Internationalisation of R&D: Trends, drivers and managerial challenges

International Journal of Technology and Globalisation

Volumn 2, Issue 1-2, 2006, Pages 177-179

  Gammeltoft, Peter ^a  

^a Copenhagen Business School ^*  (Denmark)

Author keywords

Global R D; Globalisation; Innovation management; International R D; Internationalisation of R D; Investment motives; R D management; Technology management

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645785147     PISSN: 14765667     EISSN: 17418194     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/ijtg.2006.009133     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Archibugi, D. and Iammarino, S. (2002) 'The globalization of technological innovation: definition and evidence', Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp.98-122.
2. Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S. (1989) Managing Across Borders: The Multinational Solution, Harvard Business School Press, London.
3. Bartlett, C.A. and Ghoshal, S. (1990) 'Managing innovation in the transnational corporation', in Bartlett, C.A., Doz, Y. and Hedlund, G. (Eds.): Managing the Global Firm, Routledge, London, pp.215-255.
4. Behrman, J.N. and Fischer, W.A. (1980) Overseas R&D Activities of Transnational Companies, Oelgeschlager, Gunn and Hain, Cambridge, MA.
5. Business Week (2005) 'Outsourcing innovation', BusinessWeek, 21st March.
6. Cantwell, J. (1992) 'The internationalisation of technological activity and its implications for competitiveness', in Granstrand, O., Håkanson, L. and Sjölander, S. (Eds.): Technology Management and International Business: Internationalisation of R&D and Technology, Wiley, Chichester, pp.75-95.
7. Cantwell, J. (1995) 'The globalisation of technology: what remains of the product cycle model', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 19, pp.155-174.
8. Cantwell, J. and Hodson, C. (1991) 'Global R&D and British competitiveness', in Casson, M.C. (Ed.): Global Research Strategy and International Competitiveness, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, pp.133-182.
9. Cantwell, J. and Janne, O. (1999) 'Technological globalisation and innovative centres: the role of corporate technological leadership and locational hierarchy', Research Policy, Vol. 28, Nos. 2-3, pp.119-144.
10. Cantwell, J. and Janne, O. (2000) 'The role of multinational corporations and national states in the globalization of innovatory capacity: the European perspective', Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.243-262.
11. Cantwell, J. and Sanna-Randaccio, F. (1993) 'Multinationality and firm growth', Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Vol. 129, pp.275-299.
12. Casson, M.C. and Singh, S. (1993) 'Corporate research and development strategies: the influence of firm, industry and country factors on the decentralization of R&D', R&D Management, Vol. 23, pp.91-107.
13. Cheng, J.L. and Bolon, D.S. (1993) 'The management of multinational R&D: a neglected topic in international business research', Journal of International Business Studies 1st quarter, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp.1-18.
14. Chesbrough, H.W. and Teece, D.J. (1996) 'When is virtual virtuous? organizing for innovation', Harvard Business Review, January-February, Vol. 74, No. 1, pp.65-73.
15. Chesnais, F. (1992) 'National systems of innovation, foreign direct investment and the operations of multinational enterprises', in Lundvall, B-Å. (Ed.): National Systems of Innovation, Pinter, London, pp.265-295.
16. Chiesa, V. and Manzini, R. (1997) 'Managing virtual R&D organisations: lessons from the pharmaceutical industry', International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 13, Nos. 5-6, pp.471-485.
17. Cordell, A.J. (1973) 'Innovation, the multinational corporation: some implications for national science policy', Long Range Planning, September, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp.22-29.
18. Dalton, D.H. and Serapio Jr., M.G. (1995) Globalizing Industrial R&D, Office of Technology Policy, Washington DC.
19. Daniels, P.L. (1997) 'National technology gaps and trade: an empirical study of the influence of globalisation', Research Policy, Vol. 25, No. 8, pp.1189-1207.
20. de Meyer, A. (1992) 'Management of international R&D operations', in Granstrand, O., Håkanson, L. and Sjölander, S. (Eds.): Technology Management and International Business: Internationalization of R&D and Technology, Wiley, Chichester, pp.163-180.
