From neuroscience to application in neuropharmacology: A generation of progress in electrophysiology

Clinical EEG and Neuroscience

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2006, Pages 121-134

  Carozzo, S ^a   Fornaro, S ^a   Garbarino, S ^a   Saturno, M ^a   Sannita, Walter G ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^b STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Electroencephalography; Event related Potentials; Gamma Band; Individual Differences; Neurotransmitters; Pharmaco EEG; Synchronization

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; AMMONIA; ANESTHETIC AGENT; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; BICUCULLINE; CARBAMAZEPINE; CHLORPROMAZINE; CORTICOTROPIN; ESTROGEN; FLUPHENAZINE; GLUCOCORTICOID; GLUCOSE; HALOPERIDOL; HALOTHANE; HORMONE; METHAMPHETAMINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NEUROTRANSMITTER; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; POTASSIUM; PSYCHOSTIMULANT AGENT; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; URETHAN; VALPROIC ACID; VIGABATRIN;

ACID BASE BALANCE; AUDITORY STIMULATION; BRAIN BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; BRAIN METABOLISM; CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION; CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM; CORTICAL SYNCHRONIZATION; DRUG CLASSIFICATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MONITORING; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; GAMMA RHYTHM; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MODEL; NERVE CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROPHARMACOLOGY; NEUROSCIENCE; NEUROTRANSMISSION; NONHUMAN; OSCILLATION; OXYGEN TENSION; PHARMACOELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; PHARMACOKINETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA; REVIEW; SOMATOSENSORY STIMULATION; SPIKE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; VISION;

EID: 33646595318     PISSN: 00099155     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/155005940603700209     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. Nunez PL. Generation of human EEG by a combination of long and short range neocortical interactions. Brain Topogr 1989; 1: 199-215.
2. Nunez PL. Neocortical dynamics of macroscopic-scale EEG measurements. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag 1998; 17: 110-117.
3. Nunez PL, Wingeier BM, Silberstein RB. Spatial-temporal structures of human alpha rhythms: theory, microcurrent sources, multiscale measurements, and global binding of local networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2001; 13: 125-164.
4. Rulkov NF, Timofeev I, Bazhenov M. Oscillations in large-scale cortical networks: map-based model. J Comput Neurosci 2004; 17(2): 203-123.
5. Gevins AS, Morgan NH, Bressler SL, Cutillo BA, White RM, Illles J, et al. Human neuroelectric patterns predict performance accuracy. Science 1987; 235(4788): 580-585.
6. Gevins A, Leong H, Smith ME, Le J, Du R. Mapping cognitive brain function with modern high-resolution electroencephalography. Trends Neurosci 1995; 18(10): 429-436.
7. Fink M. Psychoactive drugs and the waking EEG 1966-1976. In: Lipton MA, DiMascio A, Killam KF, (eds). Psychopharmacology, A Generation of Progress. New York: Raven Press; 1978: 691-698.
8. Itil TM. (ed). Psychotropic Drugs and the Human EEG. Basel: Karger; 1974.
9. Saletu B. Psychopharmaka, Gehirntatigkeit und Schlaf. Basel: Karger; 1976.
10. Shagass C, Straumanis JJ. Drugs and human sensory evoked potentials. In: Lipton MA, DiMascio A, Killam KF, (eds). Psychopharmacology: A Generation of Progress. New York: Raven Press; 1978: 699-709.
11. Herrmann WM. (ed). Electroencephalography in Drug Research. Stuttgart: G Fischer; 1982.
12. Salmeron BJ, Stein EA. Pharmacological applications of magnetic resonance imaging. Psychopharmacol Bull 2002; 36(1): 102-129.
13. Kahkonen S, Ilmoniemi RJ. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: applications for neuropsychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2004; 18(2): 257-261.
14. Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kivisaari R, Pekkonen E, Ilmoniemi RJ, Kahkonen S. Enhancement of GABA-related signalling is associated with increase of functional connectivity in human cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2004; 22(1): 27-39.
15. Fingelkurts AA, Fingelkurts AA, Kivisaari R, Pekkonen E, Ilmoniemi RJ, Kahkonen S. The interplay of lorazepam-induced brain oscillations: microstructural electromagnetic study. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115(3): 674-690.
16. Celesia GG. Jasper HH. Acetylcholine release from cerebral cortex in relation to state of activation. Neurology 1966; 16: 1053-1063.
17. Semba K, Fibiger HC. Organization of central cholinergic systems. Prog Brain Res 1989; 79: 37-63.
18. Metherate R, Cox CL, Ashe JH. Cellular bases of neocortical activation: modulation of neural oscillations by the nucleus basalis and endogenous acetylcholine. J Neurosci 1992; 12: 4701-4711.
