Part 9: Adult stroke

Circulation

Volumn 112, Issue 24 SUPPL., 2005, Pages

[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR;

ADULT; ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA; BLEEDING; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL PROTOCOL; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DETERIORATION; FIBRINOLYSIS; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT TRANSPORT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SURVIVAL; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; THERMOREGULATION;

EID: 33646859929     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.166562     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (113)

1. Know the Facts, Get the Stats: Our Guide to Heart Disease, Stroke and Risks. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 2002. Publication No. 55-0576 2002-04.
2. American Heart Association. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2006 Update. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association. In press.
3. Schwamm LH, Pancioli A, Acker JE III, Goldstein LB, Zorowitz RD, Shephard TJ, Moyer P, Gorman M, Johnston SC, Duncan PW, Gorelick P, Frank J, Stranne SK, Smith R, Federspiel W, Horton KB, Magnis E, Adams RJ. Recommendations for the establishment of stroke systems of care: recommendations from the American Stroke Association's Task Force on the Development of Stroke Systems. Circulation. 2005;111:1078-1091.
4. Dobkin BH. Clinical practice: rehabilitation after stroke. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1677-1684.
5. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rt-PA Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1581-1587.
6. Albers GW, Bates VE, Clark WM, Bell R, Verro P, Hamilton SA. Intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator for treatment of acute stroke: the Standard Treatment with Alteplase to Reverse Stroke (STARS) study. JAMA. 2000;283:1145-1150.
7. Hazinski M. D-mystifying recognition and management of stroke. Curr Emerg Cardiac Care. 1996;7:8.
8. Acute stroke: current treatment and paradigms. In: Cummins RO, Field JM, Hazinski MF, eds. ACLS: Principles and Practice. Dallas, Tex: American Heart Association; 2003:437-482.
9. Adams H, Adams R, Del Zoppo G, Goldstein LB. Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: 2005 guidelines update: a scientific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2005;36:916-923.
10. Adams HP Jr, Adams RJ, Brott T, del Zoppo GJ, Furlan A, Goldstein LB, Grubb RL, Higashida R, Kidwell C, Kwiatkowski TG, Marler JR, Hademenos GJ. Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: a scientific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2003;34:1056-1083.
11. Marler JR, Jones PW, Emr M, eds. Setting New Directions for Stroke Care: Proceedings of a National Symposium on Rapid Identification and Treatment of Acute Stroke. Bethesda, Md: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; 1997.
12. Hacke W, Donnan G, Fieschi C, Kaste M, von Kummer R, Broderick JP, Brott T, Frankel M, Grotta JC, Haley EC Jr, Kwiatkowski T, Levine SR, Lewandowski C, Lu M, Lyden P, Marler JR, Patel S, Tilley BC, Albers G, Bluhmki E, Wilhelm M, Hamilton S. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analysis of ATLANTIS, ECASS, and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet. 2004;363:768-774.
13. Barsan WG, Brott TG, Olinger CP, Adams HP Jr, Haley EC Jr, Levy DE. Identification and entry of the patient with acute cerebral infarction. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:1192-1195.
14. Barsan WG, Brott TG, Broderick JP, Haley EC, Levy DE, Marler JR. Time of hospital presentation in patients with acute stroke. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:2558-2561.
15. Pepe PE, Zachariah BS, Sayre MR, Floccare D. Ensuring the chain of recovery for stroke in your community. Chain of Recovery Writing Group. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1998;2:89-95.
16. Feldmann E, Gordon N, Brooks JM, Brass LM, Fayad PB, Sawaya KL, Nazareno F, Levine SR. Factors associated with early presentation of acute stroke. Stroke. 1993;24:1805-1810.
17. Lyden P, Rapp K, Babcock T, et al. Ultra-rapid identification, triage, and enrollment of stroke patients into clinical trials. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1994;2:106-113.
