Chemostratigraphy of Paleoproterozoic carbonate successions of the Wyoming Craton: Tectonic forcing of biogeochemical change?

Precambrian Research

Volumn 120, Issue 3-4, 2003, Pages 279-325

  Bekker, A ^a,d   Karhu, J A ^b   Eriksson, K A ^a   Kaufman, A J ^c  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^c Bldg 142   (United States)

^d HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biogeochemistry; Chemostratigraphy; Kenorland; Paleoproterozoic; Wyoming

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CARBONIC ACID; RECOMBINANT ERYTHROPOIETIN;

BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CARBONATE; CHEMOSTRATIGRAPHY; GEOCHRONOLOGY; PROTEROZOIC; STRATIGRAPHIC CORRELATION; STRATIGRAPHY;

ANALYTIC METHOD; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DIAGENESIS; GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS; GEOCHEMISTRY; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; PROTEROZOIC; REVIEW; SLAUGHTERHOUSE; STRATIGRAPHY; UNITED STATES;

MEDICINE BOW MOUNTAINS; UNITED STATES; WYOMING;

EID: 0037429287     PISSN: 03019268     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00164-X     Document Type: Article

References (203)

1. Äikäs, O., 1980. Uraniferous phosphorite and apatite-bearing gneisses in the Proterozoic of Finland. In: Proceedings of the International Uranium Symposium on the Pine Creek Geosyncline, pp. 675-681.
2. Akhmedov, A.M., 1990. Epochs of evaporization in the Paleoproterozoic of the Baltic Shield. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 312 (3), 698-702.
3. Akhmedov, A.M., Travin, L.V., Tikhomirova, M., 1996. Glacial and evaporate epochs in the early Proterozoic and interregional correlation. Reg. Geol. Metallogeny (5), 84-97.
4. Amelin, Y.V., Heaman, L.M., Semenov, V.S., 1995. U-Pb geochronology of layered intrusions in the eastern Blatic Shield: implications for the timing and duration of Paleoproterozoic continental rifting. Precambrian Res. 75, 31-46.
5. André, L., 1993. Age Rb-Sr Proterozoique inferieur du magmatisme continental du Groupe de la Lulua (Kasai, Zaire): Ses implications geodynamiques. Annales de la Société Géologique de Belgique 116 (1), 1-12.
6. Asmerom, Y., Jacobsen, S.B., Knoll, A.H., Butterfield, N.J., Swett, K., 1991. Strontium isotopic variations of Neoproterozoic seawater: implications for crustal evolution. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 2883-2894.
7. Aspler, L.B., Chiarenzelli, J.R., 1998. Two Neoarchean supercontinents? Evidence from the Paleoproterozoic. Sedimentary Geol. 120, 75-104.
8. Awramik, S.M., Sprinkle, J., 1999. Proterozoic stromatolites: the first marine evolutionary biota. Historical Biol. 13, 241-253.
9. Baker, A.J., Fallick, A.E., 1989a. Evidence from the Lewisian limestone for isotopically heavy carbon in two-thousand-million-year-old seawater. Nature 337, 352-354.
10. Baker, A.J., Fallick, A.E., 1989b. Heavy carbon in two-billion-year-old marbles from Lofoten-Vesterålen, Norway: implications for the Precambrian carbon cycle. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 53, 1111-1115.
11. Balashov, Y.A., 1996. Geochronology of the early Proterozoic rocks of the Pechenga-Varzuga structure, Kola Peninsula. Petrology 4 (1), 3-25.
12. Ball, T.T., Farmer, G.L., 1991. Identification of 2.0 to 2.4 Ga Nd model age crustal material in the Cheyenne belt, northeastern Wyoming: implications for Proterozoic accretionary tectonics at the southern margin of the Wyoming Craton. Geology 19, 360-363.
13. Banerjee, D.M., 1971. Precambrian stromatolitic phosphorites of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 82, 2319-2330.
14. Banerjee, D.M., Schidlowski, M., Arneth, J.D., 1986. Genesis of upper Proterozoic-Cambrian phosphorite deposits of India: isotopic inferences from carbonate fluorapatite, carbonate and organic carbon. Precambrian Res. 33, 239-253.
15. Barley, M.E., Pickard, A.L., Sylvester, P.J., 1997. Emplacement of a large igneous province as a possible cause of banded iron formation 2.45 billion years ago. Nature 385, 55-58.
16. Bekasova, N.B., Dudkin, O.B., 1982. Composition and nature of concretionary phosphorites from the early Precambrian of Pechenga (Kola Península). Lithol. Mineral Resourc., 16(6), 625-630.
17. Bekker, A., 1998. Chemostratigraphy and climatostratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Snowy Pass Supergroup, Wyoming and its application for correlation with other sequences in North America. M.S. Thesis. University of Minnesota, Duluth, 104 pp.
18. Bekker, A., Eriksson, K.A., 2003. Paleoproterozoic drowned carbonate platform on the southeastern margin of the Wyoming Craton: a record of the Kenorland breakup. Precambrian Res. (in press).
19. Bekker, A., Karhu, J.A., Eriksson, K.A., 1997. Paleoenvironmental Changes at the end of the Paleoproterozoic Carbon Isotope Excursion (∼2.06 Ga), Vol. 29, No. 6. GSA Annual Meeting. Abstract with Programs, 1997, p. 467.
20. Bekker, A., Eriksson, K.A., Kaufman, A.J., Karhu, J.A., Beukes, N.J., 1999. Paleoproterozoic Record of Biogeochemical Events and Ice Ages, Vol. 31, No. 7. GSA Annual Meeting. Abstract with Programs, 1999, p. 487.
21. Bekker, A., Kaufman, A.J., Karhu, J.A., Beukes, N.J., Swart, Q.D., Coetzee, L.L., Eriksson, K.A., 2001a. Chemostratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Duitschland Formation, South Africa: implications for coupled climate change and carbon cycling. Am. J. Sci. 301, 261-285.
22. Bekker, A., Master, S., Karhu, J.A., Verhagen, B.T., 2001b. Chemostratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Magondi Supergroup, Zimbabwe. In: Proceedings of the 11th Ann. V. M. Goldschmidt Conference, Abst. 3772. LPI Contr.1088. Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston (CD-ROM).