19. Douglas CL, Baghdoyan HA, Lydie R. Prefrontal cortex acetylcholine release, EEG slow waves, and spindles are modulated by M2 autoreceptors in C57BL/6J mouse. J Neurophysiol 2002; 87(6): 2817-2822.
20. Jones BE. Activity, modulation and role of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons innervating the cerebral cortex. Prog Brain Res 2004; 145: 157-169.
21. Stewart DJ, MacFabe DF, Vanderwolf CH. Cholinergic activation of the electrocorticogram: role of the substantia innominate and effects of atropine and quinuclidinyl benzilate. Brain Res 1984; 322: 219-232.
22. Sannita WG, Maggi L, Rosadini G. Effects of scopolamine (0.25-0.75 mg im) on the quantitative EEG and the neuropsychological status of healthy volunteers. Neuropsychobiology 1987; 17: 199-205.
23. Willner P. (ed). Animal Models in Psychopharmacology. Cambridge University Press; 1991.
24. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115(7): 1490-1505.
25. Lapchak PA. Nerve growth factor pharmacology: application to the treatment of cholinergic neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 1993; 124(1): 16-20.
26. Reeves RR, Struve FA, Patrick G. The effects of donepezil on quantitative EEG in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Clin Electroencephalogr 2002; 33(2): 93-96.
27. Dringenberg HC, Vanderwolf CH. Neocortical activation: modulation by multiple pathways acting on central cholinergic and serotonergic systems. Exp Brain Res 1997; 116(1): 160-174.
28. Dringenberg HC, Vanderwolf CH, Noseworthy PA. Superior colliculus stimulation enhances neocortical serotonin release and electrocorticographic activation in the urethane-anesthetized rat. Brain Res 2003; 964(1): 31-41.
29. Philippu A, Prast H. Importance of histamine in modulatory processes, locomotion and memory. Behav Brain Res 2001; 124: 151-159.
30. Fournier GN, Materi LM, Semba K, Rasmusson DD. Cortical acetylcholine release and electroencephalogram activation evoked by ionotropic glutamate receptor agonists in the rat basal forebrain. Neuroscience 2004; 123(3): 785-792.
31. Douglas CL, Demarco GJ, Baghdoyan HA, Lydie R. Pontine and basal forebrain cholinergic interaction: implications for sleep and breathing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2004; 143: 251-262.
32. van Lier H, Drinkenburg WH, van Eeten YJ, Coenen AM. Effects of diazepam and zolpidem on EEG beta frequencies are behavior-specific in rats. Neuropharmacology 2004; 47(2): 163-174.
33. Klausberger T, Magill PJ, Marton LF, Roberts JD, Cobden PM, Buzsaki G, Somogyi P. Brain-state- and cell-type-specific firing of hippocampal interneurons in vivo. Nature 2003; 421 (6925): 797-799.
34. Reynolds DS, Rosahl TW, Cirone J, O'Meara GF, Haythornthwaite A, Newman RJ, et al. Sedation and anesthesia mediated by distinct GABA(A) receptor isoforms. J Neurosci 2003; 23(24): 8608-8617.
35. Visser SA, Wolters FL, van der Graaf PH, Peletier LA, Danhof M. Dose-dependent EEG effects of zolpidem provide evidence for GABA(A) receptor subtype selectivity in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 304(3): 1251-1257.
36. Lopes da Silva F. Pharmaco-EEG: from cellular to the network level: EEG beta spectral power as a biomarker for GABAergic inhibition and its role in the assessment of AEDs. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2002; 24 (suppl D):3.
37. Fibiger HC. Cholinergic mechanisms in learning, memory and dementia: a review of recent evidence. Trends Neurosci 1991; 14: 220-223.
38. Sarter MF, Bruno JP. Cognitive functions of cortical ACh: lessons from studies on trans-synaptic modulation of activated efflux. Trends Neurosci 1994; 17: 217-221.
39. Mesulam MM. Structure and function of cholinergic pathways in the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, and thalamus of the human brain. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ, (eds). Psychopharmacology: the Fourth Generation of Progress. New York: Raven Press; 1995:135-146.
40. Nobili L, Sannita WG. Cholinergic modulation, visual function and Alzheimer's dementia. Vision Res 1997; 37: 3559-357 J.
41. Villa AE, Tetko IV, Dutoit P, Vantini G. Non-linear cortico-cortical interactions modulated by cholinergic afferences from the rat basal forebrain. Biosystems 2000; 58: 219-228.
42. Ego-Stengel V, Shulz DE, Haidarliu S, Sosnik R, Ahissar E. Acetylcholine-dependent induction and expression of functional plasticity in the barrel cortex of the adult rat. J Neurophysiol 2001; 86(1): 422-437.
