Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: Disease overview and non-transplant treatment options

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Haematology

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 495-517

  Mesa, Ruben A ^e   Barosi, Giovanni ^a   Cervantes, Francisco ^b   Reilly, John T ^c   Tefferi, Ayalew ^d  

^a FONDAZIONE IRCCS POLICLINICO SAN MATTEO   (Italy)

^b INSTITUT D INVESTIGACIONS BIOMÈDIQUES AUGUST PI I SUNYER IDIBAPS   (Spain)

^c ROYAL HALLAMSHIRE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^d MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^e NONE

Author keywords

idiopathic myelofibrosis; myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia; myeloproliferative disorders; therapy

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; BUSULFAN; CLADRIBINE; DANAZOL; DAUNORUBICIN; ERYTHROPOIETIN; ETANERCEPT; FLUOXYMESTERONE; HYDROXYUREA; IMATINIB; MELPHALAN; NANDROLONE; PHOSPHORUS 32; PIRFENIDONE; PREDNISONE; STEROID; THALIDOMIDE; TIPIFARNIB; VATALANIB;

ALLOGENEIC HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; ANEMIA; ARTHRALGIA; BONE MARROW EXAMINATION; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG RESPONSE; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EDEMA; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; EXTRAMEDULLARY HEMATOPOIESIS; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HIRSUTISM; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; LEG ULCER; LEUKEMIA; LIVER ADENOMA; MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DOSE; META ANALYSIS; MOUTH ULCER; MYELOFIBROSIS; MYELOID METAPLASIA; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER; NEUROPATHY; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SPLENECTOMY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THROMBOCYTOSIS; THROMBOSIS;

COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; MYELOFIBROSIS; MYELOID METAPLASIA;

EID: 33744981848     PISSN: 15216926     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2005.07.008     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Heuck G. Zwei falle von Leukamie mit eigenthumlichem blut-resp knochenmarksbefund. Archives of Pathology and Physiology Klinische Medicine 78 (1879) 475-496
2. Jackson H., and Lemon H. Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia of the spleen: a syndrome simulating other more definite hematologic disorders. New England Journal of Medicine 222 (1940) 985-994
3. Tefferi A. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000) 1255-1265
4. Hirsch E. Generalized osteosclerosis with chronic polycythemia vera. Archives of Pathology 19 (1935) 91-97
5. Mesa R.A., Silverstein M.N., Jacobsen S.J., et al. Population-based incidence and survival figures in essential thrombocythemia and agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: an Olmsted County Study, 1976-1995. American Journal of Hematology 61 (1999) 10-15
6. Kutti J., and Ridell B. Epidemiology of the myeloproliferative disorders: essential thrombocythaemia, polycythaemia vera and idiopathic myelofibrosis. Pathologie Biologie (Paris) 49 (2001) 164-166
7. Dupriez B., Morel P., Demory J., et al. Prognostic factors in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: a report on 195 cases with a new scoring system [see comments]. Blood 88 (1996) 1013-1018
8. Anderson R.E., Hoshino T., and Yamamoto T. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia in survivors of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima. Annals of Internal Medicine 60 (1964) 1-18
9. Johnson S., Bateman C., Beard M., et al. Long-term haematologic complications of thorotrast. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 46 (1977) 259-271
10. Tsukamoto N., Morita K., Maehara T., et al. Clonality in chronic myeloproliferative disorders defined by X-chromosome linked probes: demonstration of heterogeneity in lineage involvement [see comments]. British Journal of Haematology 86 (1994) 253-258
11. Ruutu T., Partanen S., and Knuutila S. Clonal karyotype abnormalities in erythroid and granulocyte-monocyte precursors in polycythaemia vera and myelofibrosis. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 31 (1983) 253-256
