The Languages of Loyalism in Southern Africa, c. 1870-1939

English Historical Review

Volumn 118, Issue 477, 2003, Pages 617-650

  Thompson, Andrew ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 33645082387     PISSN: 00138266     EISSN: 14774534     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ehr/118.477.617     Document Type: Article

References (229)

1. P. Buckner, 'Whatever Happened to the British Empire?', Journal ofthe Canadian Historical Association (1994), 1-31
2. id., 'Was there a British Empire? The OHBE from a Canadian Perspective', Acadiensis (forthcoming, 2001).
3. P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism. Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 and British Imperialism. Crisis andDeconstruction, 1914-90 (Harlow, 1993);
4. E. H. H. Green, 'The Political Economy of Empire, 1880-1914' in A. Porter (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire. The Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1999), pp. 346-70;
5. G. Martin and B. Kline, 'British Emigration and New Identities' in P. Marshall (ed.), The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 254-279;
6. A. S. Thompson, Imperial Britain. The Empire in British Politics, c.1880-1932 (Harlow, 2000).
7. A. G. Hopkins, 'Back to the Future: From National History to Imperial History', Past and Present (1999), 198-243.
8. D. Armitage, 'Three Concepts of Atlantic History', Plenary lecture, 70th Anglo-American Conference of Historians, 5-6 July 2001, Institute of Historical Research;
9. D. W. Howe, American History in an Atlantic Context (Oxford, 1993);
10. M. Daunton and R. Halpern (ed.), Empire and others: British encounters with indigenous peoples 1600-1850 (London, 1998).
11. J. G. A. Pocock, 'British History: A Plea for a New Subject', Journal of Modern History (1975), 619;
12. id., 'The Limits and Divisions of British History: In Search of the Unknown Subject', American Historical Review (1982), 319;
13. id., 'History and Sovereignty: the historiographic response to Europeanisation in two British cultures', Journal of British Studies (1992), 385.
14. Hopkins, 'Back to the Future', 217.
15. For an example of such work, see D. Denoon with P. Mein-Smith and M. Wyndham, History of Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific: the Formulation of Identities (Malden, MA, 2000).
16. W. Worger, 'Southern and Central Africa' in R. Winks (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire. Historiography (Oxford, 1999), pp. 531-2.
17. For the way in which these events have 'opened up the context in which history is now conceived', see A. Grundlingh, 'The King's Afrikaners? Enlistment and Ethnic Identity in the Union of South Africa's Defence Force During the Second World War, 1939-45', J[ournal of A[frican] H[istory] (1999), 353.
18. E. van Heyningen, 'The Voices of Women in the South African War', S[outh] A[frican] Historical]J[ournal] (1999), 22-43;
19. P. Merrington, 'The Guild of Loyal Women, freemasonry, and memorial architecture', unpublished paper, South African War Unisa library conference, 3-5 August 1998
20. 'Pageantry and Primitivism: Dorothea Fairbridge and the "Aesthetics of Union"', J[ournal of S[outhern] A[frican] S[tudies] (1995), 643-56;
21. E. Reidi, 'Imperialist Women in Edwardian Britain: the Victoria League, 1899-1914', University of St.Andrews Ph.D. thesis (1998)
22. id., 'Options for an Imperialist Woman: the case of Violet Markham, 1899-1914', Albion (2000), 63-70;
23. K. Schoeman, 'A Public Life: the career of Katie Stuart, 1862-1925', Unpublished paper (1998), courtesy of the author and the South African Library.
24. S. Dubow, 'Colonial Nationalism, the Milner Kindergarten and the Rise of "South Africanism", 1902-10', History Workshop Journal (1997), 53-85
25. id., 'Imagining the New South Africa in the Era of Reconstruction', in D. Omissi and A. S. Thompson (ed.), The Impact of the South African War (Basingstoke, 2002), ch. 4.
26. J. Lambert, 'South African British? Or Dominion South Africans? The evolution of an identity in the 1910s and 1920s', SAHJ (2000), 197-222.
27. For a survey of the latest work on Australia, see D. Gare, 'Britishness in Recent Australian Historiography', Historical Journal (2000), 1145-55.
28. Buckner, 'Whatever Happened to the British Empire' and 'Was there a British Empire?' 14. D. Lowry, The South Afican War Reappraised (Manchester, 2000), pp. 9-10.