18. Morgenstern LB, Staub L, Chan W, Wein TH, Bartholomew LK, King M, Felberg RA, Burgin WS, Groff J, Hickenbottom SL, Saldin K, Demchuk AM, Kalra A, Dhingra A, Grotta JC. Improving delivery of acute stroke therapy: the TLL Temple Foundation Stroke Project. Stroke. 2002;33:160-166.
19. Morgenstern LB, Bartholomew LK, Grotta JC, Staub L, King M, Chan W. Sustained benefit of a community and professional intervention to increase acute stroke therapy. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:2198-2202.
20. Cocho D, Belvis R, Marti-Fabregas J, Molina-Porcel L, Diaz-Manera J, Aleu A, Pagonabarraga J, Garcia-Bargo D, Mauri A, Marti-Vilalta JL. Reasons for exclusion from thrombolytic therapy following acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2005;64:719-720.
21. Prioritizing interventions to improve rates of thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2005;64:654-659.
22. Katzan IL, Hammer MD, Hixson ED, Furlan AJ, Abou-Chebl A, Nadzam DM. Utilization of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:346-350.
23. Kleindorfer D, Kissela B, Schneider A, Woo D, Khoury J, Miller R, Alwell K, Gebel J, Szaflarski J, Pancioli A, Jauch E, Moomaw C, Shukla R, Broderick JP. Eligibility for recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke: a population-based study. Stroke. 2004;35:e27-e29.
24. O'Connor R, McGraw P, Edelsohn L. Thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke: why the majority of patients remain ineligible for treatment. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33:9-14.
25. Sayre MR, Swor RA, Honeykutt LK. Prehospital identification and treatment. In: Marler JR, Jones PW, Emr M, eds. Setting New Directions for Stroke Care: Proceedings of a National Symposium on Rapid Identification and Treatment of Acute Stroke. Bethesda, Md: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; 1997:35-44.
26. Zachariah B, Dunford J, Van Cott CC. Dispatch life support and the acute stroke patient: making the right call. In: Proceedings of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Bethesda, Md: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke; 1991:29-33.
27. Kothari R, Barsan W, Brott T, Broderick J, Ashbrock S. Frequency and accuracy of prehospital diagnosis of acute stroke. Stroke. 1995;26:937-941.
28. A systems approach to immediate evaluation and management of hyperacute stroke: experience at eight centers and implications for community practice and patient care. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Stroke. 1997;28:1530-1540.
29. Kothari R, Hall K, Brott T, Broderick I. Early stroke recognition: developing an out-of-hospital NIH Stroke Scale. Acad Emerg Med. 1997;4:986-990.
30. Kothari RU, Pancioli A, Liu T, Brott T, Broderick I. Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale: reproducibility and validity. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33:373-378.
31. Smith WS, Isaacs M, Corry MD. Accuracy of paramedic identification of stroke and transient ischemic attack in the field. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1998;2:170-175.
32. Kidwell CS, Saver JL, Schubert GB, Eckstein M, Starkman S. Design and retrospective analysis of the Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen (LAPSS). Prehosp Emerg Care. 1998;2:267-273.
33. Kidwell CS, Starkman S, Eckstein M, Weems K, Saver JL. Identifying stroke in the field: prospective validation of the Los Angeles prehospital stroke screen (LAPSS). Stroke. 2000;31:71-76.
34. Ellison SR, Gratton MC, Schwab RA, Ma OJ. Prehospital dispatch assessment of stroke. Mo Med. 2004;101:64-66.
35. Wojner AW, Morgenstern L, Alexandrov AV, Rodriguez D, Persse D, Grotta JC. Paramedic and emergency department care of stroke: baseline data from a citywide performance improvement study. Am J Crit Care. 2003;12:411-417.
36. Smith WS, Corry MD, Fazackerley J, Isaacs SM. Improved paramedic sensitivity in identifying stroke victims in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1999;3:207-210.
37. Zweifler RM, York D, et al. Accuracy of paramedic diagnosis of stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998;7:446-448.
