Boerboom T.J., and Jirsa M.A. Stratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Denham Formation-a continental margin assemblage of basalt, arkose, and dolomite. Institute on Lake Superior Geology Proceedings, 47th Annual Meeting, vol. 47, No. 1 (2001) 6-7 (abstract)
32. Boerboom, T.J., Southwick, D.L., Severson, M.J., 1999. Geological map of the Mille Lacs Lake 30 × 60 min Quadrangle, East-Central Minnesota. Minnesota Geological Survey Miscellaneous Map Series M-100, Plate 1, Scale 1:100,000.
33. Bostock H.H., and van Breemen O. Ages of detrital and metamorphic zircons and monazites from a pre-Taltson magmatic zone basin at the western margin of Rae Province. Can. J. Earth Sci. 31 (1994) 1353-1364
34. Buchan K.L., Halls H.C., and Mortensen J.K. Paleomagnetism, U-Pb geochronology, and geochemistry of Marathon dykes, Superior Province, and comparison with the Fort Frances swarm. Can. J. Earth Sci. 33 (1996) 1583-1595
35. 13C Paleoproterozoic carbonates from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Geology 26 (1998) 875-878
36. Burke K., MacGregor D.S., and Cameron N.R. Africa's petroleum systems; four tectonic 'Aces' in the past 600 million years. In: Arthur T.J., MacGregor D.M., and Cameron N.R. (Eds). Petroleum Geology of Africa: New Themes and Developing Technologies vol. 207 (2003), Geological Society, London 21-60 (Special Publications)
37. Button A. A palaeocurrent study of the Dwaal Heuvel Formation, Transvaal Supergroup. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. 78 (1975) 173-183
38. Cameron E.M. Evidence from early Proterozoic anhydrite for sulfur isotopic partitioning in Precambrian oceans. Nature 304 (1983) 54-56
39. Cannon, W.F., 1980. Copper-bearing quartzite near Watersmeet, Michigan. U.S. Geol. Surv. Open-File Report 80-390, 6 pp.
40. Card K.D. Metamorphism of the Middle Precambrian (Aphebian) rocks of the eastern southern province, Metamorphism in the Canadian Shield. Geol. Surv. Can. (1978) 269-282 Paper 78-10
41. Chandler F.W. Lower Proterozoic sabkha-related copper mineralization, paleoenvironment and diagenesis, Cobre Lake, Ontario. In: Boyle R.W., Brown A.C., Jefferson C.W., Jowett E.C., and Kirkham R.V. (Eds). Sediment-hosted Stratiform Copper Deposits (1989), Geological Association, Canada 225-244
42. Chandler F.W. Diagenesis of sabkha-related, sulphate nodules in the Early Proterozoic Gordon Lake Formation, Ontario, Canada. Carbonate Evaporite 3 1 (1988) 75-94
43. Chandler F.W. Quartz arenites: review and interpretation. Sed. Geol. 58 (1988) 105-126
44. Chandler, F.W., 1986. Sedimentology and paleoclimatology of the Huronian (Early Aphebian) Lorrain and Gordon Lake Formations and their bearing on models for sedimentary copper mineralization, Current Research, Part A. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 86-1A, pp. 121-132.
45. Chandler, F.W., 1984. Sedimentary setting of an Early Proterozoic copper occurrence in the Cobalt Group, Ontario: a preliminary assessment, Current Research, Part A. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 84-1A, pp. 185-192.
46. Clark, J.L., 1974. Sulfide mineralization in the Kona Dolomite, Marquette County, Michigan. M.Sc. Thesis. Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49 pp.
47. Clements, J.M., Smyth, H.L., 1899. The Crystal Falls iron-bearing district of Michigan. U.S. Geol. Surv. 19th Ann. Rept., pt. 3, pp. 1-151.
48. Deb M., Hoefs J., and Baumann A. Isotopic composition of two Precambrian stratiform barite deposits from the Indian shield. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 (1991) 303-308
49. Dorland, H.C., 2004. Provenance ages and timing of sedimentation of selected Neoarchean and Paleoproterozoic successions on the Kaapvaal Craton. Ph.D. Thesis. Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, South Africa, 326 pp.
50. Dott Jr. R.H. The importance of eolian abrasion in supermature quartz sandstones and the paradox if weathering on vegetation-free landscapes. J. Geol. 111 (2003) 387-405
51. Eldougdoug, A.A., 1984. Petrology and geochemistry of the volcano-sedimentary Glen Township Formation, Aitkin County, east-central Minnesota: implications for gold exploration. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 199 pp.