29. J. Darwin, 'Imperialism and the Victorians: The Dynamics of Territorial Expansion', ante (1997), 641.
30. D. Denoon, A Grand Illusion. The failure of imperial policy in the Transvaal Colony during the period of reconstruction, 1900-1905 (Harlow, 1973), p.xiii, 5-6, 243-52.
31. See, for example, the characterization of the Loyalist South African League as 'ultra-imperialist', 'jingoistic', 'nationalistic' and 'partisan': D. Cammack, The Rand at War 1909-1902. The Witwatersrand and the Anglo-Boer War (1990), p. 17;
32. G. H. L. Le May, British Supremacy in South Africa 1899-1907 (Oxford, 1965), p. 5;
33. M. Tamarkin, Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners: the imperial colossus and the colonial parish pump (1996), p. 258;
34. L. Thompson, 'Great Britain and the Afrikaner Republics, 1870-99', in M. Wilson and L. Thompson (ed.), The Oxford History of South Africa, Vol. 1870-1996 (Oxford, 1971), p. 321.
35. Though the latest work in the field of urban history is a notable exception, offering a much more rounded picture of white South African society at the Cape than was previously available. See V. Bickford-Smith, Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejudice in Victorian Cape Town (Cambridge, 1995)
36. N. Worden, E. van Heyningen and V. Bickford-Smith, Cape Town. The Making of a City. An illustrated social history (Cape Town, 1998) and Cape Town in the Twentieth Century. An illustrated social history (Cape Town, 2000).
37. C. van Onselen's Studies in the Social and Economic History of the Witwatersrand, 1886-1914 (Harlow, 1982): Vol. 1, New Babylon, chs. 1, 4 and Vol. 2. New Nineveh, chs. 1, 3.
38. See, for example, John Bond's They were South Africans (Oxford, 1968), which offers a congratulatory rather than critical examination of English-speaking Africans.
39. Bill Nasson's 'Commemorating the Anglo-Boer War in Post-Apartheid South Africa', Radical History Review (2000), 149-65.
40. H. Giliomee, 'The Last Trek? Afrikaners in transition to democracy' in N. Etherington (ed.), Peace, Politics and Violence in the new South Africa (1992), pp. 28-43;
41. D. Schreuder, 'The power of colonial nationalism in shaping post-colonial South Africa', in P. B. Rich (ed.), The Dynamics of Change in Southern Africa (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 52-70.
42. J. G. A. Pocock, 'The New British History in Atlantic Perspective: an Antipodean Commentary', American Historical Review (1999), esp. 249-500.
43. I. Phimister, 'Unscrambling the Scramble for Africa: the Jameson Raid and the South African War revisited', SAHJ (1993), 214-5.
44. Le May, British Supremacy in South Africa, p. 51;
45. R. Robinson and J. Gallagher, Africa and the Victorians. The Official Mind of Imperialism (2nd edn, Basingstoke, 1981), pp. 457-8.
46. W. J. Gardner, Where They Lived: Studies in Local, Regional and Social History (Christchurch, 1999), p. 66.
47. Vindex, Cecil Rhodes. Political life and speeches, 1881-1900 (1900), pp. 51, 62, 67, 69, 112-13, 225, 271-2, 276, 407.
48. F. G. van der Riet, The Settler Celebrations of 18/0 (Grahamstown, 1970).
49. R. Ross, Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony 1850-1890. A tragedy of manners (Cambridge, 1999), pp. 63-6.
50. C. Berger, The Sense of Power. Studies in the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism 1867-1914 (Toronto, 1970), ch. 3.
51. B. A. Le Cordeur, The Politics of Eastern Cape Separatism, 1820-54 (Oxford, 1981);
52. J. L. McCracken, The Cape Parliament, 1854-1910 (Oxford, 1967).
53. Newspaper cutting from the Grahamstown Journal: report of a public meeting of the SAVC (Grahamstown branch) held on 3/4/1900, Minute Book (1900-02) MS 57460, Cory library, Rhodes University.
54. A. Milner to C. P. Crewe, 8/11/1901, and the typescript of the unfinished diary of C. P. Crewe, p. 36, C. P. Crewe papers (Microfilm), Cullen library, University of Witwatersrand.