38. Langhome P, Tong BL, Stott DJ. Association between physiological homeostasis and early recovery after stroke. Stroke. 2000;31:2518-2519.
39. Singhal AB, Benner T, Roccatagliata L, Koroshetz WJ, Schaefer PW, Lo EH, Buonanno FS, Gonzalez RG, Sorensen AG. A pilot study of normobaric oxygen therapy in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2005;36:797-802.
40. Ronning OM, Guldvog B. Should stroke victims routinely receive supplemental oxygen? A quasi-randomized controlled trial. Stroke. 1999;30:2033-2037.
41. Evans A, Perez I, Harraf F, Melbourn A, Steadman J, Donaldson N, Kalra L. Can differences in management processes explain different outcomes between stroke unit and stroke-team care? Lancet. 2001;358:1586-1592.
42. Indredavik B, Bakke F, Slordahl SA, Rokseth R, Haheim LL. Treatment in a combined acute and rehabilitation stroke unit: which aspects are most important? Stroke. 1999;30:917-923.
43. International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. 2005 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 2005;112:III-1-III-136.
44. Chapman KM, Woolfenden AR, Graeb D, Johnston DC, Beckman J, Schulzer M, Teal PA. Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: a Canadian hospital's experience. Stroke. 2000;31:2920-2924.
45. Merino JG, Silver B, Wong E, Foell B, Demaerschalk B, Tamayo A, Poncha F, Hachinski V. Extending tissue plasminogen activator use to community and rural stroke patients. Stroke. 2002;33:141-146.
46. Riopelle RJ, Howse DC, Bolton C, Elson S, Groll DL, Holtom D, Brunet DG, Jackson AC, Melanson M, Weaver DF. Regional access to acute ischemic stroke intervention. Stroke. 2001;32:652-655.
47. Cross DT III, Tirschwell DL, Clark MA, Tuden D, Derdeyn CP, Moran CJ, Dacey RG Jr. Mortality rates after subarachnoid hemorrhage: variations according to hospital case volume in 18 states. J Neurosurg. 2003;99:810-817.
48. Domeier R, Scott P, Wagner C. From research to the road: the development of EMS specialty triage. Air Med J. 2004;23:28-31.
49. Pepe PE, Zachariah BS, Sayre MR, Floccare D. Ensuring the chain of recovery for stroke in your community. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5:352-358.
50. Wojner AW, Alexandrov AV, Rodriguez D, Persse D, Grotta JC. The Houston Paramedic and Emergency Stroke Treatment and Outcomes Study (HoPSTO). Stroke. In press.
51. Collaborative systematic review of the randomised trials of organised inpatient (stroke unit) care after stroke. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ. 1997;314:1151-1159.
52. How do stroke units improve patient outcomes? A collaborative systematic review of the randomized trials. Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration. Stroke. 1997;28:2139-2144.
53. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002:CD000197.
54. Ma RH, Wang YJ, Zhao XQ, Wang CX, Yang ZH, Qu H. [The impact of stroke unit on early outcome of cerebral infarction patients]. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2004;43:183-185.
55. Oppenheimer SM, Cechetto DF, Hachinski VC. Cerebrogenic cardiac arrhythmias: cerebral electrocardiographic influences and their role in sudden death. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:513-519.
56. LaMonte MP, Bahouth MN, Hu P, Pathan MY, Yarbrough KL, Gunawardane R, Crarey P, Page W. Telemedicine for acute stroke: triumphs and pitfalls. Stroke. 2003;34:725-728.
57. Rymer MM, Thurtchley D, Summers D. Expanded modes of tissue plasminogen activator delivery in a comprehensive stroke center increases regional acute stroke interventions. Stroke. 2003;34:e58-e60.
58. Audebert HJ, Kukla C, Clarmann von Claranau S, Kuhn J, Vatankhah B, Schenkel J, Ickenstein GW, Haberl RL, Horn M. Telemedicine for safe and extended use of thrombolysis in stroke: the Telemedic Pilot Project for Integrative Stroke Care (TEMPiS) in Bavaria. Stroke. 2005;36:287-291.
