Uremia, atherothrombosis and malnutrition: The role of L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway

Cardiovascular and Hematological Disorders - Drug Targets

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 131-138

  Brunini, Tatiana M C ^a   da Silva, Clarissa Demézio ^a   Siqueira, Mariana A S ^a   Moss, Monique B ^a   Santos, Sérgio F F ^a   Mendes Ribeiro, Antônio C ^a,b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Inflammation; L arginine transport; Malnutrition; Nitric oxide; Platelets; Uremia

Indexed keywords

AMINO ACID; ARGININE; CYTOKINE; N(G) METHYLARGININE; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE INHIBITOR;

AMINO ACID BLOOD LEVEL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CATABOLISM; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DIET; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; MALNUTRITION; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; REVIEW; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE ADHESION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION INHIBITION; THROMBOSIS; UREMIA;

EID: 33744789448     PISSN: 1871529X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/187152906777441821     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Prabhakar, S.S. L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in end-stage renal disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2002, 39 (1), 195-8.
2. Mendes Ribeiro, A.C., Brunini T.M. L-Arginine transport in disease. Curr. Med. Chem. Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents, 2004, 2 (2), 123-31.
3. Mendes Ribeiro, A.C., Brunini, T.M.C., Ellory C.E., Mann, G.E. Abnormalities in L-arginine transport and NO biosynthesis in chronic renal and heart failure. Cardiovas. Res., 2001, 49 (4), 697-712.
4. El Nahas, A.M., Bello, A.K. Chronic kidney disease: the global challenge. Lancet, 2005, 365, 331-40.
5. Foley, R.N., Parfrey, P.S., Sarnak, M.J. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 1998, 32, S112-119.
6. Zoccali, C., Mallamaci, F., Tripepi, G. Novel cardiovascular risk factors in end-stage renal disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2004, 15 (1), S77-80.
7. Shlipak, M.G., Fried, L.F., Cushman, M., Manolio, T.A., Peterson, D., Stehman-Breen, C., Bleyer A., Newman, A., Siscovick, D., Psaty, B. Cardiovascular mortality risk in chronic kidney disease: comparison of traditional and novel risk factors. JAMA, 2005, 293, 1737-1745.
8. Galle, J., Seibold, S., Wanner, C. Inflammation in uremic patients: what is the link? Kidney Blood Press Res., 2003, 26 (2), 65-75.
9. Himmelfarb, J., Stenvinkel, P., Ikizler, T.A., Hakim, R.M. The elephant in uremia: oxidant stress as a unifying concept of cardiovascular disease in uremia. Kidney. Int, 2002, 62, 1524-1538.
10. Pecoits-Filho, R., Lindholm, B., Stenvinkel, P. The malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis (MIA) syndrome - the heart of the matter. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 2002, 17(11), 28-31.
11. Pupim, L.B., Ikizler, T.A. Uremic malnutrition: new insights into an old problem. Semin. Dial., 2003, 16 (3), 224-32.
12. Stenvinkel, P., Heimburger, O., Paultre, F., Diczfalusy, U., Wang, T., Berglund, L., Jogestrand, T. Strong association between malnutrition, inflammation, and atherosclerosis in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int., 1999, 55, 1899-1911.
13. Kalantar-Zadeh, K., Stenvinkel, P., Pillon, L., Kopple, J.D. Inflammation and nutrition in renal insufficiency. Adv. Ren. Replace Ther., 2003, 10(3), 155-69.
14. Young, G.A., Swanepoel, C.R., Croft, M.R., Hobson, S.M., Parsons, F.M. Anthropometry and plasma valine, amino acids and proteins in the nutritional assessment of hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int., 1982, 21, 492-499.
15. Mendes Ribeiro, A.C., Roberts, N.B., Lane, C., Yaqoob, M., Ellory J.C. Accumulation of the endogenous analogue NG-Monomethyl-L-arginine in human end-stage renal failure patients on regular haemodialysis. Exp. Physiol., 1996, 81, 475-481.