52. El Tabakh M., Grey K., Pirajno F., and Schreiber B.C. Pseudomorphs after evaporitic minerals interbedded with 2.2 Ga stromatolites of the Yerriba basin, Western Australia: origin and significance. Geology 27 10 (1999) 871-874
53. Eriksson K.A., Simpson E.L., Master S., and Henry G. Neoarchaean (ca. 2.58 Ga) halite casts: implications for palaeoceanic chemistry. J. Geol. Soc. London 162 (2005) 789-799
54. Feng J. Sulfur and Oxygen Isotope Geochemistry of Precambrian Marine Sulfate and Chert (1986), Northern Illinois University, Dekalb 110 pp
55. Feybesse J.L., Johan V., Triboulet C., Guerrot C., Mayaga-Mikolo F., Bouchot V., and Eco N'dong J. The West Central African belt: a model of 2.5-2.0 Ga accretion and two-phase orogenic evolution. Precambrian Res. 87 (1998) 161-216
56. Fralick P., Davis D.W., and Kissin S.A. The age of the Gunflint Formation, Ontario, Canada: single zircon U-Pb age determinations from reworked volcanic ash. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 (2002) 1085-1091
57. Fralick P.W., and Miall A.D. Sedimentology of the Lower Huronian Supergroup (Early Proterozoic), Elliot Lake area, Ontario, Canada. Sed. Geol. 63 (1989) 127-153
58. Frarey, M.J., 1985. Proterozoic geology of the Lake Panache-Collins Inlet area, Ontario. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 83-22, Ottawa, 61 pp.
59. Gair, J.E., 1975. Bedrock geology and ore deposits of the Palmer Quadrangle, Marquette County, Michigan. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 769, 159 pp.
60. Gair, J.E., Thaden, R.E., 1968. Geology of the Marquette and Sands Quadrangles Marquette County Michigan. US Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 397, 77 pp.
61. Gair, J.E., Wier, K.L., 1956. Geology of the Kiernan Quadrangle, Iron County, Michigan. USGS Bull., 1044, 88 pp.
62. Genest, S., 1989. Analyse du bassin d'Otish (Protérozoïque inférieur, Québec). Ph.D. Thesis. Université de Montéal, Montéal, 336 pp.
63. Genest, S., 1985. Aphebian evaporites and related red beds in the Peribonca Formation (Otish Group, Central Quebec): evidence for coastal sabkha and subaqueous environments. GAC/MAC Programs with abstracts, No. 10, p. A21.
64. Giblin, P.E., Leahy, E.J., Robertson, D.W., 1976. Sault Ste. Marie-Elliot Lake. Ontario Geological Survey, Geological Compilation Series, Map 2419, scale 1:25,000.
65. Goldich S.S., and Fischer L.B. Air-abrasion experiments in U-Pb dating of zircon. Chem. Geol. 58 (1986) 195-215
66. Grassineau N.V., Mattey D.P., and Lowry D. Sulfur isotope analysis of sulfide and sulfate minerals by continuous flow-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 73 (2001) 220-225
67. Greenman, N.N., 1951. The origin of the Randville Dolomite of Dickinson and Iron Counties, Michigan. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Chicago, Chicago, 179 pp.
68. Grinenko L.N., Melezhik V.A., and Fetisova O.A. First discovery of barites in the Precambrian sedimentary deposits of Baltic Shield. Doklady Akademii Nauk 304 6 (1989) 1453-1455 (in Russian)
69. Grotzinger J.P., and Kasting J.F. New constraints on Precambrian ocean composition. J. Geol. 101 (1993) 235-243
70. Guliy V.N., and Wada H. Macro- and microvariations of isotopic composition of carbon and oxygen of carbonates from the Precambrian of the Aldan Shield. Geokhimiya 5 (2003) 482-491
71. Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., 1998. High grade manganese ores in the Kalahari manganese field: characterization and dating of the ore-forming events. Unpublished Report. Rand Afrikaans University, Johannesburg, 221 pp.
72. Halls H.C., and Davis D.W. Paleomagnetism and U-Pb geochronology of the 2.17 Ga Biscotasing dyke swarm, Ontario, Canada: evidence for vertical-axis crustal rotation across the Kapuskasing Zone. Can. J. Earth Sci. 41 (2004) 255-269
73. Hammond, R.D., 1976. Geochronology and origin of Archean rocks in Marquette County, Upper Michigan. M.S. Thesis. University of Kansas, Lawrence, 108 pp.