43. Steriade M, Amzica F, Nunez A. Cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation of the slow (approximately 0.3 Mz) oscillation in neocortical cells. J Neurophysiol 1993; 70: 1385-4000.
44. Dringenberg HC, Vanderwolf CH. Involvement of direct and indirect pathways in electrocorticographic activation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1998; 22(2): 243-257.
45. Dringenberg HC, Rubenstein ML, Solty H, Tomaszek S, Bruce A. Electroencephalographic activation by tacrine, deprenyl, and quipazine: cholinergic vs. non-cholinergic contributions. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 447: 43-50.
46. Itil TM. (ed). Psychotropic Drugs and the Human EEG. Basel: Karger; 1974.
47. Galambos R, Hillyard S. Electrophysiological approaches to human cognitive processing. Neurosci Res Prog Bull 1981; 20: 141-265.
48. Sherwin I. Differential action of diazepam on evoked cerebral responses. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1971; 30(5): 445-452.
49. Kraut MA, Arezzo JC, Vaughan HG Jr. Inhibitory processes in the flash evoked potential of the monkey. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1990; 76: 440-452.
50. Cracco RQ, Bodis-Wollner I. (eds). Evoked Potentials. New York: Alan R. Liss Inc.; 1986.
51. Arakawa K, Peachey NS, Celesia GG, Rubboli G. Component-specific effects of physostigmine on the cat visual evoked potential. Exp Brain Res 1993; 95: 271-276.
52. Bolz J, Gilbert CD, Wiesel TN. Pharmacological analysis of cortical circuitry. Trends Neurosci 1989; 8: 292-296.
53. Sannita WG. Stimulus-related evoked potentials, from basic science to clinical neuropharmacology. In: Barber C, (ed). Functional Neurosciences. (Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol suppl 46). Amsterdam: Elsevier Sciences BV; 1996; 96-106.
54. Sannita WG, Balestra V, Di Bon G, Marotta V, Rosadini G. Human flash-VEP and quantitative EEG are independently affected by acute scopolamine. Electroncephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993; 86: 275-282.
55. Huttunen J, Jaaskelainen IP, Hirvonen J, Kaakkola S, llmoniemi RJ, Pekkonen E. Scopolamine reduces the P35m and P60m deflections of the human somatosensory evoked magnetic fields. NeuroReport 2001; 12(3): 619-623.
56. Huttunen J, Kahkonen S, Kaakkola S, Ahveninen J, Pekkonen E. Effects of an acute D2-dopaminergic blockade on the somatosensory cortical responses in healthy humans: evidence from evoked magnetic fields. NeuroReport 2003; 14(12): 1609-1612.
57. Dancause N, Dykes RW, Miasnikov AA, Agueev V. Atropine-sensitive and -insensitive components of the somatosensory evoked potential. Brain Res 2001; 910(1-2): 67-73.
58. Rossini PM, Babiloni F, Bernard: G, Cecchi L, Johnson PB, Malentacca A, et al. Abnormalities of short-latency evoked potentials in parkinsonian patients. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989; 74: 277-289.
59. Staba RJ, Bergmann PC, Barth DS. Dissociation of slow waves and fast oscillations above 200 Mz during GABA application in rat somatosensory cortex. J Physiol 2004; 561 (Pt 1): 205-214.
60. Restuccia D, Valeriani M, Grassi E, Mazza S, Tonali P. Dissociated changes of somatosensory evoked low-frequency scalp responses and 600 Hz bursts after single-dose administration of lorazepam. Brain Res 2002; 946(1): 1-11.
61. Peterson DO, Drummond JC, Todd MM. Effects of halothane, isoflurane and nitrous oxide on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans. Anesthesiology 1986; 65: 35-40.
62. Sebel GS, Erwin CW, Neville WK. Effects of halotane and enflurane on far and near field somatosensory evoked potentials. Br J Anaesthesia 1987; 59: 1492-1496.
63. Vandesteen A, Nogueira MC, Mavroudakis N, Defevrimont M, Brunko E, Zegers de Beyl D. Synaptic effects of halogenated anesthetics on short-latency SEP. Neurology 1991; 41 (6): 913-918.
64. Vandesteen A, Mavroudakis N, Defevrimont M, Brunko E, Zegers de Beyl D. Topographic analysis of the effects of isoflurane anesthesia on SEP. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1993; 88: 77-81.
65. Nogueira MC, Brunko E, Vandersteene A, Derood M, Zegers de Beyl D. Differential effects of isoflurane on SEP recorded over parietal and frontal scalp. Neurology 1989; 39: 1210-1215.
66. Mavroudakis N, Vandersteen A, Brunko E, Defevrimont M, Zegers de Beyl D. Spinal and brain-stem SEP and H reflex during enflurane anesthesia. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 92: 82-85.