16. Gornik, H.L., Creager, M.A. Arginine and Endothelial and Vascular Health. J. Nutr., 2004, 134, 2880S-2887S.
17. Loscalzo, J. L-Arginine and Atherothrombosis. J. Nutr., 2004, 134, 2798S-2800S.
18. Brunini, T.M.C, Resende, A.C., Moss, M.B., Soares, De, Moura, R., Mendes Ribeiro, A.C. L-arginine-availability as a pathological mechanism in essential hypertension, chronic renal and HF. Vasc. Dise. Prev., 2005, 2, 37-51.
19. Mann, G.E., Yudilevich, D.L., Sobrevia, L. Regulation of amino acid and glucose transporters in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Physiol. Rev., 2003, 83, 183-252.
20. Moncada, S., Palmer, R.M.J., Higgs, A. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology. Pharmacol. Rev., 1991, 43, 109-142.
21. Ignarro, L.J. Wei, L. Visiting Professorial Lecture: Nitric oxide in the regulation of vascular function: an historical overview. J. Card. Surg., 2002, 17(4), 301-6.
22. Deves, R., Boyd, C.A. Transporters for cationic amino acids in animal cells: discovery, structure, and function. Physiol. Rev., 1998, 78, 487-545.
23. Closs, E.I: Expression, regulation and function of carrier proteins for cationic amino acids. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypert., 2002, 11, 99-107.
24. Closs, E.I., Simon, A., Ve kony, N., Rotmann, A. Plasma Membrane Transporters for Arginine. J. Nut., 2004, 134, 2752S-2759S.
25. +L as the high affinity transporter for L-arginine in human platelets: up-regulation of L-arginine influx. in uraemia. Eur. J. Physiol., 1999, 438, 573-575.
26. Torrents, D., Estevez, R., Pineda, M., Fernandez, E., Lloberas, J., Shi, Y.B., Zorzano, A., Palacin, M. Identification and characterization of a membrane protein (y+LAT-1) that associates with 4F2hc to encode the amino acid transport activity y+L. A candidate gene for lysinuric protein intolerance. J. Biol. Chem., 1998, 273(49), 32437-32445.
27. Boger, R.H. Asymmetric Dimethylarginine, an Endogenous Inhibitor of Nitric Oxide Synthase, Explains the "L-Arginine Paradox" and Acts as a Novel Cardiovascular Risk Factor. J. Nutr., 2004, 134, 2842S-2847S.
28. Brunini, T., Moss, M., Siqueira, M., Meirelles, L., Rozentul, A., Mann, G., Ellory, J.C., Mendes, Ribeiro, A.C. Inhibition of l-arginine transport in platelets by asymmetric dimethylarginine and N-monomethyl-l-arginine: effects of arterial hypertension. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 2004, 31 (10), 738-40.
29. +L. Pflügers. Arch., 2003, 145, 547-550.
30. McDonald, K.K., Zharikov, S., Block, E.R., Kilberg, M.S. A caveolar complex between the cationic amino acid transporter 1 and endothelial nitric-oxide synthase may explain the "arginine paradox". J. Bio. Chem., 1997, 272, 31213-31216.
31. Zandi-Nejad, K., Brenner, B.M. Strategies to retard the progression of chronic kidney disease. Med. Clin. North Am., 2005, 89(3), 489-509.
32. Vanholder, R., Glorieux G., Lameire, N. New insights in uremic toxicity. Contrib. Nephrol., 2005, 149, 315-24.
33. Vaziri, N.D. Dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure: the nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2006, 290(2), F262-72.
34. Cases, A., Coll, E. Dyslipidemia and the progression of renal disease in chronic renal failure patients. Kidney Int. Suppl, 2005, (99), S87-93.
35. Wanner, C., Quaschning, T. Dyslipidemia and renal disease: pathogenesis and clinical consequences. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 2001, 10(2), 195-201.
36. Rasmusen, C., Cynober, L., Couderc, R. Arginine and statins: relationship between the nitric oxide pathway and the atherosclerosis development. Ann. Biol. Clin., 2005, 63(5), 443-55.
37. Davidson, M. Considerations in the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with chronic kidney failure and renal transplantation. Prev. Cardiol., 2005, 8(4), 244-9.
38. Shindler, R. Causes and therapy of microinflamation in renal failure. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 2004, 19 (5), V34-40.
