Factors affecting the level of boar taint in entire male pigs as assessed by consumer sensory panel

Meat Science

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 33-40

  Babol, J ^a   Squires, E J ^b   Gullett, E A ^b  

^a SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

16 Androstene steroids; Boar taint; Consumers; Skatole

Indexed keywords

STEROIDS;

CUSTOMER SATISFACTION; FLAVORS; SENSORY PERCEPTION; TEXTURES;

MEATS;

EID: 0036019604     PISSN: 03091740     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0309-1740(01)00159-0     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Annor-Frempong, I. E., Nute, G. R., Whittington, F. W., & Wood, J. D. (1997). The problem of taint in pork - III. Odour profile of pork fat and the interrelationships between androstenone, skatole and indole concentrations. Meat Science, 47, 63-76.
2. Annor-Frempong, I. E., Nute, G. R., Wood, J. D., Whittington, F. W., & West, A. (1998). The measurement of the responses to different odour intensities of 'boar taint' using a sensory panel and an electronic nose. Meat Science, 50, 139-151.
3. Babol, J., & Squires, E. J. (1995). Quality of meat from entire male pigs. Food Research International, 28, 201-212.
4. Babol, J., Squires, E. J., & Bonneau, M. (1996). Factors regulating the concentrations of 16-androstene steroids in submaxillary salivary glands of pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 74, 413-419.
5. Babol, J., Squires. E. J., & Gullett, E. A. (1996). Investigation of factors responsible for boar taint. Food Research International, 28, 573-581.
6. Bonneau, M. (1982). Compounds responsible for boar taint, with special emphasis on androstenone: a review. Livestock Production Science, 9, 687-707.
7. Bonneau, M., Le Denmat, M., Vaudelet, J. C., Veloso Nunes, I. R., Mortensen, A. B., & Mortensen, H. P. (1992). Contribution of fat androstenone and skatole to boar taint: I. Sensory attributes of fat and pork meat. Livestock Production Science, 32, 63-80.
8. Bonneau, M., & Russeil, P. (1985). The size of Cowper's (bulbo-urethral) gland as an estimate of boar taint on the slaughter line. Livestock Production Science, 13, 329-334.
9. Bonneau, M., Walstra, P., Claudi-Magnussen, C., Kempster, A. J., Tornberg, E., Fischer, K., Diestre, A., Siret, F., Chevillon, P., Claus, R., Dijksterhuis, G., Punter, P., Matthews, K. R., Agerhem, H., Béague, M. P., Oliver, M. A., Gispert, M., Weiler, U., von Seth, G., Leask, H., Font i Furnols, M., Homer, D. B., & Cook, G. L. (2000). An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: IV. Simulation studies on consumer dissatisfaction with entire male pork and the effect of sorting carcasses on the slaughter line, main conclusions and recommendations. Meat Science, 54, 285-295.
10. Booth, W. D. (1980). A study of some major testicular steroids in the pig in relation to their effect on the development of male characteristics in the prepubertally castrated boar. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 59, 155-162.
11. Cameron, N. D., Penman, J. C., Fisken, A. C., Nute, G. R., Perry, A. M., & Whittington, F. W. (2000). Boar taint in pigs selected for components of efficient lean growth rate. Meat Science, 54, 147-153.
12. Claus, R., Herbert, E., & Dehnhard, M. (1997). Comparative determination of the boar taint steroid androstenone in pig adipose tissue by a rapid enzyme immunoassay and HPLC method. Archiv für Lebensmittelhygiene, 48, 25-48.
13. Cliplef, R. L., Grinwich, D. L., & Castell, A. G. (1984). Consumer acceptance of fresh pork and pork products from littermate boars and barrows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 64, 21-27.
14. De Kock, H. L., Heinze, P. H., Potgieter, C. M., Dijksterhuis, G. B., & Minnaar, A. (2001). Temporal aspects related to the perception of skatole and androstenone, the major boar odour compounds. Meat Science, 57, 61-70.
15. Diestre, A., Oliver, M. A., Gispert, M., Arpa, I., & Arnau, J. (1990). Consumer responses to fresh meat and meat products from barrows and boars with different level of boar taint. Animal Production, 50, 519-530.
16. Dijksterhuis, G. B., Engel, B., Walstra, P., Font i Furnols, M., Agerhem, H., Fischer, K., Oliver, M. A., Claudi-Magnussen, C., Siret, F., Béague, M. P., Homer, D. B., & Bonneau, M. (2000). An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: II. Sensory evaluation by trained panels in seven European countries. Meat Science, 54, 261-269.
17. García-Regueiro, J. A., & Diaz, I. (1989). Evaluation of the contribution of skatole, indole, androstenone and androstenols to boar taint in back fat of pigs by HPLC and capillary gas chromatography (CGC). Meat Science, 25, 307-316.
18. Gullett, E. A., Partlow, G. D., Fisher, K. R. S., Halina, W. G., & Squires, E. J. (1993). Effect of pig sex on consumer ratings for pork chops and bacon. Food Quality and Preference, 4, 201-205.