12. Buschle M., Janssen J.W., Drexler H., et al. Evidence for pluripotent stem cell origin of idiopathic myelofibrosis: clonal analysis of a case characterized by a N-ras gene mutation. Leukemia 2 (1988) 658-660
13. Reeder T.L., Bailey R.J., Dewald G.W., and Tefferi A. Both B and T lymphocytes may be clonally involved in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 101 (2003) 1981-1983
14. Baxter E.J., Scott L.M., Campbell P.J., et al. Acquired mutation of the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in human myeloproliferative disorders. Lancet 365 (2005) 1054-1061
15. Levine R.L., Wadleigh M., and Cools J. Activating mutation in the tyrosine kinase JAK2 in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Cancer Cell (2005)
16. Mesa R.A., Hanson C.A., Rajkumar S.V., et al. Evaluation and clinical correlations of bone marrow angiogenesis in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 96 (2000) 3374-3380
17. Castro-Malaspina H., Rabellino J.A., Yen A., et al. Human megakaryocyte stimulation of proliferation of bone marrow fibroblasts. Blood 57 (1981) 781-787
18. Martyre M.C., Le Bousse-Kerdiles M.C., Romquin N., et al. Elevated levels of basic fibroblast growth factor in megakaryocytes and platelets from patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis [see comments]. British Journal of Haematology 97 (1997) 441-448
19. Rameshwar P., Denny T.N., Stein D., and Gascon P. Monocyte adhesion in patients with bone marrow fibrosis is required for the production of fibrogenic cytokines. Potential role for interleukin-1 and TGF-beta. Journal of Immunology 153 (1994) 2819-2830
20. Vannucchi A.M., Bianchi L., Cellai C., et al. Development of myelofibrosis in mice genetically impaired for GATA-1 expression (GATA-1(low) mice) [see comment]. Blood 100 (2002) 1123-1132
21. Ohneda K., and Yamamoto M. Roles of hematopoietic transcription factors GATA-1 and GATA-2 in the development of red blood cell lineage. Acta Haematology 108 (2002) 237-245
22. Shivdasani R.A., Fujiwara Y., McDevitt M.A., and Orkin S.H. A lineage-selective knockout establishes the critical role of transcription factor GATA-1 in megakaryocyte growth and platelet development. European Molecular Biology Organization Journal 16 (1997) 3965-3973
23. Chagraoui H., Komura E., Tulliez M., et al. Prominent role of TGF-beta 1 in thrombopoietin-induced myelofibrosis in mice. Blood 100 (2002) 3495-3503
24. Vannucchi A.M., Bianchi L., Paoletti F., et al. A patho-biological pathway linking thrombopoietin, GATA-1 and TGF-{beta}1 in the development of myelofibrosis. Blood (2005)
25. Centurione L., Di Baldassarre A., Zingariello M., et al. Increased and pathologic emperipolesis of neutrophils within megakaryocytes associated with marrow fibrosis in GATA-1(low) mice. Blood 104 (2004) 3573-3580
26. Cervantes F., Pereira A., Marti J.M., et al. Bone marrow lymphoid nodules in myeloproliferative disorders: association with the nonmyelosclerotic phases of idiopathic myelofibrosis and immunological significance. British Journal of Haematology 70 (1988) 279-282
27. Gordon B.R., Coleman M., Kohen P., and Day N.K. Immunologic abnormalities in myelofibrosis with activation of the complement system. Blood 58 (1981) 904-910
28. Cappio F.C., Vigliani R., Novarino A., et al. Idiopathic myelofibrosis: a possible role for immune-complexes in the pathogenesis of bone marrow fibrosis. British Journal of Haematology 49 (1981) 17-21
29. Mesa R.A., Steensma D.P., Pardanani A., et al. A phase 2 trial of combination low-dose thalidomide and prednisone for the treatment of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 101 (2003) 2534-2541
30. Mesa R.A., Li C.Y., Schroeder G., and Tefferi A. Clinical correlates of splenic histopathology and splenic karyotype in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 97 (2001) 3665-3667
31. Tefferi A., Mesa R.A., Nagorney D.M., et al. Splenectomy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a single-institution experience with 223 patients. Blood 95 (2000) 2226-2233
32. Dingli D., Utz J.P., Krowka M.J., et al. Unexplained pulmonary hypertension in chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Chest 120 (2001) 801-808