67. Detsch O, Kochs E, Siemers M, Bromm B, Vahle-Hinz C. Differential effects of isoflurane on excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to thalamic neurones in vivo. Br J Anaesth 2002; 89(2): 294-300,
68. Kawamoto T, Shingu K, Mori K. Effects of nitrous oxide on the somatosensory evoked response in cats. J Anesth 1990; 4(1): 51-60.
69. Freye E, Bruckner J, Latasch L. No difference in electroencephalographic power spectra or sensory-evoked potentials in patients anaesthetized with desflurane or sevoflurane. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2004; 21(5): 373-378.
70. Logginidou HG, Li BH, Li DP, Lohmann JS, Schuler HG, Di Vittore NA, et al. Propofol suppresses the cortical somatosensory evoked potential in rats. Anesth Analg 2003; 97(6): 1784-1788.
71. Ghaly RF, Ham JH, Lee JJ. High-dose ketamine hydrochloride maintains somatosensory and magnetic motor evoked potentials in primates. Neurol Res 2001; 23(8): 881-886.
72. Mavroudakis N, Brunko E, Nogueira MC, Zegers de Beyl D. Acute effect of diphenylhydantoin on peripheral and central somatosensory conduction. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 78: 263-266.
73. Chu NS, Squires KC, Starr A. Auditory evoked potentials in chronic alcohol intoxication and alcohol withdrawal. Arch Neurol 1978; 35: 596-602.
74. Squires KC, Chu NS, Starr A. Acute effects of alcohol on auditory brainstem potentials in humans. Science 1978; 201: 174-176.
75. Stockard JJ, Sharbrough FW, Tinker JA. Effects of hypothermia on the human brainstem auditory response. Ann Neurol 1978; 3: 368-370.
76. Shapiro SM, MØller AR, Shiu CK. Brain-stem auditory evoked potentials in rat with high-dose pentobarbital. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1984; 58: 266-276.
77. Sutton LN, Frewer JT, Marsh R, Jaggi J, Bruce DA. The effect of deep barbiturate coma on multimodality evoked potentials. J Neurosurg 1982; 57: 178-185.
78. Church MW, Shucard DW. Pentobarbital-induced changes in the mouse brainstem auditory evoked potential as a function of click repetition and time postdrug. Brain Res 1987; 403: 72-82.
79. Church MW, Gritzke R. Effects of ketamine anesthesia on the rat brainstem auditory evoked potential as a function of dose and stimulus intensity. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1987; 67: 570-583.
80. Sohmer H, Goitein K. Auditory brain-stem (ABP) and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) in an animal model of a synaptic lesion: elevated plasma barbiturate levels. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1988; 71: 382-388.
81. Thornton C, Heneghan CPH, James MFM, Jones JG. The effects of halothane and enflurane anesthesia on the early auditory evoked potentials in human. In: Nodar RH, Barber C, (eds). Evoked Potentials II. Boston: Butterworth; 1984; 483-489.
82. Janssen R, Heltzler BE, Creason JP, Dyer RS. Differential impact of hypothermia and pentobarbital on brain-stem auditory evoked responses. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 80: 412-421.
83. Kahkonen S, Marttinen Rossi E, Yamashita H. Alcohol Impairs auditory processing of frequency changes and novel sounds: a combined MEG and EEG study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 177(4): 366-372.
84. Yaari Y, Pincus JH, Argov Z. Depression of synaptic transmission by diphenilhydantoin. Ann Neurol 1977; 1: 334-338.
85. Green JB, Walcoff M, Lucke JF. Phenytoin prolongs far-field somatosensory and auditory evoked potential interpeak latencies. Neurology 1982; 32: 85-88.
86. Hirose G, Kitagawa Y, Chujo T, Oda R, Kataoka S. Takado M. Acute effects of phenytoin on brainstem auditory evoked potentials: clinical and experimental study. Neurology 1986; 36:1521-1524.
87. Ashkenazi A, Freeman S, Argov Z. Effects of cholinergic blockers on auditory brain-stem evoked potentials in rats. J Neurol Sci 1999; 164(2): 124-128.
88. Harkrider AW, Champlin CA. Acute effect of nicotine on non-smokers. III. LLRs and EEGs. Hear Res 2001; 160(1-2): 99-110.
89. Born J, Schwab R, Pietrowsky R, Pauschinger P, Fehm HL. Glucocorticoid influences on the auditory brain-stem responses in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1989; 74: 209-216.
90. Bodis-Wollner I. Visual deficits related to dopamine deficiency in experimental animals and Parkinson's disease patients. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13: 96-102.
91. Bodis-Wollner I. Neuropsychological and perceptual defects in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2003; 9: 83-89.