19. Hansen-Møller, J., & Andersen, J. R. (1994). Boar taint - analytical alternatives. Fleischwirtschaft, 74(9), 963-966.
20. Jensen, M. T., & Jensen, B. B. (1997). Tasty meat through diet design. Feed Mix, 5(4), 8-12.
21. Koelega, H. S. (1980). Preference for and sensitivity to the odours of androstenone and musk. In H. van der Starre (Ed.), Olfaction and taste, VII (pp. 438). Oxford, UK: Information Retrieval Ltd.
22. Lundström, K., Malmfors, B., Malmfors, G., Stern, S., Petersson, H., Mortensen, A. B., & Sørensen, S. E. (1988). Skatole, androstenone and taint in boars fed two different diets. Livestock Production Science, 18, 55-67.
23. Malmfors, B., & Lundström, K. (1983). Consumer reactions to boar taint - a review. Livestock Production Science, 10, 187-196.
24. Matthews, K. R., Homer, D. B., Punter, P., Béague, M.-P., Gispert, M., Kempster, A. J., Agerhem, H., Claudi-Magnussen, C., Fischer, K., Siret, F., Leask, H., Font i Furnols, M., & Bonneau, M. (2000). An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: III. Consumer survey in seven European countries. Meat Science, 54, 271-283.
25. Mortensen, A. B., Bejerholm, C., & Pedersen, J. K. (1986). Consumer test of meat form entire males in relation to skatole in backfat. In Proceedings of the 32th European Meeting of Meat Research Workers, Ghent (pp.23-66).
26. Mortensen, A. B., & Sørensen, S. E. (1984). Relationship between boar taint and skatole determined with a new analysis method. In Proceedings of the 30th European Meeting of Meat Research Workers, Bristol (pp. 394-396).
27. O'Mahony, M. (1988). Sensory difference and preference testing: the use of signal detection measures. In H. Moskowitz (Ed.), Applied sensory analysis of foods. (Vol. 1) (pp. 145-176). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
28. Patterson, R. L. S. (1968). 5α-androst-16-ene-3-one, compound responsible for taint in boar fat. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 19, 31-38.
29. Pearson, A. M., Ngoddy, S., Price, J. F., & Larzelere, H. E. (1971). Panel acceptability of products containing boar meat. Journal of Animal Science, 33, 26-29.
30. Sather, A. P. (1995). Consumers and pork: Canadian consumer acceptance of fresh pork from entire male pigs. Meat Focus International, 4(9), 365-371.
31. SAS. (1991). SAS/STAT User's guide, Version 6.07. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
32. Squires, E. J., Deng, W., & Wu, L. (1993). Colorimetric method for the determination of 16-androstene steroids in carcasses. In M. Bonneau (Ed.), Measurement and prevention of boar taint in entire male pigs (pp. 41-48). Paris: INRA Editions.
33. Squires, E. J., Gullett, E. A., Fisher, K. R. S., & Partlow, G. D. (1991). Comparison of androst-16-ene determined by a colorimetric assay with boar taint estimated by a trained sensory panel. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 1092-1100.
34. Squires, E. J., Lou, Y. (1995). Levels of boar taint in purebred entire male pigs in Canada. In Proceedings of a Meeting of the EAAP Working Group, Production and Utilization of Meat from Entire Male Pigs, Milton Keynes.
35. Tuomola, M., Harpirio, R., Knuttila, P., Mikola, H., & Lövgren, T. (1997). Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay for the measurement of androstenone in porcine serum and fat samples. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45, 3529-3534.
36. Vold, E. (1970). Fleishproduktionseigenschaften bei Ebern und Kastraten. IV. Organoleptische und gaschromatografische Untersuchungen wasserdampfflüchtiger Stoffe des Rückenspeckes von Ebern. Meldinger Norlandbruckhoegskole, 49, 1-25.
37. Walstra, P. (1974). Fattening of young boars: quantification of positive and negative aspects. Livestock Production Science, 1, 187-196.
38. Walstra, P., Claudi-Magnussen, C., Chevillon, P., von Seth, G., Diestre, A., Matthews, K. R., Homer, D. B., & Bonneau, M. (1999). An international study on the importance of androstenone and skatole for boar taint: levels of androstenone and skatole by country and season. Livestock Production Science, 62, 15-28.
39. Weiler, U., Font i Furnols, M., Fischer, K., Kemmer, H., Oliver, M. A., Gispert, M., Dobrowolski, A., & Claus, R. (2000). Influence of differences in sensitivity of Spanish and German consumers to perceive androstenone on the acceptance of boar meat differing in skatole and androstenone concentrations. Meat Science, 54, 297-304.
40. Wysocki, C. J., & Beauchamp, G. K. (1984). Ability to smell androstenone is genetically determined. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA, 81, 4899-4902.
41. Wysocki, C. J., Dorries, K. M., & Beauchamp, G. K. (1989). Ability to perceive androstenone can be acquired by ostensibly anosmic people. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA, 86, 7976-7978.