55. Letters from an Uitlander, 1899-1902, Introduced by Major Sir Bartle Frere (London, 1903), p. 66.
56. In the run-up to Union, separatism in the Eastern Cape resurfaced yet again. See N. D. Southey, 'A Period of Transition. A History of Grahamstown, 1902-18', MA thesis, Rhodes University (1984), pp. 302ff;
57. L. Curtis to P. Duncan, 16/5/1908 (BC 294 D4.3.4) and M. Selborne to P. Duncan, 14/5/1910 (BC 294 D4.4.10), Sir Patrick Duncan papers (Microfilm), Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York.
58. Minute Book of the Kimberely branch of the SAL, 23/4/01, McGregor Museum, Kimberley.
59. Milner to Lyttleton, 5/12/1904, quoted in N. Garson, 'English-speaking South Africans and the British Connection: 1820-1961', in A. De Villiers (ed.), English-Speaking South Africa Today (Cape Town, 1976), p. 19.
60. See here, Cammack, The Rand at War;
61. Denoon, A Grand Illusion, pp. 5-8, p. 15;
62. A. Mawby, 'The Political Behaviour of the British Population of the Transvaal, 1902-7', D.Phil thesis, University of the Witwatersrand (1969)
63. id., Gold Mining and Politics -Johannesburg, 1900-7: the origins of the old South Africa (Lewiston, NY, 2000).
64. B. Bozzoli, The political nature of a ruling class. Capital and ideology in South Africa, 1890-1933 (London, 1981).
65. 'Return of White Employees on the Mines of the Witwatersrand According to Nationality'. Based on sample of 1674 people: 1550 replied, of these 1466 were British, 8 German, 3 French and 73 other nationalities (chiefly American, Scandanavian and Austrian).
66. W. Wyberg to W. Conyngham Greene, 25/8/1899, National Archives, Pretoria (A1632).
67. S. Heckford, A Lady Trader in the Transvaal (1882), pp. 397-8;
68. J. Scoble and H. R. Abercrombie, The Rise and Fall ofKrugerism. A personal record of forty years in South Africa (1900), pp. 35, 112;
69. H. Rider Haggard, The Last Boer War (1900), pp. 164-7;
70. M. F. Bitensky, 'The South African League. British Imperialist Organisation in South Africa, 1896-99', MA thesis, University of the Witwatersrand (1950), p. 44.
71. C. Dugmore, 'From Pro-Boer to Jingo: an analysis of small town English newspapers on the Rand before the outbreak of the war in 1899', SAHJ (1999), 246-66.
72. B. Theron, Pretoria at War, 1866-1900 (Pretoria, 2000).
73. V. Allen, Kruger's Pretoria. Buildings and Personalities of the City in the 19th Century (Cape Town, 1971), p. 91.
74. G. Cuthbertson (ed.), Presbyterians in Pretoria. St Andrew's Church 1889-1989 (Pretoria, 1990), p. 1.
75. J. De Wet to Lord Loch, 23/10/1891, Lord Loch papers (Microfilm), Borthwick Institute of Historical Research, University of York.
76. 'A short review of the origin and objects of the Transvaal National Union' (1892);
77. C. Leonard to C. J. Rhodes, 15/1/1896: Charles Leonard papers, National Archives, Pretoria (M725).
78. C. T. Gordon, The Growth of Boer Opposition to Kruger, 1890-95 (Cape Town, 1970), esp. pp. 205-6, 236-9, 276.
79. See here, 'Estimate of the number of British residents in the OFS at the time of the outbreak of hostilities 1899' (1900), enclosed in E. Bowdilion to Fiddes, 3/2/1900, National Archives, Pretoria (A1632).
80. For the active Anglican congregations among urban English-speaking Free Staters, see K. Schoeman (ed.), The Free State Mission. The Work of the Anglican Church in the Orange Free State 1863-83 (Cape Town, 1986), pp. 32, 61-2, 70.
81. D. Lowry, "These Colonies are Practically Democratic Republics": Republicanism in the British Colonies of Settlement in the Long Nineteenth Century', in D. Nash and A. Taylor (ed.), Republicanism in Victorian Society (Stroud, 2000), ch. 9.