33. Koch C.A., Li C.Y., Mesa R.A., and Tefferi A. Nonhepatosplenic extramedullary hematopoiesis: associated diseases, pathology, clinical course, and treatment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 78 (2003) 1223-1233
34. Tefferi A., and Elliot M.A. Serious myeloproliferative reactions associated with the use of thalidomide in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 96 (2000) 4007
35. Zhang B., and Lewis S.M. The splenomegaly of myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders: splenic cellularity and vascularity. European Journal of Haematology 43 (1989) 63-66
36. Wilkins B.S., Green A., Wild A.E., and Jones D.B. Extramedullary haemopoiesis in fetal and adult human spleen: a quantitative immunohistological study. Histopathology 24 (1994) 241-247
37. Calhoun D.A., Li Y., Braylan R.C., and Christensen R.D. Assessment of the contribution of the spleen to granulocytopoiesis and erythropoiesis of the mid-gestation human fetus. Early Human Development 46 (1996) 217-227
38. Thiele J., Klein H., Falk S., et al. Splenic megakaryocytopoiesis in primary (idiopathic) osteomyelofibrosis. An immunohistological and morphometric study with comparison of corresponding bone marrow features. Acta Haematologica 87 (1992) 176-180
39. Douay L., Laporte J.P., Lefrancois G., et al. Blood and spleen haematopoiesis in patients with myelofibrosis. Leukemia Research 11 (1987) 725-730
40. Barosi G., Ambrosetti A., Finelli C., et al. The Italian consensus conference on diagnostic criteria for myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 104 (1999) 730-737
41. Guermazi A., Miaux Y., and Chiras J. Imaging of spinal cord compression due to thoracic extramedullary haematopoiesis in myelofibrosis. Neuroradiology 39 (1997) 733-736
42. Steensma D.P., Hook C.C., Stafford S.L., and Tefferi A. Low-dose, single-fraction, whole-lung radiotherapy for pulmonary hypertension associated with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 118 (2002) 813-816
43. Okamura T., Kinukawa N., Niho Y., and Mizoguchi H. Primary chronic myelofibrosis: clinical and prognostic evaluation in 336 Japanese patients. International Journal of Hematology 73 (2001) 194-198
44. Cervantes F., Barosi G., Demory J.L., et al. Myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia in young individuals: disease characteristics, prognostic factors and identification of risk groups. British Journal of Haematology 102 (1998) 684-690
45. Barosi G., Viarengo G., Pecci A., et al. Diagnostic and clinical relevance of the number of circulating CD34(+) cells in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 98 (2001) 3249-3255
46. Arora B., Sirhan S., Hoyer J.D., et al. Peripheral blood CD34 count in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a prospective evaluation of prognostic value in 94 patients. British Journal of Haematology 128 (2005) 42-48
47. Tefferi A., Mesa R.A., Schroeder G., et al. Cytogenetic findings and their clinical relevance in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 113 (2001) 763-771
48. Guardiola P., Esperou H., Cazalshatem D., et al. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 98 (1997) 1004-1009
49. Deeg H.J., Gooley T.A., Flowers M.E., et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for myelofibrosis. Blood 102 (2003) 3912-3918
50. Devine S.M., Hoffman R., Verma A., et al. Allogeneic blood cell transplantation following reduced-intensity conditioning is effective therapy for older patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 99 (2002) 2255-2258
51. Rondelli D., Barosi G., Bacigalupo A., et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with reduced intensity conditioning in intermediate or high risk patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood (2005)
52. Kroger N., Zabelina T., Schieder H., et al. Pilot study of reduced-intensity conditioning followed by allogeneic stem cell transplantation from related and unrelated donors in patients with myelofibrosis. British Journal of Haematology (2005) [Published On-Line]