74. Hannah J.L., Bekker A., Stein H.J., Markey R.J., and Holland H.D. Primitive Os and 2316 Ma age for marine shale: implications for Paleoproterozoic glacial events and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 225 (2004) 43-52
75. Hayes J.M., Kaplan I.R., and Wedeking K.W. Precambrian organic geochemistry, preservation of the record. In: Schopf J.W. (Ed). The Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution (1983), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 93-134
76. Heaman L.M. 2.5-2.4 Ga global magmatism: remnants of supercontinents or products of superplumes?. GSA Abstracts with Programs 36 6 (2004) 255
77. Heaman L.M. Global mafic volcanism at 2.45 Ga: remnants of an ancient large igneous province?. Geology 25 (1997) 299-302
78. Heaman L.M., and Easton R.M. Proterozoic history of the Lake Nipigon area, Ontario: constraints from U-Pb zircon and baddeleyite dating. Institute on Lake Superior Geology Proceedings, 51st Annual Meeting, vol. 51, No. 1 (2005) 24-25 [abstract]
79. Hemming, S.R., Hanson, G.N., McLennan, S.M., 1995. Precambrian crustal blocks in Minnesota-Neodymium isotope evidence from basement and metasedimentary rocks. In: Sims, P.K., Carter, L.M.H. (Eds.), US Geol. Surv. Bull. 1904. Contributions to Precambrian Geology of Lake Superior Region, pp. U1-U15.
80. Hemzacek, J.M., 1987. Replaced evaporites and the sulfur isotope age curve of the Precambrian. M.Sc. Thesis. Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL, 77 pp.
81. Hemzacek J.M., Perry E.C., Larue D.K., and Feng J. Sulfur isotope composition of sulfate in chert horizons of the Proterozoic (Precambrian X) Kona Dolomite, Marquette Region, Michigan. GSA Abstracts with Programs 14 7 (1982) 512
82. Hilburn I.A., Kirschvink J.L., Tajika E., Tada R., Hamano Y., and Yamamoto S. A negative fold test on the Lorrain Formation of the Huronian Supergroup: uncertainty on the paleolatitude of the Paleoproterozoic Gowganda glaciation and implications for the great oxidation event. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 232 (2005) 315-332
83. Hofmann H.J., Pearson D.A.B., and Wilson B.H. Stromatolites and fenestral fabric in Early Proterozoic Huronian Supergroup, Ontario. Can. J. Earth Sci. 17 (1980) 1351-1357
84. Hoffman P.F. Precambrian geology and tectonic history of North America. In: Bally A.W., and Palmer A.R. (Eds). The Geology of North America (1989), Geological Society of America 447-511
85. Holland H.D. The geological history of seawater. In: Holland H.D., and Turekian K.K. (Eds). Treatise on Geochemistry (2004), Elsevier, Oxford 583-625
86. Holm, D.K., 1986. A structural investigation and tectonic interpretation of the Penokean orogeny: East-Central Minnesota. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Minnesota, Duluth, 114 pp.
87. Holm D.K., Van Schmus W.R., MacNeill L.C., Boerboom T.J., Schweitzer D., and Schneider D.A. U-Pb geochronology of Paleoproterozoic plutons from the northern midcontinent, USA: evidence for subduction flip and continued convergence after geon 18 Penokean orogenesis. GSA Bull. 117 3/4 (2005) 259-275
88. Hölttä P., Huhma H., Mänttäri I., and Paavola J. P-T-t development of Archaean granulites in Varpaisjärvi, Central Finland II. Dating of high-grade metamorphism with the U-Pb and Sm-Nd methods. Lithos 50 (2000) 121-136
89. Isley A.E., and Abbott D.H. Plume-related mafic volcanism and the deposition of banded iron formation. J. Geophys. Res. 104 B7 (1999) 15461-15477
90. Jackson, S.L., 1994. Geology of the Aberdeen Area. Open File Report 5903, Ontario Geological Survey, 69 pp.
91. James, H.L., Dutton, C.E., Pettijohn, F.J., Wier, K.L., 1968. Geology and ore deposits of the Iron River-Crystal Falls District, Iron County Michigan. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 570, 134 pp.
92. James, H.L., Clark, L.D., Lamey, C.A., Pettijohn, F.J., Freedman, J., Trow, J., Wier, K.L., 1961. Geology of Central Dickinson County, Michigan. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 310, 176 pp.