82. S. Clingman, Bram Fischer. Afrikaner Revolutionary (Amherst, 1998), ch. 1.
83. A. Barlow, Almost in Confidence (Cape Town, 1952), chs. 10-13.
84. J. G. Fraser, Episodes in My Life (Cape Town, 1922), pp. 224-57;
85. S. F. Malan, Die Rol van J.Geo.Fraser in die Vrystaat, 1863-1927, Archives Year Book (1974), pp. 361-2
86. P. S. Thompson, Natalians First. Separatism in South Africa, 1909-61 (Johannesburg, 1990).
87. F. R. Carroll, 'The Growth and Co-ordination of Pro-War Sentiment in Natal before the Second Anglo-Boer War', MA thesis, University of Natal (Pietermaritzburg) (1981);
88. D. Child, Charles Smythe. Pioneer, Premier and Administrator of Natal (Cape Town, 1973), pp. 102, 155-6, 174-5, 186-9;
89. R. Ovendale, 'The politics of dependence, 1893-9', in A. Duminy and B. Guest (ed.), Natal andZululand. From Earliest times to 1910 (Pietermaritzburg, 1989), ch. 13;
90. T. Wilks, For the Love of Natal. The Life and Times of the Natal Mercury, 1852-1977 (Natal, 1977), pp. 93-in.
91. B. Guest and J. M. Sellers (ed.), Receded Tides of Empire. Aspects of the Economic and Social History of Natal and Zululand since 1910 (Pietermaritzburg, 1994), pp. 1-5.
92. D. Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire' in K. Jeffery (ed.), An Irish Empire? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire (Manchester, 1996), pp. 199-201.
93. D. Lowry, "White Woman's Country": Ethel Tawse Jollie and the Making of White Rhodesia', JSAS (1997), 260.
94. R. Davenport and C. Saunders, South Africa. A Modern History (5th edn, 2000), p. 290.
95. H. C. Hummel, 'Sir Charles Coghlan: some reflections on his political attitudes and style', SAHJ (1977), 62.
96. Lowry, "White Woman's Country", 270.
97. J. M. MacKenzie, 'Empire and National Identities. The Case of Scotland', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (1998), 231.
98. V. Allen, 'The Social and Cultural Life of the White Community of Kimberley, 1888-1899', MA thesis, University of the Orange Free State (1990), pp. 147-52;
99. R. Dawe, Cornish Pioneers in South Africa (St. Austell, 1998), ch. 9;
100. F. van Niekerk (ed.), Knights of the Shovel (Kimberley, 1996), pp. 132, 205.
101. M. Fairburn, The Ideal Society and its Enemies. The foundations of Modern New Zealand Society, 1850-1900 (Auckland, 1989);
102. P. Payton, The Cornish Overseas (Fowey, Cornwall, 1999), p. 367.
103. See, for example, H. O. Terblanche's work on the social history of Port Elizabeth, 'Port Elizabeth - 'N Lojale Britse Stad (a loyal British city), 1902-37', Historia (1993), 100-11.
104. J. M. Bumsted, 'Scottishness and Britishness in Canada, 1790-1914', in M. Harper and M. E. Vance, Myth, Migration and the Making of Memory. Scotia and Nova Scotia c.1700-1990 (Edinburgh, 1999), pp. 99-102.
105. E. van Heyningen, 'Refugees and Relief in Cape Town, 1899-1902', in C. Saunders and H. Phillips (ed.), Studies in the History of Cape Town (Cape Town, 1984), pp. 97-101.
106. Denoon, A Grand Illusion, p. 15 and F. A. Johnstone, Class, race and gold. A study of class relations and racial discrimination in South Africa (London, 1976), pp. 51-64.
107. Van Onselen, New Babylon, p. 28.
108. Wyberg was the President of the South African League in the Transvaal.
109. J. Hyslop, 'The Imperial Working Class Makes Itself "White": White Labourism in Britain, Australia and South Africa before the First World War', Journal of Historical Sociology (1999), 398-421.
110. D. Ticktin, 'The Origins of the South African Labour party, 1888-1910', D.Phil. thesis, University of Cape Town (1973), p. 323.
111. The Owl, 26/2/1904, 3.
112. The Owl, 19/6/1903, 7.
113. A. F. Hattersley, The Convict Crisis and the Growth of Unity: Resistance to Transportation in South Africa and Australia, 1848-53 (Pietermaritzburg, 1965), ch. 4.
114. For the suspensionists' case, see 'Some Reasons Why the Constitution of the Cape Colony Should Be Suspended For Some Time' (undated typescript), Thomas Smartt collection, South African Library (MSB 473 2 9).