92. Sannita WG. Neuropsychiatric drug effects on the visual nervous system. In: Heckenlively JR, Arden G. (eds). Principles and Practice of Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision. Chicago: Mosby Year Book; 1991; 167-173.
93. Sannita WG. Cholinergic transmission and electrophysiological investigation of the human visual system. In: Karmos, G, Molnar M, Csepe V, Czigler I, Desmedt JE, (eds). Perspectives of Event-Related Potentials Research. (Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol suppl 44), Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1995; 156-160.
94. Ehinger B. Glutamate as a retinal neurotransmitter. In: Weiler R, Osborne NN, (eds). Neurobiology of the Inner Retina. NATOASI Series. Berlin: Springer; 1987: 1-14.
95. Naarendorf F, Sieving PA. The scotopic threshold response of the cat ERG is suppressed selectively by GABA and glycine. Vision Res 1991; 31: 1-15.
96. Rodieck RW. The First Steps in Seeing. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Inc. Publishers; 1998.
97. Jurklies B, Kaelin-Land A, Niemeyer G. Cholinergic effects on cat retina in vitro: changes in rod- and cone-driven b-wave and optic nerve response. Vision Res 1996; 36: 797-816.
98. Sato H, Hata J, Masui H, Tsumoto T. A functional role of Cholinergic innervation to neurons in the cat visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 1987; 58: 765-780.
99. Sato H, Hata J, Hagihara K, Tsumoto T. Effects of Cholinergic depletion on neuron activities in the cat visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 1987; 58: 781-794.
100. Zemon V, Kaplan F, Ratliff F. Bicuculline enchances a negative component and diminishes a positive component of the visual evoked cortical potential in the cat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 7476-7478.
101. Müller CM, Singer W. Acetylcholine-induced inhibition in the cat visual cortex is mediated by a GABAergic mechanism. Brain Res 1989; 487: 335-342.
102. Wright CE, Drasdo N, Harding GFA. Pathology of the optic nerve and visual association areas: information given by the flash and pattern visual evoked potential, and the temporal and spatial contrast sensitivity function. Brain 1987; 110: 107-120.
103. Fitzpatrick D, Raezkowski D. The localization of neurotransmitters in the geniculostriate pathway. In: Dreher B, Robinson SR, (eds). Neuroanatomy of the Visual Pathways and Their Development. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1991: 278-301.
104. Beelke M, Sannita WG. Cholinergic function and dysfunction in the visual system. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2002; 24: 113-117.
105. Giersch A, Herzog MH. Lorazepam strongly prolongs visual information processing. Neuropsychopharmacology 2004; 29(7): 1386-1394.
106. A circuits for visual cortical plasticity. Science 2004; 303(5664): 1681-1683.
107. Hilton EJ, Hosking SL, Betts T. The effect of antiepileptic drugs on visual performance. Seizure 2004; 13(2): 113-128.
108. Ferster D. Neuroscience: blocking plasticity in the visual cortex. Science 2004; 303(5664): 1619-1621.
109. Ozeki H, Sadakane O, Akasaki T, Naito T, Shimegi S, Sato H. Relationship between excitation and inhibition underlying size tuning and contextual response modulation in the cat primary visual cortex. Neuroscience 2004; 24(6): 1428-1438.
110. Llinás RR. The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function. Science 1988; 242: 1654-1664.
111. Bressler SL. The gamma wave: a cortical information carrier. Trends Neurosci 1990; 13: 161-162.
112. Basar E, Bullock T, (eds). Induced Rhythmicities in the Brain. Boston: Burkheuser; 1992.
113. Engel AK, König P, Kreiter AK, Schulen TB, Singer W. Temporal coding in the visual cortex: new vistas on integration in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 1992; 15: 218-226.
114. Singer W. Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning. Annu Rev Physiol 1993; 55: 349-374.
115. Pantev C, Elbert T, Lütkenhöner B, (eds). Oscillatory Event-Related Brain Dynamics. NATO ASI Series A: Life Sciences. New York: Plenum Press; 1994; 271: 468 pp.
116. Sannita WG. Stimulus-specific oscillatory events of the brain: a time- and frequency-related coding system. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111: 565-583.
117. Sannita WG. Oscillatory responses and gamma activity. In: Celesia GG, (ed). Disorders of Visual Processing. Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology. vol 6. Daube J, Mauguiere F, (series eds). Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2005; 131-141.
118. Laurent G. Dynamical representation of odors by oscillating and evolving neural assemblies. Trends Neurosci 1996; 19: 489-496.
119. Gray CM, Singer W. Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 1698-1702.
120. Gray CM, König P, Engel AK, Singer W. Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 1989; 338: 334-336.
121. Gray CM, McCormick D. Chattering cells: superficial pyramidal neurons contributing to the generation of synchronous oscillations in the visual cortex. Science 1996; 274: 109-113.