53. Rodriguez J.N., Martino M.L., Dieguez J.C., and Prados D. rHuEpo for the treatment of anemia in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Experience in 6 patients and meta-analytical approach. Haematologica 83 (1998) 616-621
54. Cervantes F., Alvarez-Larran A., Hernandez-Boluda J.C., et al. Erythropoietin treatment of the anaemia of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: results in 20 patients and review of the literature. British Journal of Haematology 127 (2004) 399-403
55. Cervantes F., Hernandez-Boluda J.C., Alvarez A., et al. Danazol treatment of idiopathic myelofibrosis with severe anemia. Haematologica 85 (2000) 595-599
56. Besa E., Nowell P., Geller N., and Gardner F. Analysis of the androgen response of 23 patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: the value of chromosomal studies in prediciting response and survival. Cancer 49 (1982) 308
57. D'Amato R.J., Loughnan M.S., Flynn E., and Folkman J. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 91 (1994) 4082-4085
58. Barosi G., Grossi A., Comotti B., et al. Safety and efficacy of thalidomide in patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 114 (2001) 78-83
59. Canepa L., Ballerini F., Varaldo R., et al. Thalidomide in agnogenic and secondary myelofibrosis. British Journal of Haematology 115 (2001) 313-315
60. Elliott M.A., Mesa R.A., Li C.Y., et al. Thalidomide treatment in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 117 (2002) 288-296
61. Grossi A., Gavazzi S., Biscardi M., et al. Thalidomide therapy effects on angiogenic growth factors (VEGF, TGF-beta) and KDR expression in myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis. Blood 100 (2002) a4939
62. Marchetti M., Barosi G., Balestri F., et al. Low-dose thalidomide ameliorates cytopenias and splenomegaly in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a phase II trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology 22 (2004) 424-431
63. Merup M., Kutti J., Birgergard G., et al. Negligible clinical effects of thalidomide in patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Medical Oncology 19 (2002) 79-86
64. Piccaluga P.P., Visani G., Pileri S.A., et al. Clinical efficacy and antiangiogenic activity of thalidomide in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. A pilot study. Leukemia 16 (2002) 1609-1614
65. Pozzato G., Zorat F., Nascimben F., et al. Thalidomide therapy in compensated and decompensated myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Haematologica 86 (2001) 772-773
66. Strupp C., Germing U., Scherer A., et al. Thalidomide for the treatment of idiopathic myelofibrosis. European Journal of Haematology 72 (2004) 52-57
67. Tefferi A., and Elliott M.A. Serious myeloproliferative reactions associated with the use of thalidomide in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 96 (2000) 4007
68. Kyrtsonis M.C., Kokoris S.I., Kontopidou F.N., et al. Development of a myeloproliferative disorder in a patient with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance secreting immunoglobulin of the M class and treated with thalidomide and anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. Blood 97 (2001) 2527-2528
69. Mesa R.A., Elliott M.A., Faoro L., and Tefferi A. Durable and unmaintained remissions with thalidomide-based drug therapy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: long term outcome analysis of 2 prospective trials. Blood 102 (2003) a104
70. Battegay E.J., Raines E.W., Colbert T., and Ross R. TNF-alpha stimulation of fibroblast proliferation. Dependence on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) secretion and alteration of PDGF receptor expression. Journal of Immunology 154 (1995) 6040-6047
71. Rusten L.S., and Jacobsen S.E. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha directly inhibits human erythropoiesis in vitro: role of p55 and p75 TNF receptors. Blood 85 (1995) 989-996
72. Dinarello C.A., Cannon J.G., Wolff S.M., et al. Tumor necrosis factor (cachectin) is an endogenous pyrogen and induces production of interleukin 1. Journal of Experimental Medicine 163 (1986) 1433-1450