115. J. P. V. Vanstone, 'Sir Gordon Sprigg: a political biography', Ph.D. thesis, Queen's University of Ontario (1974), pp. 400-42.
116. SAVC, Cape Town: Executive Minutes, 4/3/1902, 18/3/1902, 28/4/1902, 16/6/1902, 4/7/1902, Cape Archives;
117. T. Schreiner, 'Re Suspension or Revoking of the Constitution', 3/3/1902, Sprigg Papers, Cory library, Rhodes University (9746).
118. Kimberley branch of SAL: Minute Book, 8/1/01, 20/1/01 and 21/1/01, Kimberley Africana Library.
119. Owen Lewis to E. H. Walton 1/5/02, 6/5/02, 8/5/02;
120. A. Milner to E. H. Walton, 5/5/02: E. H. Walton papers, Cory library, Rhodes University (MS 17 142).
121. Cain and Hopkins, British Imperialism, Vol. 1, p. 371.
122. S. J. Jenkins, 'The Administration of C. J. Rhodes as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1890-5)', MA thesis, University of Cape Town (1951), p. 10.
123. Vindex, CecilRhodes, pp. 10, 515.
124. Y. P. Sank, 'The Origin and Development of the Cape Progressive Party (1884-98)', MA thesis, University of Cape Town (1955), pp. rc54ff.
125. Kimberley branch of SAL: Minute Book, 16/7/96;
126. 'Cheap Bread Agitation', Diamond Fields Advertiser, 18/7/96.
127. G. Shaw (ed.), The Garrett Papers (Cape Town, 1984), pp. 31-2, 83, 89.
128. P. Cuthbert, 'The Administration of Dr. Jameson as Prime Minister of the Cape Colony (1904-8)', MA thesis, University of Cape Town (1950), pp. 17-23, 84.
129. Quoted in Le May, British Supremacy in South Africa, pp. 14-5.
130. W. Beinart and C. Bundy, Hidden Struggles in Rural South Africa. Politics and Popular Movements in the Transkei and Eastern Cape, 1890-1900 (London, 1987), pp. 1-10.
131. C. Saunders, 'African attitudes to Britain and the Empire before and after the South African War' in Lowry (ed.), The South African War Reappraised, p. 145.
132. Baralong Chief and Patriot (Cape Town, 1966), pp. 173-83.
133. W. Darley-Hartley, 'The Beginning of the South African League', The New Era, 18/5/1904, 10.
134. C. Crais, White Supremacy and Black Resistance in South Africa. The Making of the Colonial Order in the Eastern Cape, 1990-1865 (Cambridge, 1992), chs. 5, 7;
135. Bickford-Smith, Ethnic Pride and Racial Prejuduce, p. 27.
136. The seminal study of African political mobilization, and its impact on white politics, remains S. Trapido's 'White Conflict and Non-White Participation in the Politics of the Cape of Good Hope, 1853-1911', Ph.D. thesis, University of London (1970).
137. G. Lewis, Between the Wire and the Wall. A history of South African 'Coloured'politics (Cape Town, 1987), pp. 10-11.
138. For a more detailed discussion of the emergence of a Coloured ethnicity in the British Cape Colony in the late-nineteenth century see V. Bickford-Smith, 'Black Ethnicities, Communities and Political Expression in Late-Victorian Cape Town', JAH (1995), 443-65.
139. A. M. Davey, Town Guards of the Cape Peninsula, 1901-2 (Cape Town, 1999).
140. Diamond Fields Advertiser, 10/10/1899, p. 5;
141. S. Lunderstedt, 'The Role of the Black People during the Siege of Kimberley and the Aftermath', unpublished paper, Anglo-Boer South African War conference, Durban, 29-31 August 2000.
142. E. Y. Brabant, The Life of Sir E. Y. Brabant, Johannesburg Public library, Strange Collection (1903), pp. 188-9.
143. This, for example, was the conclusion reached by S. M. Molema in his 'historical study of the native races of South Africa': The Bantu Past and Present (Edinburgh, 1920), pp. 290-2.
144. G. Cuthbertson, 'Missionary Imperialism and Colonial Warfare. LMS attitudes to the South African War 1899-1902', SAHJ (1987), 107-12.