122. Jefferys GR, Traub RD, Whittington MA. Neuronal networks for induced "40 Hz" rhythms. Trends Neurosci 1996; 19:202-208.
123. Traub RD, Jefferys JGR, Whittington MA. Fast Oscillations in Cortical Circuits. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; 1999.
124. Fisher Y, Durr R. Inhibitory control of intrinsic hippocampal oscillations? Brain Res 2003; 982: 79-81.
125. Bressler SL, Freeman WJ. Frequency analysis of olfactory system in cat, rabbit and rat. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1980; 50: 19-24.
126. Galambos R, Makeig S, Talmachoff PJA. 40 Hz auditory potential recorded from the human scalp. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 2643-2647.
127. Pantev C, Makeig S, Hoke M, Galambos R, Hampson S, Gallen C. Human auditory evoked gamma-band magnetic fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88(20): 8996-9000.
128. Pantev C. Evoked and induced gamma-band activity of the human cortex. Brain Topogr 1995; 7(4): 321-330.
129. Sannita WG, Lopez L, Piras C, Di Bon G. Scalp-recorded oscillatory potentials evoked by transient pattern-reversal stimulation in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1995; 96: 206-218.
130. Sannita WG, Conforto S, Lopez L, Narici L. Synchronized ∼15.0-35.0 Hz oscillatory responses to spatially modulated visual patterns in man. Neuroscience 1999; 89: 619-623.
131. Sannita WG, Bandini F, Beelke M, Carozzo S, Gesino D, Mazzella L, et al. Time dynamics and stimulus- and event-related gamma band activity: contrast-VEPs and the visual P300 in man. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112: 2241-2249.
132. Tzelepi A, Bezerianos T, Bodis-Wollner I. Functional properties of sub-bands of oscillatory brain waves to pattern visual stimulation in man. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 111: 259-269.
133. Jensen O, Hari R, Kaila K. Visually evoked gamma responses in the human brain are enhanced during voluntary hyperventilation. Neuroimage 2002; 15(3): 575-586.
134. Narici L, Carozzo S, Lopez L, Ogliastro C, Sannita WG. Phase-locked oscillatory -15-30 Hz response to transient visual contrast stimulation: neuromagnetic evidence for cortical origin in human. Neuroimage 2003; 19: 950-958.
135. Carozzo S, De Carli F, Beelke M, Saturno M, Garbarono S, Martello C, Sannita WG. Factor structure of the human gamma band oscillatory response to visual (contrast) stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2004; 115: 1669-1676.
136. Sannita WG, Loizzo A, Garbarino S, Gesino D, Massimilla S, Ogliastro C. Adrenocorticotropin-related modulation of the human EEG and individual variability. Neuroscience Lett 1999; 262: 147-150.
137. Tallon-Baudry C, Bertrand O, Delpuech C, Pernier J. Stimulus specificity of phase-locked and non-phase-locked 40 Hz visual responses in human. J Neurosci 1996; 16: 4240-4249.
138. Singer W, Gray CM. Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis. Annu Rev Neurosci 1995; 18: 555-586.
139. Gray CM, Freeman WJ. Skinner JE. Chemical dependencies of learning in the rabbit olfactory bulb: acquisition of the transient spatial pattern change depends on norepinephrine. Behav Neurosci 1986; 100: 585-596.
140. Stopfer M, Bhagavan S, Smith BH, Laurent G. Impaired odour discrimination on desynchronization of odour-encoding neural assemblies. Nature 1997; 390: 70-74.
141. Kulli J, Koch C. Does anesthesia cause loss of consciousness? Trend Neurosci 1991; 14: 6-10.
142. Schwender D, Klasing S, Madler C, Pöppel E, Peter K. Midlatency auditory evoked potentials and purposeful movements after thiopentone bolus injection. Anaesthesia 1994; 49: 99-104.
143. Beelke M, Canovaro P, Sannita WG. Neuromodulation of the brain gamma band oscillatory systems. In: Reisen R, Newer M, Hallet M, Medina C, (eds). Advances in Clinical Neurophysiology; (Clin Neurophysiol suppl 54) 2001: 451-456.
144. Steriade M, Paré D, Datta S, Oakson G, Curró-Dossi R. Different cellular types in mesopontine cholinergic nuclei related to ponto-geniculo-occipital waves. J Neurosci 1990; 10: 2560-2579.
145. Steriade M, Curro-Dossi R, Paré D, Oakson G. Fast oscillations (20-40 Hz) in thalamocortical systems and their potentiation by mesopontine cholinergic nuclei in the cat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88: 4396-4400.