21. de Meyer, A. and Mizushima, A. (1989) 'Global R&D management', R&D Management, Vol. 19, pp.135-146.
22. Dunning, J.H. (1992) 'Multinational enterprises and the globalization of innovatory capacity', in Granstrand, O., Håkanson, L. and Sjölander, S. (Eds.): Technology Management and International Business: Internationalization of R&D and Technology, Wiley, Chichester, pp.19-51.
23. Dunning, J.H. and Narula, R. (1995) 'The R&D activities of foreign firms in the United States', International Studies of Management and Organisation, Vol. 25, Nos. 1-2, pp.39-73.
24. Economist Intelligence Unit (2004) Scattering the Seeds of Invention: The Globalisation of Research and Development, Retrieved 12th March, from http://graphics.eiu.com/files/ad_pdfs/ RnD_GLOBILISATION_WHITEPAPER.pdf
25. ETAN expert working group (1998) Internationalisation of Research and Technology: Trends, Issues and Implications for S&T Policies in Europe, Directorate General XII, European Commission, Brussels.
26. Florida, R. (1997) 'The globalization of R&D: results of a survey of foreign-affiliated R&D laboratories in the USA', Research Policy, Vol. 26, pp.85-103.
27. Foray, D. (2004) Economics of Knowledge, The MIT Press Ltd., Cambridge, MA.
28. Foray, D. and Lundvall, B-Å. (1996) 'The knowledge-based economy: from the economics of knowledge to the learning economy', in OECD (Ed.): Employment and Growth in the Knowledge-Based Economy, OECD, Paris, pp.11-32.
29. Gassmann, O. and von Zedtwitz, M. (1999) 'New concepts and trends in international R&D organization', Research Policy, Vol. 28, pp.231-250.
30. Gassmann, O. and von Zedtwitz, M. (2003) 'Trends and determinants of managing virtual R&D teams', R&D Management, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp.243-262.
31. Gerybadze, A. and Reger, G. (1999) 'Globalization of R&D: recent changes in the management of innovation in transnational corporations', Research Policy, Vol. 28, pp.251-274.
32. Ghoshal, S. and Gratton, L. (2002) 'Integrating the enterprise', MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall, pp.31-38.
33. Granstrand, O. and Sjölander, S. (1992) 'Internationalisation and diversification of multi-technology corporations', in Granstrand, O., Håkanson, L. and Sjölander, S. (Eds.): Technology Management and International Business: Internationalisation of R&D and Technology, Wiley, Chichester.
34. Granstrand, O., Håkanson, L. and Sjölander, S. (Eds.) (1992), Technology Management and International Business: Internationalisation of R&D and Technology, Wiley, Chichester.
35. Håkanson, L. (1981) 'Organization and evolution of foreign R&D in Swedish multinationals', Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 63B, pp.47-56.
36. Håkanson, L. (1983) 'R&D in foreign-owned subsidiaries in Sweden', in Goldberg, W.H. and Negandhi, A.R. (Eds.): Governments and Multinationals: The Policy of Control Versus Autonomy, Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain Publishers, Cambridge, MA, pp.163-176.
37. Håkanson, L. (1992) 'Local determinants of foreign R&D in Swedish multinationals', in Granstrand, O., Håkanson, L. and Sjölander, S. (Eds.): Technology Management and International Business: Internationalisation of R&D and Technology, Wiley, Chichester, pp.97-106.
38. Håkanson, L. and Nobel, R. (1993a) 'Determinants of foreign R&D in Swedish multinationals', Research Policy, Vol. 22, pp.397-411.
39. Håkanson, L. and Nobel, R. (1993b) 'Foreign research and development in Swedish multinationals', Research Policy, Vol. 22, pp.373-396.
40. Harris, C., Insinga, R.C., Morone, J. and Werle, M.J. (1996) 'The virtual R&D lab', Research Technology Management, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp.32-36.
41. Hewitt, G. (1980) 'Research and development performed abroad by US manufacturing multinationals', Kyklos, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp.308-327.
42. Hirschey, R.C. and Caves, R.E. (1981) 'Research and transfer of technology by multinational enterprises', Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp.115-130.
43. Hood, N. and Young, S. (1982) 'US multinational R&D: corporate strategies and policy implications for the UK', Multinational Business, Vol. 2, pp.10-23.
44. Hymer, S.H. (1976) The International Operations of Multinational Firms: A Study of Foreign Direct Investment, MIT Press, Boston, MA.