23. Boiko, V.L., Dobrokhotov, M.N., Esipchuk, K.E., Semenenko, N.P., Shcherbak, N.P., 1989. Lower Precambrian stratigraphy of the Ukraine Shield. In: Sokolov, B.S. (Ed.), Stratigraphy of the USSR. Lower Precambrian. Nedra, Moscow, pp. 194-257.
24. Bol, L.C.G.M., Nijland, T.G., Sauter, P.C.C., Jansen, J.B.H., Valley, J.W., 1995. Preservation of premetamorphic oxygen and carbon isotopic trends in granulite facies marbles from Rogaland, southwest Norway. Am. J. Sci. 295, 1179-1219.
25. Borshchevsky, Y.A., Borisova, S.L., Yudin, N.I., Medvedovskaya, N.I., Stepanova, T.I., Krasotov, Y.M., Popova, N.K., Voronina, Y.V., Belkov, E.I., 1982. Isotope characteristics of apatite-calcite associations of Slyudyanka Series, periBaykal, Abstracts. In: Proceedings of the Ninth All-Union Symposium on Stable Isotopes in Geochemistry, Moscow, pp. 421-423.
26. Bros, R., Stille, P., Gauthier-Lafaye, F., Weber, F, Clauer, N., 1992. Sm-Nd isotopic dating of Proterozoic clay material: an example from the Francevillian sedimentary series, Gabon. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 113, 207-218.
27. Buchan, K.L., Mortensen, J.K., Card, K.D., Percival, J.A., 1998. Paleomagnetism and U-Pb geochronology of diabase dyke swarms of Minto block Superior Province, Quebec, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 35, 1054-1069.
28. Bühn, B., Stanistreet, I.G., 1997. Insight into enigma of Neoproterozoic manganese and iron formations from the perspective of supercontinent breakup and assembly. In: Nicholson, K., Hein, J.R., Bühn, B., Dasgupta, S. (Eds.), Manganese Mineralization: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits. Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. 119, London, 1997, pp. 81-90.
29. Buick, R., Des Marais, D.J., Knoll, A.H., 1995. Stable isotope compositions of carbonates from the Mesoproterozoic Bangemall Group, northwestern Australia. Chem. Geol. 123, 153-171.
30. 13 C Paleoproterozoic carbonates from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Geology 26, 875-878.
31. Burdett, J.W., Grotzinger, J.P., Arthur, M.A., 1990. Did major changes in the stable-isotope composition of Proterozoic seawater occur? Geology 18, 227-230.
32. Cadman, A.C., Heaman, L.M., Tarney, J., Wardle, R., Krogh, T.E., 1993. U-Pb geochronology and geochemical variation within two Proterozoic mafic dyke swarms, Labrador. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30, 1490-1504.
33. Canfield, D.E., 1998. A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry. Nature 396, 450-453.
34. Canfield, D.E., Raiswell, R., 1991. Carbonate precipitation and dissolution: its relevance to fossil preservation. In: Allison, P.A., Briggs, D.E.G. (Eds.), Taphonomy: Releasing the Data Locked in the Fossil Record. Plenum Press, London, pp. 411-453.
35. Canfield, D.E., Raiswell, R., 1999. The evolution of the secular cycle. Am. J. Sci. 299, 697-723.
36. Chamberlain, K.R., 1998. Medicine Bow Orogeny: timing of deformation and model of crustal structure produced during continent-arc collision, ca. 1.78 Ga, southeastern Wyoming. Rocky Mnt. Geol. 33 (2), 259-277.
37. Cook, P., 1992. Phosphogenesis around the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition. J. Geol. Soc. London 149, 615-620.
38. Corfu, F., Andrews, A., 1986. A U-Pb age for mineralized Nipissing diabase, Gowganda. Ontario. Can. J. Earth Sci. 23, 107-112.
39. Cornell, D.H., Schütte, S.S., Eglington, B.L., 1996. The Ongeluk basaltic andesite formation in Griqualand West, South Africa: submarine alteration in a 2222 Ma Proterozoic sea. Precambrian Res. 79, 101-123.
40. Cox, D.M., Frost, C.D., Chamberlain, K.R., 2000. 2.01-Ga Kennedy dike swarm, southeastern Wyoming: record of a rifted margin along the southern Wyoming province. Rocky Mnt. Geol. 35 (1), 7-30.
41. Crichton, J.G., Condie, K.C., 1993. Trace elements as source indicators in cratonic sediments: a case study from the Paleoproterozoic Libby Creek Group, southeastern Wyoming. J. Geol. 101, 319-332.
42. Dahl, P.S., Frei, R., 1998. Step-leach Pb-Pb dating of inclusion-bearing garnet and staurolite, with implications for early Proterozoic tectonism in the Black Hills collisional orogen, South Dakota, United States. Geology 26, 111-114.
43. Dahl, P.S., Holm, D.K., Gardner, E.T., Hubacher, F.A., Foland, K.A., 1999. New constraints on the timing of early Proterozoic tectonism in the Black Hills (South Dakota), with implications for docking of the Wyoming province with Laurentia. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 111 (9), 1335-1349.
44. Davis, D.J., 1997. U-Pb zircon and rutile ages from granulite xenoliths in the Slave province: evidence for mafic magmatism in the lower crust coincident with Proterozoic dike swarms. Geology 25, 343-346.
45. Davis, D.W., Hirdes, W., Schaltegger, U., Nunoo, E.A., 1994. U-Pb age constraints on deposition and provenance of Birimian and gold-bearing Tarkwaian sediments in Ghana, West Africa. Precambrian Res. 67, 89-107.
46. Day, W.C., Sims, P.K., Snyder, G.L., Wilson, A.B., Klein, T.L., 1999. Peterman, Z.E., Futa, K., Zartman, R.E. (Eds.), Geologic Map of Precambrian Rocks, Rawhide Buttes West Quadrangle and Part of Rawhide Buttes East Quadrangle, Hartville Uplift, Goshen and Niobrara Counties, Wyoming with a section on Geochronology. US Department of the Interior US Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Ser. 1-2635, 1999, pp. 1-14.