145. J. Laband, 'Zulus and the War' in J. Gooch (ed.), The Boer War. Direction, Experience and Image (London, 2000), p. 125;
146. J. Lambert, Betrayed Trust. Africans and the State in Colonial Natal (Natal, 1995), ch. 11.
147. Warwick, Black People, pp. 174-8;
148. P. B. Rich, State Power and Black Politics in South Africa, 1912-51 (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 19-20.
149. S. Marks, 'Southern Africa' in J. M. Brown and W. Roger Louis (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire. Vol. IV: The Twentieth Century (Oxford, 1999), p. 560.
150. The deputation described itself as 'Native'. See 'Chamberlain Reception Committee', Municipal file (189), Kimberley Africana library.
151. B. Willan, 'An African in Kimberley: Sol T. Plaatje, 1894-1898' in S. Marks and R. Rathbone (ed.), Industrialisation and social change. African class formation, culture, and consciousness, 1870-1930 (Harlow, 1982), p. 241.
152. See here T. Schreiner to J. Chamberlain, 28/2/1903, T. Schreiner papers, South African Library, MSB 801 (S).
153. J. Starfield, 'A Dance with the Empire: Modiri Molema's Glasgow Years, 1914-21', JSAS (2001), 479-503.
154. P. Walshe, The Rise of African Nationalism, pp. 15-19. These groups included the predominantly 'Coloured' African Political Organisation, the Transkei-based Native Vigilance Association, the South African Native Congress of the Western Cape, the Orange River Colony Native Vigilance Association, and the Native United Political Association of the Transvaal.
155. E. Roux, Time Longer than Rope. The Black Man's Struggle For Freedom in South Afica (2nd edn, London, 1964), p. 109.
156. S. Plaatje, Native Life in South Afica (Randburg, 1916), p. 301.
157. P. Maylam, A History oftheAfican People of South Afica: From the Early Iron Age to the 1970 (London, 1986), pp. 155-6.
158. Saunders, 'African attitudes', p. 147.
159. Rich, State Power and Black Politics, ch. 2.
160. L. Kuper, 'African Nationalism in South Africa, 1910-64', in Wilson and Thompson (ed.), The Oxford History of South Afica, p. 441;
161. F. Meli, South Afica belongs to us. A History oftheANC (Harare, 1988), ch. 2;
162. Walshe, The Rise ofAfican Nationalism, pp. 174, 180, 183.
163. Though a recent study suggests the radicals were somewhat out of touch with ANC rank-and-file. Hence the failure of the boycotts they advocated during the British royal family's visit in 1947: P. Henshaw, 'Enfeebled Lion? How South Africans viewed Britain, 1945-61', unpublished paper, Canadian African Studies Association, Quebec, 27-30 May 2000.
164. H. Giliomee, 'The Beginnings of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1870-1915', SAHJ (1987), 123, 125, 130;
165. M. Tamarkin, Cecil Rhodes and the Cape Afrikaners. The Imperial Colossus and the Colonial Parish Pump (London, 1996), pp. 300-4.
166. For a study of the complex currents of Afrikaner politics after the Jameson Raid, see T. R. H. Davenport, The Afrikaner Bond. The History of a South African Political Party, 1880-1911 (Cape Town, 1966).
167. K. T. Surridge, 'Rebellion, Martial Law and British Civil-Military Relations: The War in the Cape Colony, 1899-1902', Small Wars and Insurgencies viii (1997), pp. 38-42.
168. Conference of Loyalists at The Paarl, August 2p-30, 1902 (Pretoria, 1902).
169. Worden, van Heyningen and Bickford-Smith, Cape Town in the Twentieth Century, p. 30.
170. M. Atteridge, A Short History of the Guild of Loyal Women in South Africa (undated), National Archives, Pretoria, A1953, pp. 6-7.
171. C. Walker, 'The women's suffrage movement: the politics of gender, race and class' in Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (Cape Town, 1990), pp. 330-1.
172. Undated typescript, Guild of Loyal Women, Letters Received (July 1900-April 1912), Cape Archives, Acc. A2065.
173. The Guild was reconstituted in 1911 as the Victoria League of South Africa. The branches of the new organization became responsible for organizing the annual Empire Day celebrations in Cape Town. 122. Minutes of a special meeting of the Central Committee of the Guild of Loyal Women, Cape Town, 3/10/1910, Cape Archives, Acc.2065.
174. M du Toit, "Die Bewustheid Van Armoed": the ACVV and the construction of Afrikaner identity, 1904-28', Social Dynamics (1992), 1-25.