39. Zoccali, C., Mallamaci, F., Tripepi, G., Cutrupi, S., Parlongo, S., Malatino, L.S., Bonanno G., Rapisarda, F., Fatuzzo, P., Seminara, G., Stancanelli, B., Nicocia, G., Buemi, M., Fibrinogen, mortality and incident cardiovascular complications in end-stage renal failure. J. Intern. Med., 2003, 254, 132-139.
40. Ross, R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 340, 115-126.
41. Hansson, G.K. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2005, 352, 1685-1695.
42. Danesh, J., Wheeler, J.G., Hirschfield, G.M., Eda, S., Eiriksdottir, G., Rumley, A., Lowe, G.D., Pepys, M.B., Gudnason, V. C-reactive protein and other circulating markers of inflammation in the prediction of coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 2004, 350, 1387-1397.
43. Tall, A.R. C-reactive protein reassessed. N. Engl. J. Med., 2004, 350, 1450-1452.
44. Lindner, A., Charra, B., Sherrard, D.J., Scribner, B.H. Accelerated atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance hemodialysis. N. Engl. J. Med., 1974, 290, 697-701.
45. Kimmel, P.L., Phillips, T.M., Simmens, S.J., Peterson, R.A., Weihs, K.L., Alleyne, S., Cruz, I., Yanovski, J.A, Veis J.H. Immunologic function and survival in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int., 1998, 54, 236-244.
46. Horl, W.H. Hemodialysis membranes: interleukins, biocompatibility, and middle molecules. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2002, 13 (1) S62-71.
47. Wanner, C., Metzger T. C-reactive protein a marker for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 2002, 17 (8), 29-32.
48. Muntner, P., He, J., Chen, J., Fonseca, V., Whelton, P.K. Prevalence of non-traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors among persons with impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome: analysis of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Ann. Epidemiol., 2004, 14, 686-695.
49. Malaponte, G., Bevelacqua, V., Fatuzzo, P., Rapisarda, F., Emmanuele, G., Travali, S., Mazzarino M.C. IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-6 release from monocytes in haemodialysis patients in relation to dialytic age. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 2002, 17(11), 1964-70.
50. Bologa, R.M., Levine D.M., Parker T.S., Cheigh J.S., Serur, D., Stenzel, K.H., Rubin A.L. Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 1998, 32, 107-114.
51. Zimmermann, J., Herrlinger, S., Pruy, A., Metzger, T., Wanner, C. Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int., 1999, 55, 648-658.
52. Knight, E.L., Rimm, E.B., Pai, J.K., Rexrode, K.M., Cannuscio, C.C., Manson, J.E., Stampfer, M.J., Curhan, G.C. Kidney dysfunction, inflammation, and coronary events: a prospective study. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2004, 15, 1897-1903.
53. Tripepi, G., Mallamaci, F., Zoccali, C. Inflammation markers, adhesion molecules, and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with ESRD: searching for the best risk marker by multivariate modeling. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2005, 16 (1), S83-8.
54. Yeun, J.Y., Levine, R.A., Mantadilok, V., Kaysen, G.A. C-Reactive protein predicts all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2000, 35, 469-476.
55. Stenvinkel, P., Heimburger, O., Jogestrand, T. Elevated interleukin-6 predicts progressive carotid artery atherosclerosis in dialysis patients: association with Chlamydia pneumoniae seropositivity. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2002, 39, 274-282.
56. Venugopal, S.K., Devaraj, S., Jialal, I. Effect of C-reactive protein on vascular cells: evidence for a proinflammatory, proatherogenic role. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens., 2005, 14, 33-37.
57. Devaraj, S., Du Clos, T.W.M., Jialal, I. Binding and internalization of C-reactive protein by Fcgamma receptors on human aortic endothelial cells mediates biological effects. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 2005, 25, 1359-1363.
58. Foley, R.N., Parfley, P.S. Cardiovascular disease and mortality in ESRD. J. Nephrol., 1998, 11(5), 239-45.
59. Oberg, B.P., McMenamin, E., Lucas, F.L., McMonagle, E., Morrow, J., Ikizler, T.A., Himmelfarb, J. Increased prevalence of oxidant stress and inflammation in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int., 2004, 65, 1009-1016.