59. Connors JJ III, Sacks D, Furlan AJ, Selman WR, Russell EJ, Stieg PE, Hadley MN. Training, competency, and credentialing standards for diagnostic cervicocerebral angiography, carotid stenting, and cerebrovascular intervention: a joint statement from the American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, AANS/CNS Cerebrovascular Section, and Society of Interventional Radiology. Radiology. 2005;234:26-34.
60. Schriger DL, Kalafut M, Starkman S, Krueger M, Saver JL. Cranial computed tomography interpretation in acute stroke: physician accuracy in determining eligibility for thrombolytic therapy. JAMA. 1998;279:1293-1297.
61. Hill MD, Buchan AM. Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: results of the Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study. Canadian Alteplase for Stroke Effectiveness Study (CASES) Investigators. CMAJ. 2005;172:1307-1312.
62. Graham GD. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke in clinical practice: a meta-analysis of safety data. Stroke. 2003;34:2847-2850.
63. Heuschmann PU, Berger K, Misselwitz B, Hermanek P, Leffmann C, Adelmann M, Buecker-Nott HJ, Rother J, Neundoerfer B, Kolominsky-Rabas PL. Frequency of thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute ischemic stroke and the risk of in-hospital mortality: the German Stroke Registers Study Group. Stroke. 2003;34:1106-1113.
64. Kwiatkowski TG, Libman RB, Frankel M, Tilley BC, Morgenstern LB, Lu M, Broderick JP, Lewandowski CA, Marler JR, Levine SR, Brott T. Effects of tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke at one year. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1781-1787.
65. Ingall TJ, O'Fallon WM, Asplund K, Goldfrank LR, Hertzberg VS, Louis TA, Christianson TJ. Findings from the reanalysis of the NINDS tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke treatment trial. Stroke. 2004;35:2418-2424.
66. Wardlaw JM, Zoppo G, Yamaguchi T, Berge E. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD000213.
67. Marler JR, Tilley BC, Lu M, Brott TG, Lyden PC, Grotta JC, Broderick JP, Levine SR, Frankel MP, Horowitz SH, Haley EC Jr, Lewandowski CA, Kwiatkowski TP. Early stroke treatment associated with better outcome: the NINDS rt-PA stroke study. Neurology. 2000;55:1649-1655.
68. Mann J. Truths about the NINDS study: setting the record straight. West J Med. 2002;176:192-194.
69. Lindley RI. Further randomized controlled trials of tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours are required. Stroke. 2001;32:2708-2709.
70. Kwiatkowski T, Libman R, Tilley BC, Lewandowski C, Grotta JC, Lyden P, Levine SR, Brott T. The impact of imbalances in baseline stroke severity on outcome in the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator Stroke Study. Ann Emerg Med. 2005;45:377-384.
71. Katzan IL, Furlan AJ, Lloyd LE, Frank JI, Harper DL, Hinchey JA, Hammel JP, Qu A, Sila CA. Use of tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: the Cleveland area experience. JAMA. 2000;283:1151-1158.
72. Bravata DM, Kim N, Concato J, Krumholz HM, Brass LM. Thrombolysis for acute stroke in routine clinical practice. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1994-2001.
73. Lopez-Yunez AM, Bruno A, Williams LS, Yilmaz E, Zurru C, Biller J. Protocol violations in community-based rTPA stroke treatment are associated with symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001;32:12-16.
74. Asimos AW, Norton HJ, Price MF, Cheek WM. Therapeutic yield and outcomes of a community teaching hospital code stroke protocol. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:361-370.
75. Katzan IL, Hammer MD, Furlan AJ, Hixson ED, Nadzam DM. Quality improvement and tissue-type plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: a Cleveland update. Stroke. 2003;34:799-800.