93. James H.L. Zones of regional metamorphism in the Precambrian of northern Michigan. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 66 12 (1955) 1455-1488
94. Johnsson M.J., Stallard R.F., and Meade R.H. First-cycle quartz arenites in the Orinoco River Basin, Venezuela and Colombia. J. Geol. 96 3 (1988) 263-277
95. Johnston D.T., Wing B.A., Farquhar J., Kaufman A.J., Strauss H., Lyons T.W., Kah L.C., and Canfield D.E. Active microbial sulfur disproportionation in the Mesoproterozoic. Science 310 (2005) 1477-1479
96. Karhu J.A., and Holland H.D. Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Geology 24 10 (1996) 867-870
97. Karlstrom K.E., Flurkey A.J., and Houston R.S. Stratigraphy and depositional setting of the Proterozoic Snowy Pass Supergroup, southeastern Wyoming: record of a Paleoproterozoic Atlantic-type cratonic margin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 94 (1983) 1257-1274
98. Komatar, F.D., 1972. Geology of the Animikian metasedimentary rocks, Mellen Granite, and Mineral Lake Gabbro west of Mellen, Wisconsin. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison, 70 pp.
99. Kopp R.E., Kirschvink J.L., Hilburn I.A., and Nash C.Z. The Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: a climate disaster triggered by the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 102 32 (2005) 11131-11136
100. Krapez B. Sequence-stratigraphic concepts applied to the identification of basin-filling rhythms in Precambrian successions. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 43 (1996) 355-380
101. Krapez B., and Martin D.M. Sequence stratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Nabberu Province of Western Australia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 46 (1999) 89-103
102. Krogh, T.E., Kamo, S.L., Bohor, B.F., 1996. Shock metamorphosed zircons with correlated U-Pb discordance and melt rocks with concordant protolith ages indicate an impact origin for the Sudbury structure, Earth Processes: reading the isotopic code. Geophys. Monograph 95. Am. Geophys. Union, pp. 343-353.
103. Krogh T.E., Davis D.W., and Corfu F. Precise U-Pb zircon and badelleyite ages for the Sudbury area. In: Pye E.G., Naldrett A.J., and Giblin P.E. (Eds). The Geology and Ore Deposits of the Sudbury Structure 1 (1984), Ontario Geol. Surv. Spec. 431-446
104. Kump L.R., and Seyfried Jr. W.E. Hydrothermal Fe fluxes during the Precambrian: effect of low oceanic sulfate concentrations and low hydrostatic pressure on the composition of black smokers. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 235 (2005) 654-662
105. LaBerge G.L., Klasner J.S., Cannon W.F., and Ojakangas R.W. Field trip 2: Menominee Iron District. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of Institute on Lake Superior Geology, vol. 49, Part 2: Field Trip Guidebook. Iron Mountain, MI (2003) 48-63
106. LaBerge G.L., Ojakangas R.W., and Licht K.J. Archean and Early Proterozoic geology of the Gobebic District, Northern Michigan and Wisconsin. Proceedings and Abstracts, Annual Meeting, Institute on Lake Superior Geology, vol. 38, Part 2: Field Trip Guidebook. Hurley, WI (1992) 40 pp
107. Lahondère D., Thiéblemont D., Tegyey M., Guerrot C., and Diabate B. First evidence of early Birimian (2.21 Ga) volcanic activity in Upper Guinea: the volcanics and associated rocks of the Niani suite. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 35 (2002) 417-431
108. Larue D.K. The Chocolay Group, Lake Superior region, U.S.A.: sedimentologic evidence for deposition in basinal and platform settings on an early Proterozoic craton. GSA Bull. 92 (1981) 417-435
109. Larue, D.K., 1979. Sedimentary history prior to chemical iron sedimentation of the Precambrian X Chocolay and Menominee groups (Lake Superior Region). Ph.D. Thesis. Northwestern University, Evanston, 171 pp.
110. Leith C.K. Silicification of erosion surfaces. Econ. Geol. 20 6 (1925) 513-523
111. Long D.G.F. The tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Huronian basement and the subsequent basin fill: geological constraints on impact models of the Sudbury event. Precambrian Res. 129 (2004) 203-223
112. Long D.G.F., Young G.M., Rainbird R.H., and Fedo C.M. Actualistic and non-actualistic Precambrian sedimentary styles: examples from the Proterozoic, north shore of Lake Huron. Field Trip B5 Guidebook. Proceedings of the Joint Annual Meeting of Geological Association of Canada-Minnesota Association of Canada (1999) 50 pp
113. Marsden R.W. Cuyuna district. In: Sims P.K., and Morey G.B. (Eds). Geology of Minnesota: A Centennial Volume (1972), Minnesota Geological Survey, St. Paul 227-239
114. 13C excursion, Symposium: early Proterozoic geochemical and structural constraints-metallogeny: Publication Occasionnelle 1993/23, pp. 38-41, Dacar, Sénégal.