45. Kristof, A.L., Brown, K.G., Sims, H.P. and Smith, K.A. (1995) 'The virtual team: a case study and inductive model', in Beyerlein, M.M., Johnson, D.A. and Beyerlein, S.T. (Eds.): Advances in Interdisciplinary Studies of Work Teams, Vol. 2, JAI Press, Greenwich, pp.229-253.
46. Kuemmerle, W. (1997a) 'Building effective R&D capabilities abroad', Harvard Business Review, March-April, Vol. 75, No. 2, pp.61-70.
47. Kuemmerle, W. (1997b) Optimal Scale for Research and Development in Foreign Environments: An Investigation into Size and Performance of R&D Laboratories Abroad, Managing R&D into the 21st century, The 17th R&D Management Conference, Manchester.
48. Kumar, N. (2001) 'Determinants of location of overseas R&D activity of multinational enterprises: the case of US and Japanese corporations', Research Policy, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp.159-174.
49. Lam, A. (2003) 'Organisational learning in multinationals: R&D networks of Japanese and US MNEs in the UK', Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp.669-699.
50. le Bas, C. and Sierra, C. (2002) 'Location versus home country advantages' in R&D activities: some further results on multinationals' locational strategies', Research Policy, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp.589-609.
51. Lipnack, J. and Stamps, J. (1997) Virtual Teams Reaching across Space, Time and Organizations with Technology, Wiley, New York.
52. Mansfield, E., Teece, D.J. and Romeo, A. (1979) 'Overseas R&D by US-based Firms', Economica, Vol. 46, pp.187-196.
53. Maznevski, M.L. and Chudoba, K.M. (2000) 'Bridging space over time: global virtual team dynamics and effectiveness', Organization Science, Vol. 11, No. 5, pp.473-492.
54. Medcof, J.W. (1997) 'A taxonomy of internationally dispersed technology units and its application to management issues', R&D Management, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp.301-318.
55. Meyer, K. (2003) Globalfocusing: from Danish Conglomerate to Global Specialist, Department of International Economics and Management, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen.
56. Narula, R. and Dunning, J. (2000) 'Industrial development, globalization and multinational enterprises: new realities for developing countries', Oxford Development Studies, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.141-167.
57. National Science Board (2004) Science and Engineering Indicators 2004, Retrieved 12th March 2004, from http://www.nsf.gov/sbe/srs/seind04/ start.htm.
58. Odagiri, H. and Yasuda, H. (1996) 'The determinants of overseas R&D by Japanese firms: an empirical study at the industry and company levels', Research Policy, Vol. 25, pp.1059-1079.
59. OECD (1998) Internationalisation of Industrial R&D: Patterns and Trends, OECD, Paris.
60. OECD (2004a) Main Science and Technology Indicators 2004, OECD, Paris.
61. OECD (2004b) Patents and Innovation: Trends and Policy Challenges, OECD, Paris.
62. OECD (2004c) Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2004, OECD, Paris.
63. Papanastassiou, M. and Pearce, R.D. (1994) 'The internationalization of R&D by Japanese enterprises', R&D Management, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp.155-165.
64. Papanastassiou, M. and Pearce, R.D. (1998) 'Individualism and interdependence in the technological development of MNEs: the strategic positioning of R&D in overseas subsidiaries', in Hood, N. and Birkinshaw, J. (Eds.): Multinational Corporate Evolution and Subsidiary Development, Macmillan, London, pp.50-75.
65. Patel, P. (1995) 'Localised production of technology for global markets', Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 191, pp.141-153.
66. Patel, P. and Vega, M. (1997) Technological Strategies of Large European Firms, Report for 'Strategic Analysis for European S&T Policy Intelligence', Targeted Socio-Economic Research Programme, European Commission.
67. Patel, P. and Vega, M. (1999) 'Patterns of internationalisation of corporate technology: location vs. home country advantages', Research Policy, Vol. 28, pp.145-155.
68. Pavitt, K. and Patel, P. (1991) 'Technological strategies of the world's largest companies', Science and Public Policy, Vol. 18, No. 6, pp.363-368.
69. Pavitt, K. and Patel, P. (1999) 'Global corporations and national systems of innovation: who dominates whom?,' in Archibugi, D., Howells, J. and Michie, J. (Eds.): Innovation Policy in a Global Economy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp.94-119.