47. Des Marais, D.J., 1994. Tectonic control of the crustal organic carbon reservoir during the Precambrian. Chem. Geol. 114, 303-314.
48. DeWitt, E., Redden, J.A., Wilson, A.B., Buscher, D., 1986. Mineral resource potential and geology of the Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota and Wyoming. US Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1580, 135 pp.
49. DeWitt, E., Redden, J.A., Buscher, D., Wilson, A.B., 1989. Geologic map of the Black Hills area, South Dakota and Wyoming. US Department of the Interior US Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Series Map I-1910.
50. Dickens, G.R., 2001. On the fate of past gas: What happens to methane released from a bacterially mediated gas hydrate capacitor? Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2. Paper No. 2000GC000131.
51. Dickens, G.R., Castillo, M.M., Walker, J.C.G., 1997. A blast of gas in the latest Paleocene: simulating first-order effects of massive dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate. Geology 25, 259-262.
52. Divis, A.F., 1976. Geology and geochemistry of Sierra Madre Range, Wyoming. Quart. Colorado School Mines 71 (3), 127.
53. Donnelly, T.H., Shergold, J.H., Southgate, P.N., Barnes, C.J., 1990. Events leading to global phosphogenesis around the Proterozoic/Cambrian boundary. In: Notholt, A.J.G., Jarvis, I. (Eds.), Phosphorite Research and Development. Geol. Soc. Spec Publ. 52, 1990, pp. 273-287.
54. Doyen, L., 1973. The Manganese ore deposit of Kisenge-Kamata (western Katanga). In: Amstutz, G.C., Bernard, A.J. (Eds.), Mineralogical and Sedimentological Aspects of the Primary Ore. Proceedings of the Eighth International Sedimentological Congress on Ores in Sediments. Springer, Heidelberg, 1973, pp. 93-100.
55. Doyen, L., 1974. The manganese ore deposit of Kisenge-Kamata-Kapolo (western Katanga-Shaba-Zaire). In: Geochemical Composition of the Primary Carbonate Ore, Vol. 3. Proceedings of the Fourth IAGOD Symposium on Problems of Ore Deposition, Varna, Bulgaria, pp. 122-128.
56. Dzigbodi-Adjimah, K., Sogbor, S.F., 1993. The mineralogy and genetic significance of the manganese carbonate ore at Nsuta, Ghana, In: Tsidzi, K.E.N. (Ed.), Proceedings of the National Seminar on Current Developments in the Minerals Industry of Ghana. University of Science and Technology and Institute of Mining and Mineral Engineering (IMME), Kumasi, Ghana, pp. 25-32.
57. El Tabakh, M., Grey, K., Pirajno, F., Schreiber, B.C., 1999. Pseudomorphs after evaporitic minerals interbedded with 2.2 Ga strmatolites of the Yerriba basin, western Australia: origin and significance. Geology 27 (10), 871-874.
58. Fenton, C.L., Fenton, M.A., 1939. Precambrian and Paleozoic algae. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 50, 89-126.
59. Feybesse, J.L., Johan, V., Triboulet, C., Guerrot, C., Mayaga-Mikolo, F., Bouchot, V., Eco N'dong, J., 1998. The west-central African belt: a model of 2.5-2.0 Ga accretion and two-phase orogenic evolution. Precambrian Res. 87, 161-216.
60. 18 O records in Precambrian carbonates: a Mesoproterozoic case study. In: Grotzinger, J.P., James, N.P. (Eds.), Carbonate Sedimentation and Diagenesis in the Evolving Precambrian World. SEPM Spec. Publ. 67, 2000, pp. 315-326.
61. Gauthier-Lafaye, F., Weber, F., 1989. The Francevillian (lower Proterozoic) uranium ore deposits of Gabon. Econ. Geol. 84, 2267-2285.
62. Gehör, S., 1994. REE distribution in the phosphorite bands within the Paleoproterozoic Tuomivaara and Pahtavaara iron-formations, central and northern Finland. In: Nironen, M., Kähkönen, Y. (Eds.), Geochemistry of Proterozoic Supracrustal Rocks in Finland. Geol. Survey Finland Spec. Pap. 19, Espoo, pp. 71-84.
63. Golubev, A.I., Akhmedov, A.M., Galdobina, L.P., 1984. Geochemistry of the Lower Proterozoic Black Shale Complexes from the Karelia-Kola region. Nauka, Leningrad, p. 192.
64. Gorokhov, I.M., Semikhatov, M.A., Baskakov, A.V., Kutyavin, E.P., Melnikov, N.N., Sochava, A.V., Turchenko, T.L., 1995. Sr isotopic composition in Riphean, Vendian, and Lower Cambrian carbonates from Siberia. Str. Geol. Cor. 3, 1-28.
65. Gorokhov, I.M., Kuznetsov, A.B., Melezhik, V.A., Konstantinova, G.V., Melnikov, N.N., 1998. Sr isotopic composition in the upper Jatulian (early Proterozoic) dolomites of the Tulomozero Formation, southeastern Karelia. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 360 (4), 533-536.
66. Grotzinger, J.P., Knoll, A.H., 1995. Anomalous carbonate precipitates: is the Precambrian the key to the Permian? Palaios 10, 578-596.
67. Guliy, V.N., 1995a. Main features of composition and origin of apatite deposits in metamorphic rocks of the Aldan Shield, Siberia, Russian Federation. Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. Sect. B 104, B171-B178.
68. Guliy, V.N., 1995b. Metasedimentary apatite deposits of the Birikeen area, Aldan Shield. Lithol. Mineral Resourc. 30 (6), 545-555.
69. Gutzmer, J., Beukes, N.J., 1996. Karst-hosted freshwater Paleoproterozoic manganese deposits, Postmasburg, South Africa. Econ. Geol. 91, 1435-1454.
70. Hallock, P., Schlager, W., 1986. Nutrient excess and the demise of coral reefs and carbonate platforms. Palaios 1, 389-398.
71. Hanski, E., Huhma, H., Rastas, P., Kamenetsky, V.S., 2001. The Paleoproterozoic komatiite-picrite association of Finnish Lapland. J. Petr. 42 (5), 855-876.