115. Master S. Oldest evaporites in Africa: 2.06 Ga continental playa deposits of the Deweras Group, Zimbabwe. Proceedings of the 15th Colloquium of African Geology (1990), Universite Nancy I 103 pp
116. carb anomaly at around 2.33-2.06 Ga on the Fennoscandian Shield: a paradox?. Terra Nova 8 (1996) 141-157
117. 13C excursion. Terra Nova 17 (2005) 141-148
118. carb enrichment in ca. 2.0 Ga magnesite-stromatolite-dolomite-'red beds' association in a global context: a case for the world-wide signal enhanced by a local environment. Earth Sci. Rev. 48 (1999) 71-120
119. Melezhik V.A., and Sturt B.A. General geology and evolutionary history of the early Proterozoic Polmak-Pasvik-Pechenga-Imandra/Varzuga-Ust Ponoy Greenstone Belt in the northeastern Baltic Shield. Earth Sci. Rev. 36 (1994) 205-241
120. Melezhik V.A., and Fetisova O.A. First discovery of syngenetic barites in the Precambrian of the Baltic Shield. Doklady Akademii Nauk 307 2 (1989) 422-425 (in Russian)
121. Morey G.B. Continental margin assemblage. In: Sims P.K., and Carter L.M.H. (Eds). Archean and Proterozoic Geology of the Lake Superior Region, U.S.A., 1993, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1556 (1996), United States Government Printing Office, Washington 30-44
122. Morey, G.B., 1978. Lower and middle Precambrian stratigraphic nomenclature for east-central Minnesota, Minnesota Geological Survey. Report of Investigations 21, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, 52 pp.
123. Morey G.B. General geological setting. In: Sims P.K., and Morey G.B. (Eds). Geology of Minnesota: A Centennial Volume (1972), Minnesota Geological Survey, St. Paul 199-203
124. Morey G.B., and Southwick D.L. Allostratigraphic relationships of early Proterozoic iron-formations in the Lake Superior region. Econ. Geol. 90 (1995) 1983-1993
125. Nelson D.R., Trendall A.F., and Altermann W. Chronological correlations between the Pilbara and Kaapvaal cratons. Precambrian Res. 97 (1999) 165-189
126. Ojakangas, R.W., 1997. Correlative sequence within the Marquette Range Supergroup (Michigan) and the Huronian Supergroup (Ontario); Glaciogenics, paleosols, and orthoquartzites (Abs), 43rd Inst. Lake Superior Geol., pp. 47-48.
127. Ojakangas R.W., Morey G.B., and Southwick D.L. Paleoproterozoic basin development and sedimentation in the Lake Superior region, North America. Sed. Geol. 141/142 (2001) 319-341
128. Ojakangas R.W., Marmo J.S., and Heiskanen K.I. Basin evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Karelian Supergroup of the Fennoscandian (Baltic) Shield. Sed. Geol. 141/142 (2001) 255-285
129. Panahi A., Young G.M., and Rainbird R.H. Behaviour of major and trace elements (including REE) during Paleoproterozoic pedogenesis and diagenetic alteration of an Archean granite near Ville Marie, Quebec, Canada. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (2000) 2199-2220
130. Pearson, W.N., 1979. Copper metallogeny, North shore region of Lake Huron, Ontario. Current Research, Part A, Geol. Surv. Can. (Paper 79-1A), pp. 289-304.
131. 13C chemostratigraphy for intrabasinal correlation: Vendian strata of northeast Siberia. GSA Bull. 108 (1996) 992-1003
132. Perry E.C., Feng J., and Hemzacek J.M. Precambrian evaporites: preservation of sulfate in quartz pseudomorphs after gypsum. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Institute on Lake Superior Geology (1984) 47
133. Pettijohn F.J. Paleocurrents of Lake Superior Precambrian quartzites. GSA Bull. 68 (1957) 469-480
134. Pettijohn F.J. Basal Huronian conglomerates of Menominee and Calumet Districts, Michigan. J. Geol. 51 (1943) 387-397
135. Pickard A.L. SHRIMP U-Pb zircon ages for the Palaeoproterozoic Kuruman Iron Formation, Northern Cape Province, South Africa: evidence for simultaneous BIF deposition on Kaapvaal and Pilbara Cratons. Precambrian Res. 125 3/4 (2003) 275-315
136. Pope M.C., and Grotzinger J.P. Paleoproterozoic Stark Formation, Athapuscow Basin, Northwest Canada: record of cratonic-scale salinity crisis. J. Sed. Res. 73 2 (2003) 280-295
137. Prasad N., and Roscoe S.M. Evidence of anoxic to oxic atmospheric change during 2.45-2.22 Ga from lower and upper sub-Huronian paleosols, Canada. Catena 27 (1996) 105-121
138. Puffett, W.P., 1974. Geology of the Negaunee Quadrangle, Marquette County, Michigan. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 788, p. 53.