146. Curro-Dossi R, Pare D, Steriade M. Short-lasting nicotinic and long-lasting muscarinic depolarizing responses of thalamocortical neurons to stimulation of mesopontine cholinergic nuclei. J Neurophysiol 1991; 65: 393-406.
147. Munk MHJ, Roelfsema PR, König P, Engel AK, Singer W. Role of reticular activation in the modulation of intracortical synchronization. Science 1996; 272: 271-274.
148. Wachtmeister L. Basic research and clinical aspects of the oscillatory potentials of the electroretinogram. Doc Ophthalmol 1987; 66: 187-194.
149. Cracco RQ, Cracco JB. Visual evoked potentials in man: early oscillatory potentials. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1978; 45: 731-739.
150. Schroeder CE, Tenke CE, Givre SJ. Subcortical contributions to the surface recorded flash-VEP in the awake macaque. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1992; 84: 219-231.
151. Lopez L, Sannita WG. Magnetically recorded VEP and oscillatory potentials to luminance stimulation in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997; 104: 91-95.
152. Niemeyer G. Pharmacological effects in retinal electrophysiology. In: Heckenlively JR, Arden G, (eds). Principles and Practice of Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision. Chicago: Mosby Year Book; 1991: 151-166.
153. Sannita WG, Balestra V, Di Bon G, Gambaro M, Malfatto L, Rosadini G. Spontaneous variations of flash-electroretinogram and retinal oscillatory potentials in healthy volunteers are correlated to serum glucose. Clin Vision Sci 1993; 8: 147-158.
154. Beelke M, Carozzo S, De Carli F, Massimilla S, Nobili L, Ogliastro C, Sannita WG. Factor structure and ammonia-related modulation of the human retinal oscillatory potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 112: 344-355.
155. Curio G, Mackert BM, Burghoff M, Koetitz R, Drung D, Abraham-Fuchs K, Härer W. Localization of evoked neuromagnetic 600 Hz activity in the central somatosensory system. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 91: 483-487.
156. Hashimoto I, Mashiko T, Imada T. Somatic evoked high-frequency magnetic oscillations reflect activity of inhibitory interneurons in the human somatosensory cortex. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1996; 100: 189-203.
157. Frey KA, Koeppe RA, Mulholland GK, Jewett D, Hichwa R, Ehrenkaufer RL, et al. In vivo muscarinic cholinergic receptor imaging in human brain with [11C]scopolamine and positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1992; 12(1): 147-154.
158. Ebert U, Grossmann M, Oertel R, Gramatte T, Kirch W. Pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic modeling of the electroencephalogram effects of scopolamine in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41(1): 51-60.
159. Munari C, Talairach J, Bancaud J, Rovei V, Sanjuan E, Peschanski M, Morselli PL. Brain levels of antiepileptic drugs in man. Monogr Neural Sci 1980; 5: 213-220.
160. Munari C, Bossi L, Stoffels C, Brunet P, Bancaud J, Talairach J, Morselli PL. Cerebral concentrations of anticonvulsants in patients with epilepsy of tumoral origin (in French). Rev Electroencephalogr Neurophysiol Clin 1982; 12: 38-43.
161. Schmidt D, Löscher W. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid γ-aminobutyric acid in neurological disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1982; 45: 931-935.
162. Winer JW, Rosenwasser RH, Jimenez F. Electroencephalographic activity and serum and cerebrospinal fluid pentobarbital levels in determining the therapeutic end point during barbiturate coma. Neurosurgery 1991; 29: 739-741.
163. Jelic V, Blomberg M, Dierks T, Basun H, Shigeta M, Julin P, et al. EEG slowing and cerebrospinal fluid tau levels in patients with cognitive decline. NeuroReport 1998; 9: 157-160.
164. Lindberger M, Tomson T, Wallstedt L, Stahle L. Distribution of valproate to subdural cerebrospinal fluid, subcutaneous extracellular fluid, and plasma in humans: a microdialysis study. Epilepsia 2001; 42: 256-261.
165. Mulder C, Schoonenboom SN, Wahlund LO, Scheltens P, van Kamp GJ, Veerhuis R, et al. CSF markers related to pathogenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Transm 2002; 109: 1491-1498.
166. Kay A, Petzold A, Kerr M, Keir G, Thompson E, Nicoll J. Decreased cerebrospinal fluid apolipoprotein E after subarachnoid hemorrhage: correlation with injury severity and clinical outcome. Stroke 2003; 34: 637-642.
167. Franz G, Beer R, Kampfl A, Engelhardt K, Schmutzhard E, Ulmer H, Deisenhammer F. Amyloid beta 1-42 and tau in cerebrospinal fluid after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurology 2003; 60: 1457-1461.