73. Steensma D.P., Mesa R.A., Li C.Y., et al. Etanercept, a soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor, palliates constitutional symptoms in patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: results of a pilot study. Blood 99 (2002) 2252-2254
74. Lofvenberg E., and Wahlin A. Management of polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia and myelofibrosis with hydroxyurea. European Journal of Haematology 41 (1988) 375-381
75. Best P.J., Daoud M.S., Pittelkow M.R., and Petitt R.M. Hydroxyurea-induced leg ulceration in 14 patients [see comments]. Annals of Internal Medicine 128 (1998) 29-32
76. Manoharan A., and Pitney W.R. Chemotherapy resolves symptoms and reverses marrow fibrosis in myelofibrosis. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 33 (1984) 453-459
77. Petti M.C., Latagliata R., Spadea T., et al. Melphalan treatment in patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 116 (2002) 576-581
78. Tefferi A., Silverstein M.N., and Li C.Y. 2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine treatment after splenectomy in patients who have myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 99 (1997) 352-357
79. Faoro L.N., Tefferi A., and Mesa R.A. Long-term analysis of the palliative benefit of 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine for myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. European Journal of Haematology 74 (2005) 117-120
80. Dinney C.P., Bielenberg D.R., Perrotte P., et al. Inhibition of basic fibroblast growth factor expression, angiogenesis, and growth of human bladder carcinoma in mice by systemic interferon-alpha administration. Cancer Research 58 (1998) 808-814
81. Tefferi A., Elliot M.A., Yoon S.Y., et al. Clinical and bone marrow effects of interferon alfa therapy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 97 (2001) 1896
82. Gilbert H.S. Long term treatment of myeloproliferative disease with interferon-alpha-2b: feasibility and efficacy. Cancer 83 (1998) 1205-1213
83. Mesa R.A., Camoriano J.K., Geyer S.M., et al. A phase 2 consortium (P2C) trial of R115777 (Tipifarnib) in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 104 (2004) a1509
84. Giles F.J., List A.F., Roboz G.J., et al. Phase I/II study of PTK787/ZK 222584 (PTK/ZK), a novel, oral VEGF-receptor inhibitor, in patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 102 (2003) a3431
85. Cortes J., Giles F., O'Brien S., et al. Results of imatinib mesylate therapy in patients with refractory or recurrent acute myeloid leukemia, high-risk myelodysplastic syndrome, and myeloproliferative disorders. Cancer 97 (2003) 2760-2766
86. Hasselbalch H.C., Bjerrum O.W., Jensen B.A., et al. Imatinib mesylate in idiopathic and postpolycythemic myelofibrosis. American Journal of Hematology 74 (2003) 238-242
87. Tefferi A., Mesa R.A., Gray L.A., et al. Phase 2 trial of imatinib mesylate in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 99 (2002) 3854-3856
88. Mesa R.A., Tefferi A., Elliott M.A., et al. A phase II trial of pirfenidone (5-methyl-1-phenyl-2-[1H]-pyridone), a novel anti-fibrosing agent, in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 114 (2001) 111-113
89. Hickling R.A. Splenectomy in myeloid metaplasia. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 30 (1937) 253
90. Jensen M. Splenectomy in myelofibrosis. Acta Medica Scandinavica 175 (1964) 533-544
91. Jacobs P. Splenectomy and myelofibrosis. South African Medical Journal 50 (1976) 550-551
92. Silverstein M.N. The evolution into and the treatment of late stage polycythemia vera. Seminars in Hematology 13 (1976) 79-84
93. Chaimoff C., Amir J., and De Vries A. Splenectomy in myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. Harefuah 87 (1974) 211-212
94. Silverstein M.N., and ReMine W.H. Sex, splenectomy, and myeloid metaplasia. Journal of the American Medical Association 227 (1974) 424-426
95. Dechavanne M., Viala J.J., Barbier Y., and Revol L. Indications for splenectomy in the anemic forms of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia of the spleen. Semaine des Hopitaux 48 (1972) 1187-1192
96. Morgenstern L. Splenectomy for massive splenomegaly due to myeloid metaplasia. American Journal of Surgery 122 (1971) 288-293