139. Rainbird R.H., Nesbitt H.W., and Donaldson J.A. Formation and diagenesis of a sub-Huronian saprolith: comparison with a modern weathering profile. J. Geol. 98 (1990) 801-822
140. Rasmussen B., Fletcher I.R., and Sheppard S. Isotopic dating of the migration of a low-grade metamorphic front during orogenesis. Geology 33 (2005) 773-776
141. Richardson Jr. E.S. Some lower Huronian stromatolites of northern Michigan. Fieldiana Geol. 10 8 (1949) 47-62
142. Riller U., and Schwerdtner W.M. Mid-crustal deformation at the southern flank of the Sudbury Basin, central Ontario, Canada. GSA Bull. 109 7 (1997) 841-854
143. Riller U., Schwerdtner W.M., Halls H.C., and Card K.D. Transpressive tectonism in the eastern Penokean orogen, Canada consequences for Proterozoic crustal kinematics and continental fragmentation. Precambrian Res. 93 (1999) 51-70
144. Rousell D.H., and Long D.G.F. Are outliers of the Huronian Supergroup preserved in structures associated with the collapse of the Sudbury impact crater?. J. Geol. 106 (1998) 407-419
145. Rust, B.R., Shields, M.J., 1986. Grant 189 The sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Bar River Formation (Huronian Supergroup) at Bay Finn, Lake Huron. In: Milne, V.G. (Ed.), Ontario Geological Survey Miscellaneous Paper 130, Geoscience Research Grant Program Summary of Research 1985-1986. Ministry of Northern Development and Mines, Mines and Minerals Division, pp. 16-23.
146. Salop L.I. Geologic Development of the Earth in Precambrian (1982), Nedra, Leningrad 343 pp
147. Schmidt, R.G., 1980. The Marquette Range Supergroup in the Gobebic Iron District, Michigan and Wisconsin. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1460, 96 pp.
148. Schneider D.A., Bickford M.E., Cannon W.F., Schulz K.J., and Hamilton M.A. Age of volcanic rocks and syndepositional iron formations, Marquette Range Supergroup: implications for the tectonic setting of Paleoproterozoic iron formations of the Lake Superior region. Can. J. Earth Sci. 39 (2002) 999-1012
149. Schidlowski M., Eichmann R., and Junge C.E. Precambrian sedimentary carbonates: carbon and oxygen isotope geochemistry and implications for the terrestrial oxygen budget. Precambrian Res. 2 (1975) 1-69
150. Schmitz M.D., Bowring S.A., Southwick D.L., Boerboom T.J., and Wirth K.R. High-precision U-Pb geochronology in the Minnesota River Valley subprovince and its bearing on the Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic evolution of the southern Superior Province. GSA Bull. 118 1/2 (2006) 82-93
151. Severson, M.J., Zanko, L.M., Hauck, S.A., Oreskovich, J.A., 2003. Geology and sedex potential of Early Proterozoic rocks, East-Central Minnesota. Technical Report NRRI/TR-2003/35. Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN.
152. Sims, P.K., 1990. Geologic map of Precambrian rocks, Marenisco, Thayer, and Watersmeet 15-min Quadrangles, Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan, and Vilas County, Wisconsin. U.S. Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Ser. Map I-2093.
153. Sims, P.K., Card, K.D., Lumbers, S.B., 1981. Evolution of Early Proterozoic basins of the Great Lakes Region. In: Campbell, F.H.A. (Ed.), Proterozoic Basins of Canada. Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 81-10, pp. 379-397.
154. Sims P.K., Card K.D., Morey G.B., and Peterman Z.E. The Great Lakes tectonic zone-a major crustal structure in central North America. GSA Bull. 91 (1980) 690-698
155. Sims, P.K., Peterman, Z.E., Prinz, W.C., Benedict, F.C., 1984. Geology, geochemistry, and age of Archean and Early Proterozoic rocks in the Marenisco-Watersmeet area, northern Michigan. U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Paper 1292-A, pp. A1-A41.