60. Bergstrom, J., Lindholm, B., Lacson, E., Owen, W. Jr., Lowrie, E.G., Glassock, R.J., Ikizler, T.A., Wessels, F.J., Moldawer, L.L., Wanner, C., Zimmermann, J. What are the causes and consequences of the chronic inflammatory state in chronic dialysis patients? Semin. Dial., 2000, 13, 163-175.
61. Stenvinkel, P., Ketteler, M., Johnson, R.J., Lindholm, B., Pecoits-Filho, R., Riella, M., Heimburger, O., Cederholm, T., Girndt, M. IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia--the good, the bad, and the ugly. Kidney Int., 2005, 67, 1216-1233.
62. Himmelfarb, J. Linking oxidative stress and inflammation in kidney disease: which is the chicken and which is the egg? Semin. Dial., 2004, 17(6), 449-54.
63. Venugopal, S.K., Devaraj, S., Yuhanna, I., Shaul, P., Jialal, I. Demonstration that C-reactive protein decreases eNOS expression and bioactivity in human aortic endothelial cells. Circulation, 2002, 106, 1439-1441.
64. Yoshizumi, M., Perrella, M.A., Burnett, J.C., Jr Lee, M.E. Tumor necrosis factor downregulates an endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA by shortening its half-life. Circ. Res., 1993, 73(1), 205-9.
65. Kofler, S., Nickel, T., Weis, M. Role of cytokines in cardiovascular diseases: a focus on endothelial responses to inflammation. Clin. Sci., 2005, 108(3), 205-13.
66. Amore, A., Coppo, R. Immunological basis of inflammation in dialysis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., 2002, 17, 16-24.
67. Stenvinkel, P., Andersson, P., Wang, T., Lindholm, B., Bergstrom, J., Palmblad, J., Heimburger, O., Cederholm, T. Do ACE-inhibitors suppress tumour necrosis factor-alpha production in advanced chronic renal failure? J. Intern. Med., 1999, 246(5), 503-7.
68. Chang, J.W., Yang, W.S., Min, W.K., Lee, S.K., Park, J.S., Kim, S.B. Effects of simvastatin on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and serum albumin in hemodialysis patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2002, 39(6), 1213-7.
69. Van den Akker, J.M., Bredie, S.J., Diepenveen, S.H., van Tits, L.J., Stalenhoef, A.F., van Leusen, R. Atorvastatin and simvastatin in patients on hemodialysis: effects on lipoproteins, C-reactive protein and in vivo oxidized LDL. J. Nephrol., 2003, 16(2), 238-44.
70. Simmons, E.M., Langone, A., Sezer, M.T., Vella, J.P., Recupero, P., Morrow, J.D., Ikizler, T.A, Himmelfarb, J. Effect of renal transplantation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease patients. Transplantation, 2005, 79(8), 914-9.
71. World Health Organization Physical Status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry. WHO, Geneva: 1995.
72. Riella, M.C. Malnutrition in dialysis: malnourishment or uremic inflammatory response? Kidney Int., 2000, 57(3), 12,11-32.
73. Mitch, W.E. Insights into the abnormalities of chronic renal disease attributed to malnutrition. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2002, 13 (1), S22-7.
74. Ikizler, TA. Protein and energy: recommended intake and nutrient supplementation in chronic dialysis patients. Semin. Dial., 2004, 17(6),471-8.
75. Borah, M.F., Schoenfeld, P.Y., Gotch, F.A., Sargent, J.A., Wolfsen, M., Humphreys, M.H. Nitrogen balance during intermittent dialysis. therapy of uremia. Kidney Int., 1978, 14(5), 491-500.
76. Lim, V.S. Protein metabolism in chronic renal failure. Int. J. Artif. Organs., 2004, 27(1), 6-8.
77. Gutierrez, A. Protein catabolism in maintenance haemodialysis: the influence of the dialysis membrane. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 1996, 11 (2), 108-11.
78. Guarnieri, G., Grassi, G., Barazzoni, R., Zanetti, M., Biolo, G. The impact of inflammation on metabolic regulation in chronic kidney disease: a review. J. Ren. Nutr., 2005, 15(1), 121-4.
