The great weight gain experiment, accelerators, and their implications for autoantibodies in diabetes

Archives of Disease in Childhood

Volumn 91, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 456-458

  Wilkin, T J ^a  

^a DERRIFORD HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUTOANTIBODY; HLA ANTIGEN;

AUTOIMMUNITY; B LYMPHOCYTE; BODY FAT; BODY MASS; GENOTYPE; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UPREGULATION; WEIGHT GAIN;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADULT; AUTOANTIBODIES; CHILD; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; INSULIN-SECRETING CELLS; MALE; OBESITY;

EID: 33744787063     PISSN: 00039888     EISSN: 14682044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.094037     Document Type: Review

References (32)

1. Prentice AM. Obesity-the inevitable penalty of civilisation? Br Med Bull 1997;53:229-37.
2. Bundred P, Kitchiner D, Buchan I. Prevalence of overweight and obese children between 1989 and 1998: population based series of cross sectional studies. BMJ 2001;322:326-8.
3. Wilkin TJ, Voss LD. Metabolic syndrome: maladaptation to a modern world. J R Soc Med 2004;97:511-20.
4. Weir GC, Bonner-Weir S. Five stages of evolving beta-cell dysfunction during progression to diabetes. Diabetes 2004;53(suppl 3):S16-21.
5. Silverstein JH, Rosenbloom AL. Type 2 diabetes in children. Curr Diab Rep 2001;1:19-27.
6. Gale EA. The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century. Diabetes 2002;51:3353-61.
7. Kurtz Z, Peckham CS, Ades AE. Changing prevalence of juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus. Lancet 1988;2:88-90.
8. Weets I, De Leeuw IH, Du Caju MV, et al. The incidence of type 1 diabetes in the age group 0-39 years has not increased in Antwerp (Belgium) between 1989 and 2000: evidence for earlier disease manifestation. Diabetes Care 2002;25:840-6.
9. Gilliam LK, Brooks-Worrell BM, Palmer JP, et al. Autoimmunity and clinical course in children with type 1, type 2, and type 1.5 diabetes. J Autoimmun 2005;25:244-50.
10. Molbak AG, Christau B, Marner B, et al. Incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in age groups over 30 years in Denmark. Diabet Med 1994;11:650-5.
11. Freedman ZR, Feek CM, Irvine WJ, et al. Islet cell cytoplasmic and cell surface antibodies in diabetes mellitus. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1979;92:64-76.
12. Irvine WJ, McCallum CJ, Gray RS, et al. Clinical and pathogenic significance of pancreatic-islet-cell antibodies in diabetics treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents. Lancet 1977;1:1025-7.
13. Juneja R, Palmer JP. Type 1 diabetes: myth or reality? Autoimmunity 1999;29:65-83.
14. Libman IM, Becker DJ. Coexistence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: "double" diabetes? Pediatr Diabetes 2003;4:110-13.
15. Reinehr T, Schober E, Wiegand S, et al. β-cell autoantibodies in children with type 2 diabetes mellitus: subgroup or misclassification? Arch Dis Child 2006;91:473-7.
16. American Diabetes Association. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Diabetes Care 2000;23:381-9.
17. Brooks-Worrell BM, Greenbaum CJ, Palmer JP, et al. Autoimmunity to islet proteins in children diagnosed with new-onset diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2222-7.
18. Wilkin TJ. The accelerator hypothesis: weight gain as the missing link between type I and type II diabetes. Diabetologia 2001;44:914-22.
19. Onkamo P, Vaananen S, Karvonen M, et al. Worldwide increase of type 1 diabetes-analysis of the data on published incidence trends. Diabetologia 1999;42:1395-403.
20. Marcovecchio M, Mohn A, Chiarelli F. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents. J Endocrinol Invest 2005;28:853-63.
21. Voss LD, Kirkby J, Metcalf BS, et al. Preventable factors in childhood that lead to insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome: the EarlyBird diabetes study 1. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2003;16:1211-24.
22. Hermann R, Knip M, Veijola R, et al. Temporal changes in the frequencies of HLA genotypes in patients with type 1 diabetes - indication of an increased environmental pressure? Diabetologia 2003;46:420-5.
23. Gillespie KM, Bain SC, Barnett AH, et al. The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes and reduced contribution of high-risk HLA haplotypes.
24. Baum JD, Ounsted M, Smith MA. Weight gain in infancy and subsequent development of diabetes mellitus in childhood. Lancet 1975;2:866.
25. Johansson C, Samuelsson U, Ludvigsson J. A high weight gain in early life is associated with an increased risk of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia 1994;37:91-4.
26. Hypponen E, Kenward MG, Virtanen SM, et al. Iinfant feeding, early weight gain and risk of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1961-5.
27. Kibirige M, Metcalf B, Renuka R, et al. Testing the accelerator hypothesis: the relationship between body mass and age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2865-70.
28. Betts P, Mulligan J, Ward P, et al. Increasing body weight predicts the earlier onset of insulin-dependant diabetes in childhood: testing the "accelerator hypothesis" (2). Diabet Med 2005;22:144-51.
29. Knerr I, Wolf J, Reinehr T, et al. DPV Scientific Initiative of Germany and Austria: the "accelerator hypothesis": relationship between weight, height, body mass index and age at diagnosis in a large cohort of 9,248 German and Austrian children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2005;48:2501-4.
30. Kordonouri O, Hartmann R. Higher body weight is associated with earlier onset of type 1 diabetes: confirming the accelerator hypothesis. Diabetic Med 2005;22:1783-4.
31. Dabelea D, D'Agostino RB Jr, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Testing the accelerator hypothesis: body size, beta-cell function, and age at onset of type 1 (autoimmune) diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:290-4.
32. Fourlanos S, Narendran P, Byrnes GB, et al. Insulin resistance is a risk factor for progression to type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2004;47:1661-7.