156. Smith, M.D., 2002. The timing and petrogenesis of the Creighton pluton, Ontario: an example of felsic magmatism associated with Matachewan igneous events. M.Sc. Thesis. The University of Alberta, Edmonton, 123 pp.
157. Smith, M.D., Heaman, L.M., 1999. Constraints on the timing of felsic magmatism associated with the Matachewan igneous events: preliminary results for the Creighton granite, Ontario. Geol. Ass. Canada, Min. Ass. Canada Joint Ann. Meeting Abstract 24, 119 pp.
158. Southwick, D.L., Morey, G.B., 1991. Tectonic imbrication and foredeep development in the Penokean orogen, east-central Minnesota-an interpretation based on regional geophysics and the results of test drilling. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1904-C, 17 pp.
159. Southwick D.L., and Day W.C. Geology and petrology of Proterozoic mafic dikes, north-central Minnesota and western Ontario. Can. J. Earth Sci. 20 (1983) 622-638
160. Southwick D.L., and Halls H.C. Compositional characteristics of the Kenora-Kabetogama dyke swarm (Early Proterozoic), Minnesota and Ontario. Can. J. Earth Sci. 24 (1987) 2197-2205
161. 13C excursion in carbonate and organic fractions from the Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Supergroup, Northwestern India. Precambrian Res. 106 (2001) 277-290
162. Swart, Q.D., 1999. Carbonate rocks of the Paleoproterozoic Pretoria and Postmasburg Groups, Transvaal Supergroup. M.S. Thesis. Rand Africans University, Johannesburg, South Africa, 126 pp.
163. Taylor, G.L., 1972. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and sulfide mineralization of the Kona Dolomite. Ph.D. Thesis. Michigan Technological Institute, Lansing, Michigan, 111 pp.
164. 13C anomaly of lower Proterozoic sedimentary carbonates. Terra Nova 5 (1993) 244-248
165. Tucker M.E. Calcitic, aragonitic and mixed calcitic-aragonitic ooids from the mid-Proterozoic Belt Supergroup, Montana. Sedimentology 31 (1984) 627-644
166. Twenhofel W.H. Pre-Cambrian and carboniferous algal deposits. Am. J. Sci., Fourth Ser. XLVIII 287 (1919) 339-352
167. Tyler S.A., and Twenhofel W.H. Sedimentation and stratigraphy of the Huronian of Upper Michigan. Am. J. Sci. 250 (1952) 8-27 118-151
168. Valley J.W. Stable isotope geochemistry of metamorphic rocks. Rev. Miner. 16 (1986) 445-489
169. Vallini, D.A., Cannon, W.F., Schulz, K.J., in press. Age constraints for Paleoproterozoic glaciation in the Lake Superior region: detrital zircon and hydrothermal xenotime ages for the Chocolay Group, Marquette Range Supergroup. Can. J. Earth Sci.
170. Vallini, D.A., Cannon, W.F., Schulz, K.J., 2005. New age data for the Chocolay Group, Marquette Range Supergroup: implications for the Paleoproterozoic evolution of the Lake Superior and Lake Huron regions [abstract], Institute on Lake Superior Geology Proceedings, 51th Annual Meeting, 51 (1), 64.
171. Vallini D.A., McNaughton N.J., Rasmussen B., Fletcher I., and Griffin B.J. Using xenotime U-Pb geochronology to unravel the history of Proterozoic sedimentary basins: a study in Western Australia and the Lake Superior Region [abs]. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Institute on Lake Superior Geology, vol. 49, Part 1. Iron Mountain, MI (2003) 79-80
172. van Breemen, O., Bostock, H.H., 1994. Age of emplacement of Thoa metagabbro, western margin of Rae Province, Northwest Territories: initiation of rifting prior to Taltson magmatism? Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 1994-F, Radiogenic age and isotopic studies: report 8, pp. 61-68.
173. Van Hise C.R., and Bayley W.S. The Marquette iron-bearing district of Michigan, including a chapter on the Republic Trough by H.L. Smyth. U.S. Geol. Surv. Mon. 28 (1897) 608
174. Veizer, J., 1983. Chemical diagenesis of carbonates: theory and application of trace element technique, Stable isotopes in Sedimentary Geology. SEPM Short Course 10, Dallas, pp. 3-1-3-100.