76. Lattimore SU, Chalela J, Davis L, DeGraba T, Ezzeddine M, Haymore J, Nyquist P, Baird AE, Hallenbeck J, Warach S. Impact of establishing a primary stroke center at a community hospital on the use of thrombolytic therapy: the NINDS Suburban Hospital Stroke Center experience. Stroke. 2003;34:e55-e57.
77. Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, Gent M, Rowley H, Kase C, Pessin M, Ahuja A, Callahan F, Clark WM, Silver F, Rivera F. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke: the PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism. JAMA. 1999;282:2003-2011.
78. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial recanalization for acute ischemic stroke: the Interventional Management of Stroke Study. Stroke. 2004;35:904-911.
79. Suarez JI, Sunshine JL, Tarr R, Zaidat O, Selman WR, Kernich C, Landis DM. Predictors of clinical improvement, angiographic recanalization, and intracranial hemorrhage after intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999;30:2094-2100.
80. Gonner F, Remonda L, Mattle H, Sturzenegger M, Ozdoba C, Lovblad KO, Baumgartner R, Bassetti C, Schroth G. Local intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1998;29:1894-1900.
81. Suarez JI, Zaidat OO, Sunshine JL, Tarr R, Selman WR, Landis DM. Endovascular administration after intravenous infusion of thrombolytic agents for the treatment of patients with acute ischemic strokes. Neurosurgery. 2002;50:251-259; discussion 259-260.
82. Ernst R, Pancioli A, Tomsick T, Kissela B, Woo D, Kanter D, Jauch E, Carrozzella J, Spilker J, Broderick J. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2000;31:2552-2557.
83. Bourekas EC, Slivka AP, Shah R, Sunshine J, Suarez JI. Intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy within 3 hours of the onset of stroke. Neurosurgery. 2004;54:39-44; discussion 44-46.
84. Keris V, Rudnicka S, Vorona V, Enina G, Tilgale B, Fricbergs J. Combined intra-arterial/intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:352-358.
85. Ueda T, Sakaki S, Kumon Y, Ohta S. Multivariable analysis of predictive factors related to outcome at 6 months after intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1999;30:2360-2365.
86. Jahan R, Duckwiler GR, Kidwell CS, Sayre JW, Gobin YP, Villablanca JP, Saver J, Starkman S, Martin N, Vinuela F. Intra-arterial thrombolysis for treatment of acute stroke: experience in 26 patients with long-term follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:1291-1299.
87. Alvarez-Sabin J, Molina CA, Montaner J, Arenillas JF, Huertas R, Ribo M, Codina A, Quintana M. Effects of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome in reperfused tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients. Stroke. 2003;34:1235-1241.
88. Baird TA, Parsons MW, Phanh T, Butcher KS, Desmond PM, Tress BM, Colman PG, Chambers BR, Davis SM. Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke. 2003;34:2208-2214.
89. Parsons MW, Barber PA, Desmond PM, Baird TA, Darby DG, Byrnes G, Tress BM, Davis SM. Acute hyperglycemia adversely affects stroke outcome: a magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study. Ann Neurol. 2002;52:20-28.
90. Capes SE, Hunt D, Malmberg K, Pathak P, Gerstein HC. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke. 2001;32:2426-2432.
91. Bhalla A, Sankaralingam S, Tilling K, Swaminathan R, Wolfe C, Rudd A. Effect of acute glycaemic index on clinical outcome after acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2002;13:95-101.
92. Bruno A, Biller J, Adams HP Jr, Clarke WR, Woolson RF, Williams LS, Hansen MD. Acute blood glucose level and outcome from ischemic stroke. Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators. Neurology. 1999;52:280-284.
93. Celik Y, Utku U, Asil T, Balci K. Factors affecting haemorrhagic transformation in middle cerebral artery infarctions. J Clin Neurosci. 2004;11:656-658.
94. Williams LS, Rotich J, Qi R, Fineberg N, Espay A, Bruno A, Fineberg SE, Tierney WR. Effects of admission hyperglycemia on mortality and costs in acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2002;59:67-71.