72. Hayes, J.M., 1983. Geochemical evidence bearing on the origin of aerobiosis, a speculative interpretation. In: Schopf, J.W. (Ed.), The Earth's Earliest Biosphere: Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 93-134.
73. Hayes, J.M., 1994. Global methanotrophy at the ArcheanProerozoic transition. In: Bengston, S. (Ed.), Proc. Nobel Symp. 84. Early Life on Earth. Columbia University Press, New York, pp. 220-236.
74. 13 C in marine organic matter and isotopic fractionation in the global biogeochemical cycle of carbon during the past 800 Ma. Chem. Geol. 161, 103-125.
75. Heaman, L.M., 1997. Global mafic volcanism at 2.45 Ga: remnants of an ancient large igneous province? Geology 25, 299-302.
76. Hein, J.R., Bolton, B.R., 1993. Composition and origin of the Moanda manganese deposit, Gabon. In: Proceedings of the 16th International Colloquium on African Geology. Extended Abstracts. Geological Survey and Mines Department of Swaziland, Ezulwini, Swaziland, pp. 150-152.
77. Hein, J.R., Bolton, B.R., Nziengui, P., McKirdy, D., Frakes, L., 1989. Chemical, isotopic and lithologic associations within the Moanda manganese deposit, Gabon. In: Proceedings of the 28th International Geological Congress, Abstracts, Washington, DC, pp. 2-46.
78. Hein, J.R., Fan, D., Ye, J., Liu, T., Yeh, H.-W., 1999. Composition and origin of early Cambrian Tiantaishan phosphorite-Mn carbonate ores, Shaanxi Province, China. Ore Geol. Rev. 15, 95-134.
79. Hirdes, W., Davis, D.W., 1998. First U-Pb zircon age of extrusive volcanism in the Birimian Supergroup of Ghana/West Africa. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 27 (2), 291-294.
80. Hoffman, P.F., Kaufman, A.J., Halverson, G.P., Schrag, D.P., 1998. A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth. Science 281, 1342-1346.
81. Hofmann, H.J., Davidson, A., 1998. Paleoproterozoic stromatolites, Hurwitz Group, Quartzite Lake area, Northwest Territories, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 35, 280-289.
82. Hofmann, H.J., Snyder, G.L., 1985. Archean stromatolites from the Hartville Uplift, eastern Wyoming. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 96, 842-849.
83. Houston, R.S., 1993. Late Archean and Paleoproterozoic geology of southeastern Wyoming. In: Snoke, A.W., Steidtmann, J.R., Roberts, S.M. (Eds.), Geology of Wyoming. Geological Survey of Wyoming Memoir, vol. 5, pp. 78-116.
84. Houston, R.S., Graff, P.J., 1995. Geologic map of Precambrian rocks of the Sierra Madre, Carbon County, Wyoming, and Jackson and Routt Counties, Colorado. US Department of the Interior US Geol. Surv., Misc. Invest. Ser. I-2452.
85. Houston, R.S., Lanthier, L.R., Karlstrom, K.E., Sylvester, G., 1981. Paleoproterozoic diamictite of southern Wyoming. In: Hambrey, M.J., Harland, W.B. (Eds.), Earth's Pre-Pleistocene Glacial Record. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 795-799.
86. Houston, R.S., Karlstrom, K.E., Graff, P.J., Flurkey, A.J., 1992. New stratigraphic subdivisions and redefinition of subdivisions of Late Archean and Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Sierra Madre and Medicine Bow Mountains, southern Wyoming. US Geological Survey Prof. Pap. 1520, 50 pp.
87. Ingall, E.D., Jahnke, R., 1994. Evidence for enhanced phosphorus regeneration from marine sediments overlain by oxygen depleted waters. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 (11), 2571-2575.
88. Isley, A.E., 1995. Hydrothermal plumes and the delivery of iron to banded iron formation. J. Geol. 103, 169-185.
89. Isley, A.E., Abbott, D.H., 1999. Plume-related mafic volcanism and the deposition of banded iron formation. J. Geophys. Res. 104 (B7), 15461-15477.
90. 18 O signatures in Proterozoic dolostones: constraints on seawater chemistry and early diagenesis. In: Grotzinger, J.P., James, N.P. (Eds.), Carbonate Sedimentation and Diagenesis in the Evolving Precambrian World. SEPM Spec. Publ. 67, 2000, pp. 345-360.
91. Kanygin, L.I., Kirikilitsa, S.I., Krivonos, V.P., Levenshteyn, M.L., Polunovsky, R.M., Porokhnenko, A.F., Kharagezov, M.K., 1969. On finding perspectives of metamorphogenic deposits of manganese and phosphate in Precambrian carbonate units of peri-Azov. Geol. J. 29 (4), 146-147.
92. Karhu, J.A., 1993. Paleoproterozoic evolution of the carbon isotope ratios of sedimentary carbonates in the Fennoscandian Shield. Geol. Surv. Finland Bull. 371, Espoo, 87 pp.
93. Karhu, J.A., Holland, H.D., 1996. Carbon isotopes and the rise of atmospheric oxygen. Geology 24 (10), 867-870.
94. Karlstrom, K.E., Houston, R.S., 1984. The Cheyenne belt: analysis of a Proterozoic suture in southern Wyoming. Precambrian Res. 25, 415-446.
95. Karlstrom, K.E., Flurkey, A.J., Houston, R.S., 1983. Stratigraphy and depositional setting of the Proterozoic Snowy Pass Supergroup, southeastern Wyoming: Record of a Paleoproterozoic Atlantic-type cratonic margin. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 94, 1257-1274.
96. Kaufman, A.J., Knoll, A.H., 1995. Neoproterozoic variations in the C-isotopic composition of seawater: stratigraphic and biogeochemical implications. Precambrian Res. 73, 27-49.
97. Kaufman, A.J., Knoll, A.H., Narbonne, G.M., 1997. Isotopes, ice ages, and terminal Proterozoic Earth history. Nat. Acad. Sci. Proc. 94, 6600-6605.