97. Schwartz S.I., Bernard R.P., Adams J.T., and Bauman A.W. Splenectomy for hematologic disorders. Archives of Surgery 101 (1970) 338-347
98. Gomes M.R., Silverstein M.N., and Remine W.H. Splenectomy for agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 125 (1967) 106-108
99. Morgenstern L., Kahn F.H., and Weinstein I.M. Subtotal splenectomy in myelofibrosis. Surgery 60 (1966) 336-339
100. Mulder H., Steenbergen J., and Haanen C. Clinical course and survival after elective splenectomy in 19 patients with primary myelofibrosis. British Journal of Haematology 35 (1977) 419-427
101. Cabot E.B., Brennan M.F., Rosenthal D.S., and Wilson R.E. Splenectomy in myeloid metaplasia. Annals of Surgery 187 (1978) 24-30
102. Benbassat J., Penchas S., and Ligumski M. Splenectomy in patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: an analysis of 321 published cases. British Journal of Haematology 42 (1979) 207-214
103. Silverstein M.N., and ReMine W.H. Splenectomy in myeloid metaplasia. Blood 53 (1979) 515-518
104. McBrine P.A., Miller A., Zimelman A.P., and Koff R.S. Polycythemia vera with myelofibrosis and myeloid metaplasia. Acute hepatic failure following splenectomy. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 74 (1980) 693-696
105. Benbassat J., and Penchas S. Sex and splenectomy in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Acta Haematologica 64 (1980) 114-116
106. Benbassat J., and Penchas S. Early splenectomy and survival in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. An analysis of 338 cases published since 1940. Acta Haematologica 65 (1981) 189-192
107. Schwartz S.I. Splenectomy for hematologic disease. Surgical Clinics of North America 61 (1981) 117-125
108. Coon W.W., and Liepman M.K. Splenectomy for agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics 154 (1982) 561-563
109. Jarvinen H., Kivilaakso E., Ikkala E., et al. Splenectomy for myelofibrosis. Annals of Clinical Research 14 (1982) 66-71
110. Yonemitsu H., Okuda K., Shigeta H., and Kondo Y. Splenectomy in primary myelofibrosis: two long-term survivors after splenectomy. Nippon Ketsueki Gakkai Zasshi-ematologica Japonica 47 (1984) 80-88
111. Kesteven P.J., Pullan J.M., Glass U.H., and Wetherley-Mein G. Hypersplenism and splenectomy in lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative disorders. Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 7 (1985) 297-306
112. Aviram M., Carter A., Tatarsky I., et al. Increased platelet aggregation following splenectomy in patients with myeloproliferative disease. Israel Journal of Medical Sciences 21 (1985) 415-417
113. Wilson R.E., Rosenthal D.S., Moloney W.C., and Osteen R.T. Splenectomy for myeloproliferative disorders. World Journal of Surgery 9 (1985) 431-436
114. Partanen S., Ruutu T., Juvonen E., and Pantzar P. Effect of splenectomy on circulating haematopoietic progenitors in myelofibrosis. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 37 (1986) 87-90
115. Malmaeus J., Akre T., Adami H.O., and Hagberg H. Early postoperative course following elective splenectomy in haematological diseases: a high complication rate in patients with myeloproliferative disorders. British Journal of Surgery 73 (1986) 720-723
116. Brenner B., Nagler A., Tatarsky I., and Hashmonai M. Splenectomy in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia and postpolycythemic myeloid metaplasia. A study of 34 cases. Archives of Internal Medicine 148 (1988) 2501-2505
117. Coon W.W. Splenectomy for thrombocytopenia due to secondary hypersplenism. Archives of Surgery 123 (1988) 369-371
118. Benbassat J., Gilon D., and Penchas S. The choice between splenectomy and medical treatment in patients with advanced agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. American Journal of Hematology 33 (1990) 128-135
119. Lopez-Guillermo A., Cervantes F., Bruguera M., et al. Liver dysfunction following splenectomy in idiopathic myelofibrosis: a study of 10 patients. Acta Haematologica 85 (1991) 184-188
120. Mesa R.A., Schwager S., Nagorney D.S., and Tefferi A. Palliative splenectomy for myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: three decades of experience in 314 patients. Blood 104 (2004) a1510