175. Veizer J., Clayton R.N., and Hinton R.W. Geochemistry of Precambrian carbonates. IV. Early Paleoproterozoic (2.25 ± 0.25 Ga) seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 (1992) 875-885
176. Velikoslavinsky S.D., Kotov A.B., Sal'nikova E.B., Glebovitsky V.A., Kovach V.P., Zagarnaya N.Y., Belyaevsky N.A., Yakovleva S.Z., and Fedoseenko A.M. The U-Pb age of the Fedorov Sequence of the Aldan granulite-gneiss megacomplex, the Aldan Shield. Doklady Earth Sci. 393 8 (2003) 1151-1155
177. Vinogradov V.I., Reimer T.O., Leites A.M., and Smelov S.B. The oldest sulfates in the Archean Formations of the South African and the Aldan Shields, and the evolution of the Earth's oxygen atmosphere. Lithol. Miner. Resour. 11 4 (1976) 407-420
178. Walraven, F., 1997. Geochronology of the Rooiberg Group, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Econ. Geol. Res. Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Inf. Circ. 316, Johannesburg, South Africa, 21 pp.
179. 13C Neoproterozoic carbonate rocks in western North America. Geology 21 (1993) 165-168
180. Wier K.L. Geology of the Kelso Junction Quadrangle Iron County, Michigan. U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1226 (1967) 47
181. Wohlabaugh, N., 1980. Petrology of the Big Cusp Algal Dolomite; An informal member of the Kona Dolomite, Marquette, Michigan. M.Sc. Thesis. Bowling Green State University, 164 pp.
182. Wohlabaugh N., and Mancuso J.J. Depositional and diagenetic history of the Big Cusp Algal Dolomite, Kona Formation, Marquette Range, Michigan. The Compass 67 2 (1990) 84-93
183. Wood, J., 1979. No. 18 Regional geology of the Cobalt Embayment, District of Sudbury, Nipissing, and Timiskaming: Summary of fieldwork. Ontario Geological Survey, Misc. paper 90, pp. 79-81.
184. Wood, J., 1973. Stratigraphy and depositional environments of upper Huronian rocks of the Rawhide Lake-Flack Lake area, Ontario. In: Young, G.M. (Ed.), Huronian Stratigraphy and Sedimentation. Geol. Assn. Can. Spec. Paper 12, pp. 73-95.
185. Young, G.M., 2004. Earth's earliest glaciations: tectonic setting and stratigraphic context of Paleoproterozoic glaciogenic deposits. In: Jenkins, G.S., McMenamin, M.A.S., McKay, C.P., Sohl, L. (Eds.), The Extreme Proterozoic: Geology, Geochemistry, and Climate. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series 146, pp. 161-181.
186. Young G.M. Stratigraphic and tectonic settings of Proterozoic glaciogenic rocks and banded iron-formations: relevance to the snowball Earth debate. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 35 (2002) 451-466
187. Young G.M., Long D.G.F., Fedo C.M., and Nesbitt H.W. Paleoproterozoic Huronian basin: product of a Wilson cycle punctuated by glaciations and a meteorite impact. Sed. Geol. 141/142 (2001) 233-254
188. Young G.M. Stratigraphy, sedimentology and tectonic setting of the Huronian Supergroup. Proceedings of the Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto'91, Field trip B5: Guidebook. Geological Association of Canada, Mineralogical Association of Canada, Society of Economic Geologists (1991) 34 pp
189. Young G.M. Proterozoic plate tectonics, glaciation and iron-formations. Sediment. Geol. 58 (1988) 127-144
190. Young, G.M., 1983. Tectono-sedimentary history of Early Proterozoic rocks of the northern Great Lakes region. In: Medaris Jr., L.G. (Ed.), Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lake Region. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 160, pp. 15-32.
191. Yudovich Y.Y., Makarikhin V.V., Medvedev P.V., and Sukhanov N.V. Carbon isotope anomalies in carbonates of Karelian Series. Geochemistry 7 (1990) 972-978
192. Zolnai A.I., Price R.A., and Helmstaedt H. Regional cross section of the Southern Province adjacent to Lake Huron, Ontario: implications for the tectonic significance of the Murray Fault Zone. Can. J. Earth Sci. 21 (1984) 447-456
193. Zolotarev A.A., Efremov G.M., Brotigam B., and Ivanova T.V. Isotopic composition of sulfur in sulfates of Seligdar apatite deposit (Central Aldan). Geokhimiya 11 (1989) 1656-1659