70. Pearce, R.D. (1989) The Internationalization of Research and Development by Multinational Companies, St. Martin's Press, New York.
71. Pearce, R.D. (1999) 'Decentralised R&D and strategic competitiveness: globalised approaches to generation and use of technology in multinational enterprises (MNEs)', Research Policy, Vol. 28, pp.157-178.
72. Pearce, R.D. and Singh, S. (1992) Globalising Research and Development, Macmillan, London.
73. Perrino, A.C. and Tipping, J.W. (1989) 'Global management of technology', Research Technology Management, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp.12-19.
74. Prencipe, A., Davies, A. and Hobday, M. (Eds.) (2003) The Business of System Integration, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
75. Reddy, P. and Sigurdson, J. (1997) 'Strategic location of R&D and emerging patterns of globalization: the case of Astra Research Centre India', International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 14, Nos. 2-4, pp.344-361.
76. Reger, G. (2004) 'Coordinating globally dispersed research centres of excellence: the case of Philips electronics', Journal of International Management, Vol. 10, pp.51-76.
77. Roberts, E.B. (1995) 'Benchmarking the strategic management of technology: I', Research Technology Management, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp.44-56.
78. Ronstadt, R.C. (1977) R&D Abroad by US Multinationals, Praeger, New York.
79. Ronstadt, R.C. (1978) 'International R&D: the establishment and evolution of research and development abroad by seven US multinationals', Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 9, pp.7-24.
80. Rugman, A.M. (1981) 'Research and development by multinational and domestic firms in Canada', Canadian Public Policy, Vol. 7, pp.604-616.
81. Sakakibara, K. and Westney, E.D. (1992) 'Japan's management of global innovation: technology management crossing borders', in Rosenberg, N., Landau, R. and Mowery, D.C. (Eds.): Technology and the Wealth of Nations, Stanford University Press, Stanford, pp.327-343.
82. Serapio Jr., M.G. (1993) 'Macro-micro analyses of Japanese direct R&D investments in the US automotive and electronics industries', Management International Review, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp.209-225.
83. Serapio Jr., M.G. and Dalton, D.H. (1999) 'Globalization of industrial R&D: an examination of foreign direct investments in R&D in the United States', Research Policy, Vol. 28, pp.303-316.
84. Sigurdson, J. (1992) 'Japanese globalization: internationalizing R&D in Japan', Science and Public Policy, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp.134-144.
85. Terpstra, V. (1977) 'International product policy: the role of foreign R&D', Columbia Journal of World Business, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp.24-32.
86. UNCTAD (2004) The Impact of FDI on Development: Globalization of R&D by Transnational Corporations and Implications for Developing Countries, Note by the UNCTAD Secretariat, Trade and Development Board, Expert Meeting on the Impact of FDI on Development, Geneva, 24-26 January 2005.
87. Upton, D. and McAfee, A. (1996) 'The real virtual factory', Harvard Business Review, Vol. 74, No. 4, pp.123-133.
88. US Department of Commerce (2003) US Multinational Companies: Operations in 2001, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington.
89. Vernon, R. (1966) 'International investment and international trade in the product cycle', Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp.190-207.
90. von Zedtwitz, M. and Gassmann, O. (2002) 'Market versus technology drive in R&D internationalization: four different patterns of managing research and development', Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp.569-588.
91. von Zedtwitz, M., Gassmann, O. and Boutellier, R. (2004) 'Organizing global R&D: challenges and dilemmas', Journal of International Management, Vol. 10, pp.21-49.
92. Wesson, T. (1993) An Alternative Motivation for Foreign Direct Investment, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
93. Zander, I. (1994) The Tortoise Evolution of the MNC: Foreign Technological Activity in Swedish Multinational Firms 1890-1990, Stockholm School of Economics, Stockholm.
94. Zejan, M.C. (1990) 'R&D activities in affiliates of Swedish multinational enterprises', Scandinavian Journal of Economics, Vol. 92, No. 3, pp.487-500.