121. Lee W.C., Lin H.C., Tsay S.H., et al. Esophageal variceal ligation for esophageal variceal hemorrhage in a patient with portal and primary pulmonary hypertension complicating myelofibrosis. Digestive Diseases & Sciences 46 (2001) 915-919
122. Tefferi A., Barrett S.M., Silverstein M.N., and Nagorney D.M. Outcome of portal-systemic shunt surgery for portal hypertension associated with intrahepatic obstruction in patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. American Journal of Hematology 46 (1994) 325-328
123. Angermayr B., Cejna M., Schoder M., et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for treatment of portal hypertesnion due to extramedullary hematopoiesis in idiopathic myelofibrosis. Blood 99 (2002) 4246
124. Belohlavek J., Schwarz J., Jirasek A., et al. Idiopathic myelofibrosis complicated by portal hypertension treated with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 113 (2001) 208-211
125. Elliott M.A., Chen M.G., Silverstein M.N., and Tefferi A. Splenic irradiation for symptomatic splenomegaly associated with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 103 (1998) 505-511
126. McFarland J.T., Kuzma C., Millard F.E., and Johnstone P.A. Palliative irradiation of the spleen. American Journal of Clinical Oncology 26 (2003) 178-183
127. Tefferi A., Jimenez T., Gray L.A., et al. Radiation therapy for symptomatic hepatomegaly in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. European Journal of Haematology 66 (2001) 37-42
128. Price F., and Bell H. Spinal cord compression due to extramedullary hematopoiesis. Successful treatment in a patient with long-standing myelofibrosis. Journal of the American Medical Association 253 (1985) 2876-2877
129. De Klippel N., Dehou M.F., Bourgain C., et al. Progressive paraparesis due to thoracic extramedullary hematopoiesis in myelofibrosis. Case report. Journal of Neurosurgery 79 (1993) 125-127
130. Cervantes F., Tassies D., Salgado C., et al. Acute transformation in nonleukemic chronic myeloproliferative disorders: actuarial probability and main characteristics in a series of 218 patients. Acta Haematologica 85 (1991) 124-127
131. Mesa R.A., Li C.Y., Ketterling R.P., et al. Leukemic transformation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a single-institution experience with 91 cases. Blood 105 (2005) 973-977
132. Barosi G., Elliot M.A., Canepa L., et al. Thalidomide in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a pooled-analysis of individual patient data from five studies. Leukemia and Lymphoma 43 (2002) 2301-2307
133. Visani G., Mele A., Malagola M., et al. Sequential combination of thalidomide and erythropoietin determies transfusion independence and disease control in idiopathic myelofibrosis previously insensitive to both drugs as single agents. Leukemia 17 (2003) 1669
134. Lofvenberg E., and Wahlin A. Management of polycythaemia vera, essential thrombocythaemia and myelofibrosis with hydroxyurea. European Journal of Haematology 41 (1988) 375-381
135. Mesa R.A., Camoriano J.K., Geyer S.M., et al. A phase 2 consortium (P2C) trial of R115777 (Zarnestra) in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: interim analysis of 18 patients. Blood 102 (2003) a3428
136. Najean Y., and Rain J.D. Treatment of polycythemia vera: use of 32P alone or in combination with maintenance therapy using hydroxyurea in 461 patients greater than 65 years of age. The French Polycythemia Study Group. Blood 89 (1997) 2319-2327
137. Bukh H., and With T.K. Splenectomy in chronic non-leukemic myeloid splenomegaly with a report of osteosclerosis. Acta Chirugica Scandinavica 92 (1945) 507-532
138. Green T.W., Conley C., Ashburn L.I., and Peters H.R. Splenectomy for myeloid metaplasia of the spleen. New England Journal of Medicine 248 (1953) 211-219
139. Videbaek A. Fibrosis and sclerosis of the bone marrow. Acta Haematologica 15 (1956) 235-245
140. Milner G.R., Geary C.G., Wadsworth L.D., and Doss A. Erythrokinetic studies as a guide to the value of splenectomy in primary myeloid metaplasia. British Journal of Haematology 25 (1973) 467-484
141. Gale D., Sacks P., Lynch S., et al. The place of splenectomy in haematological disorders. South African Medical Journal 48 (1974) 1240-1245