168. Blom GF, Guelen PJM. The distribution of antiepileptic drugs between serum, saliva and cerebrospinal fluid. In: Gardner-Thorpe C, Janz D, Meinardi H, (eds). Antiepileptic Drug Monitoring. Tunbridge Wells: Pitman Medical Publishing; 1977: 287-297.
169. Lindberger M, Tomson T, Ohman I, Wallstedt L, Stahle L. Estimation of topiramate in subdural cerebrospinal fluid, subcutaneous extracellular fluid, and plasma: a single case microdialysis study. Epilepsia 1999; 40: 800-802.
170. Vajda FJE, Donnan GA, Phillips J, Bladin PF. Human brain, plasma and cerebrospinal fluid concentration of sodium valproate after 72 hours of therapy. Neurology 1981; 31: 486-487.
171. Oei LT, Kuys J, Lombarts AJ, Goor C, Endtz LJ. Cerebrospinal fluid glutamine levels and EEG findings in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 1979; 81: 59-63.
172. Kemali D, Maj M, Iorio G, Marciano F, Nolfe G, Galderisi S, Salvati A. Relationship between CSF noradrenaline levels, C-EEG indicators of activation and psychosis ratings in drug-free schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1985; 71: 19-24.
173. Soininen H, Riekkinen PJ, Partanen J, Helkala EL, Laulumaa V, Jolkkonen J, Reinikainen K. Cerebrospinal fluid somatostatin correlates with spectral EEG variables and with parietotemporal cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer patients. Neurosci Lett 1988; 85: 131-136.
174. Muthane UB, Satishchandra P, Subhash MN. Visual and auditory evoked potentials in early onset Parkinson's disease and their relationship to cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolites. Mov Disord 1993; 8: 344-348.
175. Cleton A, Altorf BA, Voskuyl RA, Danhol M. Pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic modelling of tiagabine CNS effects upon chronic treatment in rats: lack of change in concentration-EEG effect relationship. Eur J Pharmaceut Sci 2000; 12: 141-150.
176. Matsuura T, Fujita H, Kashikura K, Kanno I. Evoked local cerebral blood flow induced by somatosensory stimulation is proportional to the baseline flow. Neurosci Res 2000; 38(4): 341-348.
177. Esaki T, Itoh Y, Shimoji K, Cook M, Jehle J, Sokoloff L. Effects of dopamine receptor blockade on cerebral blood flow response to somatosensory stimulation in the unanesthetized rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303(2): 497-502.
178. Riban V, Pereira de Vasconcelos A, Pham-Le BT, Ferrandon A, Marescaux C, Nehlig A, Depaulis A. Modifications of local cerebral glucose utilization in thalamic structures following injection of a dopaminergic agonist in the nucleus accumbens-involvement in antiepileptic effects? Exp Neurol 2004; 188(2): 452-460.
179. Sannita WG, Balestra V, Di Bon G, Hassan KM, Rosadini G. Placebo effects in standard human neuropharmacological studies: effects of physiological variations of blood glucose and ammonia concentration on the electrophysiology of the visual system. Neuropsychobiology 1992; 25: 49-60.
180. Lopez L, Sannita WG. Glucose availability and the electrophysiology of the human visual system. Clin Neurosci 1997; 4: 336-340.
181. Born J, Kern W, Fehm-Wolfdorf G, Fehm HL. Cortisol effects on attentional processes in man as indicated by event-related potentials. Psychophysiology 1987; 24: 286-292.
182. Feldman S, Dafny N. Effects of adrenocortical hormones on the electrical activity of the brain. Prog Brain Res 1970; 32: 90-101.
183. McEwen BS, DeKloet, ER, Rostene W. Adrenal steroid receptors and action in the nervous system. Physiol Rev 1986; 66: 1121-1189.
184. Joels M, de Kloet ER. Control of neural excitability by corticosteroid hormones. Trends Neurosci 1992; 15: 25-30.
185. Winterer G, Mahlberg R, Smolka MN, Samochowiec J, Ziller M, Rommelspacher HP, et al. Association analysis of exonic variants of the GABA(B)-receptor gene and alpha electroencephalogram voltage in normal subjects and alcohol-dependent patients. Behav Genet 2003; 33(1): 7-15.
186. Stanzione O, Fattapposta F, Giunti P, D'Alessio C, Tagliati M, Affricano C, Amabile G. P300 variations in parkinsonian patients before and during dopaminergic monotherapy: a suggested dopamine component in P300. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1991; 80: 446-453.
187. Matsuura T, Fujita H, Kashikura K, Kanno I. Evoked local cerebral blood flow induced by somatosensory stimulation is proportional to the baseline flow. Neurosci Res 2000; 38(4): 341-348.
188. Sannita WG. Benefits of placebos. Nature 1995; 378: 125.