95. Scott JF, Robinson GM, French JM, O'Connell JE, Alberti KG, Gray CS. Glucose potassium insulin infusions in the treatment of acute stroke patients with mild to moderate hyperglycemia: the Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST). Stroke. 1999;30:793-799.
96. Gray CS, Hildreth AJ, Alberti GK, O'Connell JE. Poststroke hyperglycemia: natural history and immediate management. Stroke. 2004;35:122-126.
97. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weckers F, Verwaest C, Bruyninckx F, Schetz M, Vlasselaers D, Ferdinande P, Lauwers P, Bouillon R. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1359-1367.
98. Adams HJ, Brott T, Crowell R, Furlan A, Gomez C, Grotta J, Helgason C, Marler J, Woolson R, Zivin J, Feinberg W, Mayberg M. Guidelines for the management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke. 1994;25:1901-1914.
99. Hajat C, Hajat S, Sharma P. Effects of poststroke pyrexia on stroke outcome: a meta-analysis of studies in patients. Stroke. 2000;31:410-414.
100. Azzimondi G, Bassein L, Nonino F, Fiorani L, Vignatelli L, Re G, D'Alessandro R. Fever in acute stroke worsens prognosis: a prospective study. Stroke. 1995;26:2040-2043.
101. Reith J, Jorgensen HS, Pedersen PM, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Jeppesen LL, Olsen TS. Body temperature in acute stroke: relation to stroke severity, infarct size, mortality, and outcome. Lancet. 1996;347:422-425.
102. Boyson G, Christenson H. Stroke severity determines body temperature in acute stroke. Stroke. 2001;32:413-417.
103. De Georgia MA, Krieger DW, Abou-Chebl A, Devlin TG, Jauss M, Davis SM, Koroshetz WJ, Rordorf G, Warach S. Cooling for Acute Ischemic Brain Damage (COOL AID): a feasibility trial of endovascular cooling. Neurology. 2004;63:312-317.
104. Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Aschoff A, Schwab S. Hemicraniectomy and moderate hypothermia in patients with severe ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2002;33:1584-1588.
105. Georgiadis D, Schwarz S, Kollmar R, Schwab S. Endovascular cooling for moderate hypothermia in patients with acute stroke: first results of a novel approach. Stroke. 2001;32:2550-2553.
106. Wang H, Olivero W, Lanzino G, Elkins W, Rose J, Honings D, Rodde M, Burnham J, Wang D. Rapid and selective cerebral hypothermia achieved using a cooling helmet. J Neurosurg. 2004;100:272-277.
107. Schwab S, Schwarz S, Spranger M, Keller E, Bertram M, Hacke W. Moderate hypothermia in the treatment of patients with severe middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke. 1998;29:2461-2466.
108. Schwab S, Georgiadis D, Berrouschot J, Schellinger PD, Graffagnino C, Mayer SA. Feasibility and safety of moderate hypothermia after massive hemispheric infarction. Stroke. 2001;32:2033-2035.
109. Kammersgaard LP, Rasmussen BH, Jorgensen HS, Reith J, Weber U, Olsen TS. Feasibility and safety of inducing modest hypothermia in awake patients with acute stroke through surface cooling: a case-control study: the Copenhagen Stroke Study. Stroke. 2000;31:2251-2556.
110. Knoll T, Wimmer ML, Gumpinger F, Haberl RL. The low normothermia concept - maintaining a core body temperature between 36 and 37 degrees C in acute stroke unit patients. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2002;14:304-308.
111. Krieger DW, De Georgia MA, Abou-Chebl A, Andrefsky JC, Sila CA, Katzan IL, Mayberg MR, Furlan AJ. Cooling for acute ischemic brain damage (COOL AID): an open pilot study of induced hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2001;32:1847-1854.
112. Hypothermia After Cardiac Arrest Study Group. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:549-556.
113. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, Smith K. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:557-563.