175. On the importance of the principles of conciliation and cooperation to Het Volk, and Botha in particular, see D. W. Kruger, The Age of the Generals. A Short Political History of South Africa, 1910-1911.8 (1958), pp. 26-7, 32-4, 56-7.
176. A. Grundlingh, 'The National Women's Monument: the making and mutation of meaning in Afrikaner memory in the South African war', in G. Cuthbertson, A. Grundlingh andM-L. Suttie (ed.), Writing a Wider War. Rethinking the South African War (Ohio, 2002), ch. 2.
177. Quoted in F. V. Engelenburg, General Louis Botha (Pretoria, 1929), p. 150.
178. E. Bradlow, 'Empire settlement and South African immigration policy, 1910-48', in S. Constantine (ed.), Emigrants and Empire. British Settlement in the Dominions Between the Wars (Manchester, 1990), pp. 175-8;
179. K. Fedorowich, Unfit For Heroes. Reconstruction and Soldier Settlement in the Empire between the Wars (Manchester, 1995), esp. pp. 137-9.
180. Memo by J. E. Adamson (Director of Education), 11/4/1908, National Archives, Pretoria, Correspondence Files (1905), 629 (5681).
181. R. Hyam, The Failure of South African Expansionism, 1908-48 (1972), pp. 23-46;
182. P. J. Yearwood, 'Great Britain and the Repartition of Africa, 1914-9', JICH (1990), 320.
183. N. G. Garson, 'South Africa and World War I', JICH (1979), 68-95;
184. B. Nasson, 'War Opinion in South Africa in 1914', JICH (1995), 248-76 and id. 'A Great Divide: popular responses to the Great War in South Africa', War and Society (1994), 47-64.
185. T. R. H. Davenport, 'The South African Rebellion, 1914', ante (1963), 92.
186. D. Reitz, Trekking On (London, 1933), p. 86.
187. K. Federowich, 'The Weak Link in the Imperial Chain: South Africa, the Round Table and World War One', in A. BoscoandA. May (ed.), The Round Table: The Empire/Commonwealth and British foreign policy (London, 1997), pp. 137-58.
188. Smuts to Walton, 7/6/1915, Walton papers, folder 12 (1913-5).
189. Selborne to the Earl of Middleton, 1/7/1908, in D. G. Boyce (ed.), The Crisis of British Power. The Imperial and Naval Papers of the Second Earl of Selborne, 1895-1910 (1990), pp. 360-3.
190. J. Darwin, 'The Dominion Idea in Imperial Politics', in Brown and Roger Louis (ed.), The Oxford History of the British Empire, esp. pp. 68-9.
191. J. Smuts to T. L. Graham, 2/8/1902 quoted in W. K. Hancock, Smuts. The Sanguine Years, 1870-1919 (Cambridge, 1962), p. 199.
192. C. J. Sibbett to W. Duncan Baxter, 8/9/26, Sibbett papers, UCT archives, D 6.5.2;
193. H. Saker, The South African flag controversy, 1928-8 (Cape Town, 1980).
194. Abe Bailey to Walton, 13/1/1928, and 'Sir Abe Bailey's Inspiring Message to the Empire' (reprinted from the Rand Daily Mail, 23/4/1930), Walton papers, folders 25 and 36.
195. The Status Acts restated the provisions of the Statute of Westminster in terms of South African constitutional law. See 'Status in South Africa', 23/4/1934, B. K. Long papers, Cory library, Rhodes University, MS 6673-6728.
196. C. N. van der Merwe and M. Rice, A Century of Anglo-Boer War Stories (Jeppestown, 1999), p. 19.
197. The Dominion party was supported by a plethora of pressure groups, such as the Union of English-speaking South Africa and the Citizens Equal Rights League.
198. See here the letters of E. V. Goodman and F. H. Seargeant to the press, and the material on the Union of English-speaking South Africans and the Citizens' Equal Rights League, contained in the papers of F. H. Seargeant, Cory library, Rhodes University, MS 14826.
199. Terblanche, 'Port Elizabeth', pp. io8ff.
200. G. Cuthbertson, 'Richard Stuttaford and the Anthem Question of 1938', Historia (1979), 73-82.
201. A. Grundlingh and H. Sapire, 'From feverish Festival to Repetitive Ritual? The changing fortunes of Great Trek mythology in an industrialising South Africa 1938-88', SAHJ (1989), 19-21.