98. Kennedy, M.J., Christie-Blick, N., Sohl, L., 2001. Are Proterozoic cap carbonates and isotopic excursions: a record of gas hydrate destabilization following Earth's coldest intervals? Geology 29 (5), 443-446.
99. Kirkham, R.V., Roscoe, S.M., 1993. Atmospheric evolution and ore deposit formation. Resource. Geol. Spec. Iss. No. 15, 1-17.
100. Klein, C., Beukes, N.J., 1993. Sedimentology and geochemistry of the glaciogenic late Proterozoic Rapitan iron formation in Canada. Econ. Geol. 88, 542-565.
101. Knoll, A.H., Hayes, J.M., Kaufman, A.J., Swett, K., Lambert, I.B., 1986. Secular variations in carbon isotope ratios from Upper Proterozoic successions of Svalbard and East Greenland. Nature 321, 832-838.
102. Knoll, A.H., Bambach, R.E., Canfield, D.E., Grotzinger, J.P., 1996. Comparative Earth history and late Permian mass extinction. Science 273, 452-457.
103. Koneva, A.A., Makrygina, V.A., Reznitskii, L.Z., 1998. Gondites in metamorphic sequences of the Baikal Region. Lithol. Mineral Resourc. 33 (1), 82-91.
104. Kotov, A.B., Salnikova, E.B., Reznitskii, L.Z., Natman, A., Kovach, V.P., Zagornaya, N.Y., Belyaevskii, N.A., 2000. Age and sources of deeply metamorphosed supracrustal deposits of the Slyudyanka crystalline complex (southern peri-Baykal). In: Negrutza, T.F., Negrutza, V.Z. (Eds.), General Issues of Precambrian Subdivision. Materials of 3d All-Union Conference. Geological Institute of the Kola Science Centre, Apatity, pp. 124-125.
105. Krapez, B., Martin, D.M., 1999. Sequence stratigraphy of the Paleoproterozoic Nabberu Province of western Australia. Aust. J. Earth Sci. 46, 89-103.
106. Kravchenko, G.L., 1993. Manganese garnet from graphitic gneisses of West Priazov. Geologicheskii Zhurnal (1), 24-30.
107. Krogh, T.E., Davis, D.W., Corfu, F., 1984. Precise U-Pb zircon and badelleyite ages for the Sudbury area. In: Pye, E.G., Naldrett, A.J., Giblin, P.E. (Eds.), The geology and ore deposits of the Sudbury structure. Ontario Geol. Surv. Spec., vol. 1, pp. 431-446.
108. Krogh, T.E., Kamo, S.L., Bohor, B.F., 1996. Shock metamorphosed zircons with correlated U-Pb discordance and melt rocks with concordant protolith ages indicate an impact origin for the Sudbury structure. Earth processes: reading the isotopic code. Geophys. Monograph 95. Am Geophys Union, pp. 343-353.
109. Kulish, E.A., 1970. Behaviour of oxygen in the Archean Aldanian atmosphere. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 191 (4), 921-923.
110. Kulish, E.A., Yatsenko, G.M., Kulish, L.I., Yanchuk, Y.A., Rosikhina, A.I., Kostyuchenko, V.S., 1988. Metamorphogenic Manganese Mineralization in Archean Complexes of Pobuzh'ya (Ukrainian Shield), Protsessy i Zakonomernosti Metamorfogennogo Rudoobrazovaniia. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, pp. 125-134.
111. Kump, L.R., Kasting, J.F., Barley, M.E., 2000. The rise of atmospheric oxygen and the "upside down" Archean mantle. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., Vol. 2. Paper No. 2000GC000114.
112. Laajoki, K., Saikkonen, R., 1977. On the geology and geochemistry of the Precambrian iron formations in Väyrylänkylä, South Puolanka area, Finland. Geol. Surv. Finland Bull. 292, 1-137.
113. Lanyon, R., Black, L.P., Seitz, H.-M., 1993. U-Pb zircon dating of mafic dykes and its application to the Proterozoic geological history of the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 115, 184-203.
114. 13 C depletions in seawater-derived brines and their implications for the past geochemical carbon cycle. Geology 18, 1191-1194.
115. Lazur, Y.M., Kazantsev, V.A., Ermilov, V.V., 1981. Manganiferous sulfide mineralization in Proterozoic carbonaceous deposits of KMA district in Russian. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 256 (3), 677-680.
116. Leclerc, J., Weber, F., 1980. Geology and genesis of the Moanda manganese deposits, Republic of Gabon. In: Varentsov, I.M., Grasselly, G. (Eds.), Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele U. Obermiller), Stuttgart, pp. 89-109.
117. Lindsay, J.F., Brasier, M.D., 2000. A carbon isotope reference curve for c. 1700 to 1575 Ma, McArthur and Mount Isa Basins, northern Australia. Precambrian Res. 99, 271-308.
118. Lindsay, J.F., Brasier, M.D., 2002. Did global tectonics drive early biosphere evolution? Carbon isotope record from 2.6 to 1.9 Ga carbonates of western Australian basins. Precambrian Res. 114, 1-34.
119. Lobzova, R.V., Esikov, A.D., 1981. On Carbon Sources for the Origin of Graphite Deposits in Light of Isotopic Data. Materials of the All-Union Conference on Carbon Geochemistry. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 63-64.
120. 13 C Paleoproterozoic carbonates from the Aravalli Supergroup, western India. Int. Geol. Rev. 41, 949-954.
121. Marmo, J.S., 1992. The lower Proterozoic Hokkalampi paleosol in North Karelia, eastern Finland. In: Schidlowski, M., Golubic, S., Kimberly, M.M., Trudinger, P.A. (Eds.), Early Organic Evolution: Implications for Mineral and Energy Resources. Springer, Berlin, pp. 41-66.
122. Martin, D.M., Li, Z.X., Nemchin, A.A., Powell, C.M., 1998. A pre-2.2 Ga age for giant hematite ores of the Hamersley Province Australia? Econ. Geol. 93, 1084-1090.
123. Master, S., 1991. Stratigraphy, tectonic setting, and mineralization of the early Proterozoic Magondi Supergroup, Zimbabwe: a review. EGRU Information Circular 238, Johannesburg, 75 pp.