142. Little J.M. A prospective study of 100 splenectomies. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 48 (1978) 390-397
143. Benbassat J.P.S., and Ligumski M. Splenectomy in patients with agnogenic myeloid metaplasia: an analysis of 321 published cases. British Journal of Haematology 42 (1979) 207-214
144. Musser G., Lazar G., Hocking W., and Busuttl W. Splenectomy for hematologic disease. Annals of surgery 200 (1984) 40-45
145. Sharp P., Grace C.S., Rozenberg M.C., and Ham J.M. Splenectomy for massive splenomegaly. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 55 (1985) 489-492
146. Dotevall A., Kutti J., Wadenvik H., and Westin J. A retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of patients splenectomized for various hematologic disorders. Acta Haematologica 77 (1987) 38-44
147. Schmitz N., Suttorp M., Schlegelberger B., et al. The role of the spleen after bone marrow transplantation for primary myelofibrosis. British Journal of Haematology 81 (1992) 616-618
148. Barosi G., Ambrosetti A., Buratti A., et al. Splenectomy for patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: pretreatment variables and outcome prediction. Leukemia 7 (1993) 200-206
149. Lafaye F., Rain J.D., Clot P., and Najean Y. Risks and benefits of splenectomy in myelofibrosis: an analysis of 39 cases. Nouvelle Revue Francaise d Hematologie 36 (1994) 359-362
150. Jameson J.S., Thomas W.M., and Dawson S. Splenectomy for haematologic disease. Journal of Royal College of Surgery 41 (1996) 307-311
151. Mittelman M.K.S., and Zeidman A. Splenectomy for hematologic disease-a single institution experience. Haematologica 28 (1997) 185-198
152. Bohner H., Tirier C., and Rotzcher V.M. Indications for and results of splenectomy in different hematologic disorders. Langenbecks Archives of Chirurgie 382 (1997) 79-82
153. Barosi G., Ambrosetti A., Centra A., et al. Splenectomy and risk of blast transformation in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Italian cooperative study group on myeloid with myeloid metaplasia. Blood 91 (1998) 3630-3636
154. Akpek G., McAneny D., and Weintraub L. Risks and benefits of splenectomy in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a retrospective analysis of 26 cases. Journal of Surgical Oncology 77 (2001) 42-48
155. Silverstein M.N. Control of hypersplenism and painful splenomegaly in myeloid metaplasia by irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2 (1977) 1221-1222
156. Greenberger J.S., Chaffey J.T., Rosenthal D.S., and Moloney W.C. Irradiation for control of hypersplenism and painful splenomegaly in myeloid metaplasia. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 2 (1977) 1083-1090
157. Slanina J., Vondraczek A., and Wannenmacher M. Symptomatic irradiation therapy of the spleen in advanced osteomyelosclerosis. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 111 (1986) 1144-1150
158. Wagner Jr. H., McKeough P.G., Desforges J., and Madoc-Jones H. Splenic irradiation in the treatment of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia or myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia. Results of daily and intermittent fractionation with and without concomitant hydroxyurea. Cancer 58 (1986) 1204-1207
159. Bouabdallah R., Coso D., Gonzague-Casabianca L., et al. Safety and efficacy of splenic irradiation in the treatment of patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis: a report on 15 patients. Leukemia Research 24 (2000) 491-495
160. Leinweber C., Order S.E., and Calkins A.R. Whole-abdominal irradiation for the management of gastrointestinal and abdominal manifestations of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia. Cancer 68 (1991) 1251-1254
161. Koch C., Li C., Mesa R., and Tefferi A. Nonhepatosplenic extrameduallry hematopoiesis: associated diseases, pathology, clinical course, and treatment. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 78 (2003) 1223-1233
162. Weinschenker P., Kutner J.M., Salvajoli J.V., et al. Whole-pulmonary low-dose radiation therapy in agnogenic myeloid metaplasia with diffuse lung involvement. American Journal of Hematology 69 (2002) 277-280