202. The phrase comes from Engelenburg, General Louis Botha, p. 221.
203. V. Stent to Col. Stallard, 16/1/1939, Stallard papers, University of South Africa library, Pretoria.
204. T. Dunbar Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom. Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion (Berkeley, 1975), pp. 131-45.
205. J. Sturgis andM. Bird, Canada's Imperial Past. The Life ofF. J. Ney 1889.-1919 (Edinburgh, 2000), p. 214.
206. See here Leon De Kock's idea of'subversive subservience': Civilising Barbarians. Missionary Narrative and African Textual Response in Nineteenth-Century South Africa (Johannesburg, 1996), ch. 4.
207. L. Trainor, British Imperialism and Australian Nationalism. Manipulation, conflict and compromise in the late nineteenth century (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 167, 183.
208. D. Owram, Promise of Eden. The Canadian Expansionist Movement and the Idea of the West, 1856-1900 (Toronto, 1980), pp. 220-4.
209. J. Belich, Making Peoples. A History ofthe New Zealanders. From Polynesian settlement to the end of the nineteenth century (Auckland, 1996), pp. 437-8.
210. See, for example, the persistence of provincial attitudes and 'regional chauvinism' among the Johannesburg working classes, as described by Leon De Kock in 'The Sjambok Era: Johannesburg's Popular English Press in the 1930s', paper presented at an African Studies forum, 9/9/1988, Unisa Library, Pretoria, South Africa, pp. 9-10.
211. However, even in times of crisis, such as 1914-18 or 1939-45, it is far from clear that English-speakers were a completely cohesive community, as a preliminary glance at the newspaper press will testify. More work needs to be done on the social and cultural history of English-speaking South Africa before this discussion can be developed much further.
212. Manning Clarke, History of Australia (Pimlico edn, 1995), pp. 372-9;
213. Trainor, British Imperialism and Australian Nationalism, pp. 67-70, 78.
214. E. Bradlow, 'Immigration into the Union, 1910-48: policies and attitudes', D.Phil. thesis, University of Cape Town (1978), p. 756.
215. Kruger, The Age of the Generals, p. 183.
216. L. Kuper, 'African Nationalism in South Africa', in Wilson and Thompson (ed.), The Oxford History of South Africa, pp. 432, 439.
217. Here I have drawn in particular on Ann Parsonson's 'The Pursuit of Mana' (ch. 6) and M. P. K. Sorrenson's 'Maori and Pakeha' (ch. 7) in W. H. Oliver with B. R. Williams, The Oxford History of New Zeland (Oxford, 1981).
218. C. Pugsley, Te Hokowhitu A Tu. The Maori Pioneer Battalion in the First World War (Auckland, 1995), p. 13.
219. A. Ballara, Iwi. The dynamics of Maori tribal organisation from c. 1769 to c. 1945 (Wellington, 1998), p. 308;
220. L. Cox, Kotahitanga. The Search for Maori Political Unity (Auckland, 1993), pp. 57-8;
221. B. Elsmore, Mana from Heaven. A Century of Maori Prophets in New Zealand (Tauranga, 1989), p. 267;
222. Pei Te Hurinui, King Potatau. An account of the life ofPotatau Te Wherowhero. The first Maori King (Wellington, 1960), p. 160;
223. K. Sinclair, Kinds of Peace. Maori People After the Wars, 1890-85 (Auckland, 1991), p. 126.
224. R. Broome, Aboriginal Australians. Black Response to White Dominance 1788-1980 (North Sydney, NSW, 1983), p. 166.
225. T. Adams, N. Te Uira and A. Parsonson, "Behold, A Kite Flies Towards You": the Kingitanga and the "Opening" of the King Country', The New Zealand Journal of History, (1997), 115-16.
226. Marks and Rathbone, Industrialisation and social change, pp. 27-30.
227. S. Bruce, The Edge of the Union. The Ulster Loyalist Political Vision (Oxford, 1994), pp. 64-71;
228. T. Hennessey, 'Ulster Unionism and Loyalty to the Crown of the United Kingdom, 1912-74', in R. English and G. Walker (ed.), Unionism in Modern Ireland. New Perspectives on Politics and Culture (Houndmills, 1996), pp. 124-5;
229. J. Loughlin, Ulster Unionism and British National Identity since 1885 (London, 1995), p. 215.