124. Master, S., Verhagen, B.T., Duane, M.J., 1990. Isotopic signatures of continental and marine carbonates from the Magondi Belt, Zimbabwe: implications for the global carbon cycle at 2,0 Ga. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Earth Sci. Cong. Geol. Soc. S. Afr. Abstr., Cape Town, pp. 346-348.
125. 13 C excursion, Symposium: Early Proterozoic Geochemical and Structural Constraints - Metallogeny. Publication Occasionnelle 1993/23, Dacar, Sénégal, pp. 38-41.
126. McCombs, J.A., Dahl, P.S., Hamilton, M.A., Stern, R.A., 2001. Ion microprobe (SHRIMP U-Pb) study of zircon geochronology in Archean basement lithologies, Black Hills, South Dakota. GSA Annual Meeting, Abstract with Programs, p. A143.
127. carb anomaly at around 2.33-2.06 Ga on the Fennoscandian Shield: a paradox? Terra Nova 8, 141-157.
128. Melezhik, V.A., Predovsky, A.A., 1982. Geochemistry of the Early Proterozoic Lithogenesis (Using the Northeast of the Baltic Shield as an Example). Nauka, Leningrad, p. 208.
129. Melezhik, V.A., Fallick, A.E., Makarikhin, V.V., Lyubtsov, V.V., 1997a. Links between Paleoproterozoic palaeogeography and rise and decline of stromatolites: Fennoscandian Shield. Precambrian Res. 82, 311-348.
130. Melezhik, V.A., Fallick, A.E., Clark, T., 1997b. Two billion-year-old isotopically heavy carbon: evidence from the Labrador Trough, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 34 (3), 271-285.
131. carb enrichment in ca. 2.0 Ga magnesite-stromatolite-dolomite-'red beds' association in a global context: a case for the world-wide signal enhanced by a local environment. Earth Sci. Rev. 48, 71-120.
132. Melezhik, V.A., Fallick, A.E., Filippov, M.M., Larsen, O., 1999b. Karelian shungite - an indication of 2.0-Ga-old metamorphosed oil-shale and generation of petroleum: geology, lithology and geochemistry. Earth Sci. Rev. 47, 1-40.
133. Mirota, M.D., Veizer, J., 1994. Geochemistry of Precambrian Carbonates. IV. Aphebian Albanel Formations, Quebec, Canada. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 1735-1745.
134. 86 Sr. Geology 24 (10), 917-920.
135. Mücke, A., Dzigbodi-Adjimah, K., Annor, A., 1999. Minerology, petrology, geochemistry and genesis of the Paleoproterozoic Birimian manganese-formation of Nsuta/Ghana. Min. Dep. 34, 297-311.
136. Nayak, V.K., 1980. The manganese ores of Kajlidongri, District Jhabua, Madhya Pradesh, India. In: Varentsov, I.M., Grasselly, G. (Eds.), Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele U. Obermiller), Stuttgart, pp. 265-277.
137. Nikitina, A.P., Shchipanskiy, A.A., 1987. Phosphorus resources in the early Proterozoic deposits of Belgorod district, KMA. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geologicheskaya (2), 113-124.
138. Ojakangas, R.W., 1997. Correlative sequence within the Marquette Range Supergroup (Michigan) and the Huronian Supergroup (Ontario); Glaciogenics, paleosols, and orthoquartzites (Abs), 43rd Inst. Lake Superior Geol., pp. 47-48.
139. Paakola, J., 1971. The volcanic complex and associated manganiferous iron formation of the Porkonen-Pahtavaara area in Finnish Lapland, Bull. Com. Geol. Finl. N. 247, 82.
140. Pavlov, V.A., Cherdakov, V.I., Komarov, P.V., 1987. Mineralogic-geochemical peculiarities of rocks and ores in iron-bearing deposits of the southern Aldan. Geology Ore Deposits 5, 75-83.
141. Ponomarenko, A.I., 1973. Rhodonite-spessartine rocks of the Anabar massif. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 212 (6), 1426-1429.
142. Premo, W.R., Van Schmus, W.R., 1989. Zircon geochronology of Precambrian rocks in southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado. In: Grambling, J.A., Tewksbury, B.J. (Eds.), Proterozoic Geology of the Southern Rocky Mountains. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., vol. 235, pp. 1-12.
143. Prilutzky, R.E., Suslova, S.N., Nalivkina, Y.B., 1992. Reconstruction of environmental conditions of early Proterozoic carbonate deposits of the Ukrainian and Baltic Shields based on isotopic studies. Lithol. Mineral Deposits 5, 76-88.
144. Puchtel, I.S., Arndt, N.T., Hofmann, A.W., Haase, K.M., Kröner, A., Kulikov, V.S., Kilikova, V.V., Garbe-Schönberg, C.-D., Nemchin, A.A., 1998. Petrology of mafic lavas within the Onega plateau, central Karelia: evidence for 2.0 Ga plume-related continental crustal growth in the Baltic Shield. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 130, 134-153.
145. Redden, J.A., 1980. Geology and uranium resources in Precambrian conglomerates of Nemo area, Black Hills, South Dakota: US DOE Natl. Uranium Resource Evaluation Report GJBX 127, No. 80, 1980, p. 147.
146. Redden, J.A., 1981. Summary of the geology of the Nemo area. In: Rich, F.J. (Ed.), Geology of the Black Hills, South Dakota and Wyoming. Geol. Soc. Am. Guidebook. Rocky Mountain Section, Annual Meeting, Rapid City, SD, 1981, pp. 193-210.
147. Redden, J.A., Peterman, Z.E., Zartman, R.E., DeWitt, E., 1990. U-Th-Pb geochronology and preliminary interpretation of Precambrian tectonic events in the Black Hills, South Dakota. In: Lewry, J.F., Stauffer, M.R. (Eds.), The Early Proterozoic Trans-Hudson Orogen of North America. Geol. Ass. Canada Spec. Pap. 37, 1990, pp. 229-251.
148. Reitsema, R.H., 1980. Dolomite and nahcolite formation in organic rich sediments: isotopically heavy carbonates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 44, 2045-2049.