79. Ikizler, TA. Effects of hemodialysis on protein metabolism. J. Ren. Nutr., 2005, 15(1), 39-43.
80. Aguilera, A., Sanchez-Tomero, J.A., Bajo, M.A., Ruiz-Caravaca, M.L., Alvarez, V., Del Peso, G., Herranz, A., Cuesta, M.V., Castro, M.J., Selgas, R. Malnutrition-inflammation syndrome is associated with endothelial dysfunction in peritoneal dialysis patients. Adv. Perit. Dial., 2003, 19, 240-5.
81. Demézio da Silva, C., Brunini, T.M.C., Reis, P.F., Moss, M.B., Santos, S.F.F., Roberts, N.B., Ellory, J.C., Mann, G.E., Mendes-Ribeiro, A.C. Effects of nutritional status on theL-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in platelets from hemodialysis patients. Kid. Intern., 2005, 68, 2173-9.
82. Rysz, J., Guga, P., Grycewicz, T., Mudyna, J., Luciak, M. Blood serum and neutrophil L-arginine concentrations and nitric oxide release by neutrophils in chronic uremic patients and healthy persons. Med. Sci. Monit., 2003, 9(7), CR311-5.
83. Bergstrom, J., Alvestrand, A., Furst, P. Plasma and muscle free amino acids in maintenance hemodialysis patients without protein malnutrition. Kidney Int., 1990, 38(1), 108-14.
84. Canepa, A., Filho, J.C., Gutierrez, A., Carrea, A., Forsberg, A.M., Nilsson, E., Verrina, E., Perfumo, F., Bergstrom, J. Free amino acids in plasma, red blood cells, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and muscle in normal and uraemic children. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant, 2002, 17(3), 413-21.
85. Fliser, D., Kronenberg, F., Kielstein, J.T., Morath, C., Bode-Boger, S.M., Haller, H., Ritz, E. Asymmetric dimethylarginine and progression of chronic kidney disease: the mild to moderate kidney. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2005, 16(8), 2456-61.
86. Brunini, T.M., Roberts, N.B., Yaqoob, M.M., Reis, P.F., Ellory, J.C., Mann, G.E., Mendes-Ribeiro, A.C. Activation of L-arginine transport in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronic renal failure. Pflugers Arch., 2002, 445, 147-151.
87. Noris, M., Remuzzi, G. Uremic bleeding: closing the circle after 30 years of controversies? Blood, 1999, 94(8), 2569-74.
88. Vaziri, N.D. Effect of chronic renal failure on nitric oxide metabolism. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 2001, 38, 76-9.
89. Thuraisingham, R.C., Yaqoob, M.M. Oxidative consumption of nitric oxide: a potential mediator of uremic vascular disease. Kidney Int. Suppl., 2003, 84, S29-32.
90. Passauer, J., Pistrosch, F., Bussemaker, E., Lassig, G., Herbrig, K., Gross, P. Reduced agonist-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in uremia is attributable to an impairment of vascular nitric oxide. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2005, 16(4), 959-65.
91. Morris, S.T., Jardine, Alan, G. The vascular endothelium in chronic renal failure. J. Nephrol., 2000, 13, 96-105.
92. Baylis, C. Nitric oxide deficiency in chronic renal disease. Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 2006, 62 (13), 123-30.
93. Xiao, S., Wagner, L., Mahaney, J., Baylis, C. Uremic levels of urea inhibit L-arginine transport in cultured endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 2001, 280(6), F989-95.
94. Wagner, L., Klein, J.D., Sands, J.M., Baylis, C. Urea transporters are distributed in endothelial cells and mediate inhibition of L-arginine transport. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol., 2002, 283(3), F578-82.
95. Thuraisingham, R.C., Roberts, N.B., Wilkes, M., New, D.I., Mendes-Ribeiro, A.C., Dodd, S.M., Yaqoob, M.M. Altered L-arginine metabolism results in increased nitric oxide release from uraemic endothelial cells. Clin. Sci., 2002, 103, 31-41.