149. Reznitsky, L.Z., Vasil'ev, E.P., Vishnyakov, V.N., 1976. First finding of gondites in the Precambrian of the southern periBaikal. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 229 (5), 1195-1197.
150. Reznitsky, L.Z., Fefelov, N.N., Vasil'ev, E.P., Zarudneva, N.V.,
151. Rohon, M.-L., et al., 1993. Aphebian mafic-ultramafic magmatism in the Labrador Trough (New Quebec): its age and the nature of its mafic source. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30, 1582-1593.
152. Roscoe, S.M., Card, K.D., 1993. The reappearance of the Huronian in Wyoming: rifting and drifting of ancient continents. Can. J. Earth Sci. 30, 2475-2480.
153. Roy, S., 1980. Manganese ore deposits of India. In: Varentsov, I.M., Grasselly, G. (Eds.), Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele U. Obermiller), Stuttgart, pp. 237-264.
154. Rozen, O.M., Zlobin, V.L., Syngaevskiy, E.D., 1990. Metamorphic carbonate rocks of granulite complex of the Anabar Shield: peculiarities of primary composition and sedimentation. Lithol. Mineral Deposits 25(6), 72-81.
155. Rozen, O.M., Condie, K.C., Natapov, L.M., Nozhkin, A.D., 1994. Archean and early Proterozoic evolution of the Siberian Craton: a preliminary assessment. In: Condie, K.C. (Ed.), Archean Crustal Evolution. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 411-459.
156. Rundqvist, D.V., Mitrofanov, F.P., 1993. Precambrian Geology of the USSR. Developments in Precambrian Geology, vol. 9. Elsevier, Amsterdam, p. 528.
157. Russell, J.R., 1992. Investigation of the potential of Pb/Pb radiometric dating for the direct age determination of carbonates. D. Phil. (unpublished) Thesis. University of Oxford, Oxford.
158. Salop, L.I., 1982. Geologic Development of the Earth in Precambrian. Nedra, Leningrad, p. 343.
159. 13 C-enriched carbonate facies: geology, radiometric age and geochemical significance, Vol. 43. Chinese Sci. Bull., Abst. ICOG-9, Beijing, p. 114.
160. Schidlowski, M., Eichmann, R., Junge, C.E., 1976. Carbon isotope geochemistry of the Precambrian Lomagundi carbonate province, Rhodesia. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40, 449-455.
161. Schipansky, A.A., Bogdanova, S.V., 1996. The Sarmatian crustal segment: Precambrian correlation between the Voronezh Massif and the Ukrainian Shield across the Dniepr-Donets Aulacogen. Tectonophysics 268, 109-125.
162. Schreiber, U.M., Eriksson, P.G., 1992. An early Paleoproterozoic braid-delta system in the Pretoria Group, Transvaal Sequense, South Africa. J. Afr. Earth Sci. 15, 111-125.
163. Semikhatov, M.A., Raaben, M.E., 1994. Dynamics of the global diversity of Proterozoic stromatolites. Article I: Northern Eurasia, China, and India. Stratigraphy Geol. Correlation 2, 492-513.
164. Semikhatov, M.A., Raaben, M.E., 1996. Dynamics of the global diversity of Proterozoic stromatolites. Article 2: Africa, Australia, North America, and general synthesis. Stratigraphy Geol. Correlation 4 (1), 24-50.
165. carb anomaly at 2.3-2.06 Ga. Stratigraphy Geol. Correlation 7 (5), 413-436.
166. 13 C values in Cryogenian limestones of western Mongolia. Earth Plan. Sci. Lett. 196, 99-111.
167. Shnyukov, E.F., Orlovsky, G.N., 1980. Manganese ores of the Ukrainian SSR. In: Varentsov, I.M., Grasselly, G. (Eds.), Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele U. Obermiller), Stuttgart, pp. 393-402.
168. Sial, A.N., Ferrerira, V.P., Dealmeida, A.R., Romano, A.W., Parente, C.V., Dacosta, M.L., Santos, V.H., 2000. Carbon isotope fluctuations in Precambrian carbonate sequences of several localities in Brazil. Ann. Acad. Bras. Ci. 72 (4), 539-558.
169. Sidorenko, A.V., Borshchevsky, Y.A., 1977. General tendencies in evolution of carbonate isotopic composition in the Precambrian and Phanerozoic. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 234 (4), 892-895.
170. Sidorenko, A.V., Borshchevsky, Y.A., Sidorenko, S.A., Ustinov. V.A., Popova, N.K., 1972. Isotopic composition of carbon from Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 206 (2), 463-466.
171. Simonson, B.M., Hassler, S.W., 1996. Was the deposition of large Precambrian Iron Formations linked to major marine transgressions? J. Geol. 104, 665-676.
172. Sims, P.K., 1995. Archean and early Proterozoic tectonic framework of north-central United States and adjacent Canada. US Geol. Surv. Bull 1904-T, 12 pp.
173. Sims, P.K., Day, W.C., 1999. In: Klein, T. (Ed.), Geologic map of Precambrian rocks of the Hartville Uplift, Southern Wyoming with a section on Mineral Deposits in the Hartville Uplift. US Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Ser. Map I-2661, pp. 1-28.
174. Sims, P.K., Day, W.C., Snyder, G.L., Wilson, A.B., 1997. In: Peterman, Z.E. (Ed.), Geologic Map of Precambrian Rocks along part of the Hartville Uplift, Guernsey and Casebier Hill Quadrangles, Platte and Goshen Countries, Wyoming with a section on Geochronology of Post-tectonic Intrusive Rocks. US Department of the Interior US Geol. Surv. Misc. Invest. Series Map I-2567.
175. Smith, M.D., Heaman, L.M., 1999. Constraints on the timing of felsic magmatism associated with the Matachewan igneous events: preliminary results for the Creighton granite, Ontario, Geol. Ass. Canada, Min. Ass. Can. Joint Ann. Meeting Abst. 24, 119.
176. Snyder, G.L., Siems, D.F., Grossman, J.N., Ludwig, K.R., Nealey, L.D., 1995. Geology, petrochemistry, and geochronology of the Precambrian rocks of the Fletcher Park-Johnson Mountain area, Albany and Platte counties. In: Chamberlain, K.R., Snyder, G.L (Eds.), Wyoming with a section on the Fletcher Park Shear Zone by Frost. US Geol. Surv. Misc. Inv. Ser. Map I-2233, scale 1:24,000, 3 sheets.
177. Sozinov, N.A., Kazantsev, V.A., 1978. Phosphorite content of Proterozoic deposits in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) region. Lithol. Mineral Resourc. 13, 125-128.
178. Sozinov, N.A., Chistyakova, N.N., Kazantsev, V.A., 1988. Metallogenic Black Shales of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly. Nauka, Moscow, p. 149.
179. 13 C excursion in carbonate and organic fractions from the Paleoproterozoic Aravalli Supergroup, northwestern India. Precambrian Res. 106, 277-290.
180. Stiller, M., Rounick, J.S., Shasha, S., 1985. Extreme carbonisotope enrichments in evaporating brines. Nature 316, 434-435.
181. Swart, Q.D., 1999. Carbonate rocks of the Paleoproterozoic Pretoria and Postmasburg Groups, Transvaal Supergroup. M.S. Thesis. Rand Africans University, Johannesburg, South Africa, 126 pp.
182. Talbot, M.R., Kelts, K., 1986. Primary and diagenetic carbonates in the anoxic sediments of Lake Bosumtwi, Ghana. Geology 14, 912-916.
183. Valley, J.W., O'Neil, J.R., 1984. Fluid heterogeneity during granulite facies metamorphism in the Adirondacks: stable isotope evidence. Contr. Mineral. Petrol. 85, 158-173.
184. Van Cappellen, P., Ingall, E.D., 1994. Benthic phosphorus regeneration, net primary production, and ocean anoxia: a model of the coupled marine biogeochemical cycles of carbon and phosphorus. Paleoceanography 9 (5), 677-692.
185. Varentsov, I.M., Rakhmanov, V.P., 1980. Manganese deposits of the USSR: a review. In: Varentsov, I.M., Grasselly, G. (Eds.), Geology and Geochemistry of Manganese, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nagele U. Obermiller), Stuttgart, pp. 319-391.
186. Veizer, J., Clayton, R.N., Hinton, R.W., 1992a. Geochemistry of Precambrian carbonates. IV. Early Paleoproterozoic (2.25±0.25 Ga) seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 875-885.
187. Veizer, J., Plumb, K.A., Clayton, R.N., Hinton, R.W., Grotzinger, J.P., 1992b. Geochemistry of Precambrian carbonates. V. Late Paleoproterozoic seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 2487-2501.
188. Walraven, F., 1997. Geochronology of the Rooiberg Group, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Econ. Geol. Res. Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Inf. Circ. 316, Johannesburg, South Africa, 21 pp.
189. Weber, F., 1972. The Origin and Post-sedimentary Evolution of Precambrian Manganese Deposits of Moanda in the Republic of Gabon, Geology and Genesis of Precambrian Iron and Manganese Formations of the World. Naukova Dumka, Kiev, pp. 320-332.
190. Weber, F., 1997. Evolution of lateritic manganese deposits. In: Paquet, H., Clauer, N. (Eds.), Soils and Sediments, Mineralogy and Geochemistry. Springer, New York, pp. 97-124.
191. Weber, F., Schidlowski, M., Arneth, J.D., Gauthier-Lafaye, F., 1983. Carbon isotope geochemistry of the lower Proterozoic Francevillian series of Gabon (Africa). Terra. Cognita 3, 220 (Abstract).
192. Woodhead, J.D., Hergt, J.M., 1997. Application of the 'double spike' technique to Pb-isotope geochronology. Chem. Geol. 138, 311-321.
193. Yatsenko, G.M., Lavrenko, E.I., Mamchur, G.P., Rosikhina, A.I., 1986. Genesis of graphite in Precambrian formations of Inguletzk region and Krivoi Rog. Mineralogicheskii Sbornik 40 (1), 80-85.
194. Young, G.M., 1973. Tillites and aluminous quartzites as possible time markers for middle Precambrian (Aphebian) rocks of North America. In: Young, G.M. (Ed.), Huronian Stratigraphy and Sedimentation. Geol. Assn. Can. Spec. Pap. 12, pp. 97-127.
195. Young, G.M., 1983. Tectono-sedimentary history of early Proterozoic rocks of the northern Great Lakes region. In: Medaris Jr., L.G. (Ed.), Early Proterozoic Geology of the Great Lake Region. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 160, 1983, pp. 15-32.
196. Young, G.M., 1991. The geologic record of glaciation: relevance to the climatic history of Earth. Geosci. Can. 18 (3), 100-108.
197. Yudin, N.I., Arsenev, A.A., 1970. Phosphate Content in Old Units in the Southern Part of Eastern Siberia. Nauka, Moscow, p. 123.
198. Yudovich, Y.Y., Makarikhin, V.V., Medvedev, P.V., Sukhanov, N.V., 1990. Carbon isotopic anomalies in carbonates of Karelian Series. Geochemistry (7), 972-978.
199. Yur'ev, L.D., 1968. Phosphate perspectives of old deposits of the Ukrainian Shield. Razvedka i Okhrana Nedr 11, 7-9.
200. Zagnitko, V.N., Lugovaya, I.P., 1985. Application of oxygen and carbon isotopes to some geologic problems in the Precambrian of the Ukranian Shield. Geochem. Ore Formation 13, 45-52.
201. Zagnitko, V.N., Lugovaya, I.P., 1986. Isotopic composition of graphite in rocks of the Ukrainian Shield. Minerol. J. 8 (1), 44-56.
202. Zagnitko, V.N., Lugovaya, I.P., 1989. Isotope Geochemistry of Carbonate and Banded Iron Formation Rocks from Ukraine Shield. Nauka Dumka, Kiev, p. 316.
203. Zhmur, S.I., Stepanova, N.A., 1987. Conditions of carbonaceous rock accumulation in the Oskol'sk Series of the Lower Proterozoic in the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) and their analogues in the Phanerozoic. Lithol. Mineral. Resourc. 22 (6), 606-615.