96. Passauer, J., Bussemaker, E., Range, U., Plug, M., Gross, P. Evidence in vivo showing increase of baseline nitric oxide generation and impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in normotensive patients on chronic hemodialysis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 2000, 11(9), 1726-34.
97. Wever, R., Boer, P., Hijmering, M., Stroes, E., Verhaar, M., Kastelein, J., Versluis, K., Lagerwerf, F., van Rijn, H., Koomans, H., Rabelink, T. Nitric oxide production is reduced in patients with chronic renal failure. Arteroscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 1999, 19, 1168-1172.
98. Cherla, G., Jaimes, E.A. Role of L-Arginine in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Renal Disease. J. Nutr., 2004, 134, 2801S-2806S.
99. Yatzidis, H. Oral supplement of six selective amino acids arrest progression renal failure in uremic patients. Int. Urol. Nephrol., 2004, 36(4), 591-8.
100. De Nicola, L., Bellizzi, V., Minutolo, R., Andreucci, M., Capuano, A., Garibotto, G. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of arginine supplementation in chronic renal failure. Kidney Int., 1999, 56(2), 674-84.
101. Hand, M.F., Haynes, W.G., Webb, D.J. Hemodialysis and L-arginine, but not D-arginine, correct renal failure-associated endothelial dysfunction. Kidney Int., 1998, 53, 1068-1077.
102. Wolf, S.C., Erley, C.M., Kenner, S., Berger, E.D., Risler, T. Does L-arginine alter proteinuria and renal hemodynamics in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and hypertension? Clin. Nephrol., 1995, 43, S42-6.
103. Ashab, I., Peer, G., Blum, M., Wollman, Y., Chernihovsky, T., Hassner, A., Schwartz, D., Cabili, S., Silverberg, D., Iaina, A. Oral administration of L-arginine and captopril in rats prevents chronic renal failure by nitric oxide production. Kidney Int., 1995, 47(6), 1515-21.
104. Aiello, S., Noris, M., Todeschini, M., Zappella, S., Floglieri, C., Benigni, A., Corna, D., Zoja, C., Cavallotti, D., Remuzzi, G. Renal and systemic nitric oxide synthesis in rats with renal mass reduction. Kidney Int., 1997, 52, 171-181.
105. Aiello, S., Noris, M., Remuzzi, G. Nitric oxide/L-arginine in uremia. Miner. Electrolyte Metab., 1999, 25(4-6), 384-90.
106. Ketteler, M., Border, W.A., Noble, N.A. Cytokines and L-arginine in renal injury and repair. J. Am. Physiol., 1994, 267, F197-207.
107. Floege, J., Burns, M.W., Alpers, C.E. Glomerular cell proliferation and PDGF expression precede glomerulosclerosis in the remnant kidney model. Kidney Int., 1992, 41, 297-309.
108. Kliem, V., Johnson, R.J., Alpers, C.E., Yoshimura, A., Couser, W.G., Koch, K.M., Floege, J. Mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 5/6-nephrectomized rats. Kidney Int., 1996, 49(3), 666-78.
109. Kunz, D., Walker, G., Eberhardt, W., Messmer, U.K., Huwiler, A., Pfeilschifter, J. Platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factor differentially regulate interleukin 1beta- and cAMP-induced nitric oxide synthase expression in rat renal mesangial cells. J. Clin. Invest., 1997, 100(11), 2800-9.
110. Benigni, A., Zoja, C., Noris, M., Corna, D., Benedetti, G., Bruzzi, I., Todeschini, M., Remuzzi, G. Renoprotection by nitric oxide donor and lisinopril in the remnant kidney model. Am. J. Kidney Dis., 1999, 33(4), 746-53.
111. Rodriguez-Iturbe, B., Ferrebuz, A., Vanegas, V., Quiroz, Y., Espinoza, F., Pons, H., Vaziri, N.D. Early treatment with cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor ameliorates progression of renal damage. Kidney Int., 2005, 68(5), 2131-42.
112. Ito, K., Chen, J., Vaughan, E.D. Jr., Seshan, S.V., Poppas, D.P., Felsen, D. Dietary L-arginine supplementation improves the glomerular filtration rate and renal blood flow after 24 hours of unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats. J. Urol., 2004, 171, 926-30.