'White Woman's Country': Ethel Tawse Jollie and the making of White Rhodesia

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 259-281

  Lowry, Donal ^a  

^a OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4243660977     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057079708708536     Document Type: Article

References (248)

1. Review of Tawse Jollie's The Real Rhodesia, in South Africa, 29 February 1924.
2. Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Britain's New Colony', United Empire, 14 (1923), p. 14.
3. Ronald Hyam, Elgin and Churchill at the Colonial Office, 1905-1908, The Watershed of the Empire-Commonwealth (London, 1968), p. 287.
4. Charles Carrington, Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work (London, 1978), pp. 454, 455.
5. For examples of this historiography see J. P. R. Wallis, One Man's Hand: The Story of Sir Charles Coghlan and the Liberation of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1950); N. S. Kane, The World's View: The Story of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1954); Oliver Ransford, The Rulers of Rhodesia: From Earliest Times to the Referendum (London, 1968). For the 'imperial factor', see M. C. Chanock, Unconsummated Union: Britain, Rhodesia, and South Africa, 1900-1945 (Manchester, 1977); H. I. Wetherell, 'Britain and Rhodesian Expansion: Imperial Collusion or Empirical Carelessness', Rhodesian History, 8 (1977), pp. 115-28; P. R. Warhurst, 'Rhodesian-South African Relations', South African Historical Journal, 3 (1971), pp. 93-108.
6. For examples of this historiography see J. P. R. Wallis, One Man's Hand: The Story of Sir Charles Coghlan and the Liberation of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1950); N. S. Kane, The World's View: The Story of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1954); Oliver Ransford, The Rulers of Rhodesia: From Earliest Times to the Referendum (London, 1968). For the 'imperial factor', see M. C. Chanock, Unconsummated Union: Britain, Rhodesia, and South Africa, 1900-1945 (Manchester, 1977); H. I. Wetherell, 'Britain and Rhodesian Expansion: Imperial Collusion or Empirical Carelessness', Rhodesian History, 8 (1977), pp. 115-28; P. R. Warhurst, 'Rhodesian-South African Relations', South African Historical Journal, 3 (1971), pp. 93-108.
7. For examples of this historiography see J. P. R. Wallis, One Man's Hand: The Story of Sir Charles Coghlan and the Liberation of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1950); N. S. Kane, The World's View: The Story of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1954); Oliver Ransford, The Rulers of Rhodesia: From Earliest Times to the Referendum (London, 1968). For the 'imperial factor', see M. C. Chanock, Unconsummated Union: Britain, Rhodesia, and South Africa, 1900-1945 (Manchester, 1977); H. I. Wetherell, 'Britain and Rhodesian Expansion: Imperial Collusion or Empirical Carelessness', Rhodesian History, 8 (1977), pp. 115-28; P. R. Warhurst, 'Rhodesian-South African Relations', South African Historical Journal, 3 (1971), pp. 93-108.
8. For examples of this historiography see J. P. R. Wallis, One Man's Hand: The Story of Sir Charles Coghlan and the Liberation of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1950); N. S. Kane, The World's View: The Story of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1954); Oliver Ransford, The Rulers of Rhodesia: From Earliest Times to the Referendum (London, 1968). For the 'imperial factor', see M. C. Chanock, Unconsummated Union: Britain, Rhodesia, and South Africa, 1900-1945 (Manchester, 1977); H. I. Wetherell, 'Britain and Rhodesian Expansion: Imperial Collusion or Empirical Carelessness', Rhodesian History, 8 (1977), pp. 115-28; P. R. Warhurst, 'Rhodesian-South African Relations', South African Historical Journal, 3 (1971), pp. 93-108.
9. For examples of this historiography see J. P. R. Wallis, One Man's Hand: The Story of Sir Charles Coghlan and the Liberation of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1950); N. S. Kane, The World's View: The Story of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1954); Oliver Ransford, The Rulers of Rhodesia: From Earliest Times to the Referendum (London, 1968). For the 'imperial factor', see M. C. Chanock, Unconsummated Union: Britain, Rhodesia, and South Africa, 1900-1945 (Manchester, 1977); H. I. Wetherell, 'Britain and Rhodesian Expansion: Imperial Collusion or Empirical Carelessness', Rhodesian History, 8 (1977), pp. 115-28; P. R. Warhurst, 'Rhodesian-South African Relations', South African Historical Journal, 3 (1971), pp. 93-108.
10. For examples of this historiography see J. P. R. Wallis, One Man's Hand: The Story of Sir Charles Coghlan and the Liberation of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1950); N. S. Kane, The World's View: The Story of Southern Rhodesia (London, 1954); Oliver Ransford, The Rulers of Rhodesia: From Earliest Times to the Referendum (London, 1968). For the 'imperial factor', see M. C. Chanock, Unconsummated Union: Britain, Rhodesia, and South Africa, 1900-1945 (Manchester, 1977); H. I. Wetherell, 'Britain and Rhodesian Expansion: Imperial Collusion or Empirical Carelessness', Rhodesian History, 8 (1977), pp. 115-28; P. R. Warhurst, 'Rhodesian-South African Relations', South African Historical Journal, 3 (1971), pp. 93-108.
11. N[ational] A[rchives of] Z[imbabwe], Historical MSS, Chaplin Papers, CH 8/2/1: Drummond Chaplin to J. C. Smuts, 30 October 1922; M. E. Lee, 'An Analysis of the Rhodesian Referendum, 1922', Rhodesian History, 8 (1977), p. 91.
12. Cherryl Walker, 'The Women's Suffrage Movement: The Politics of Gender, Race and Class', in Cherryl Walker (ed), Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (London, 1990), pp. 339-340.
13. Lee, 'An Analysis', pp. 91, 93. See also John M. Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', Rhodesian History, 9 (1978), pp. 23-40; R. Hodder-Williams and P. Whiteley, 'The Rhodesian Referendum of October 1922: Some Further Reflections', Zimbabwe History, 11 (1980), pp. 56-74; H. C. Hummel, 'The Growth of White Rhodesian Nationalism: A Critical Appraisal', Zimbabwe History, 11 (1980), pp. 75-86. Not all wives voted with their husbands. Blanche Huggins, wife of Godfrey Huggins, a future prime minister, was a supporter of responsible government, but was unable to vote in the referendum because of the birth of their first child. Her pro-union husband decided to abstain from voting because his vote could not be balanced by his wife's. See L. H. Gann and M. Gelfand, Huggins of Rhodesia (London, 1964), pp. 61-62.
14. Lee, 'An Analysis', pp. 91, 93. See also John M. Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', Rhodesian History, 9 (1978), pp. 23-40; R. Hodder-Williams and P. Whiteley, 'The Rhodesian Referendum of October 1922: Some Further Reflections', Zimbabwe History, 11 (1980), pp. 56-74; H. C. Hummel, 'The Growth of White Rhodesian Nationalism: A Critical Appraisal', Zimbabwe History, 11 (1980), pp. 75-86. Not all wives voted with their husbands. Blanche Huggins, wife of Godfrey Huggins, a future prime minister, was a supporter of responsible government, but was unable to vote in the referendum because of the birth of their first child. Her pro-union husband decided to abstain from voting because his vote could not be balanced by his wife's. See L. H. Gann and M. Gelfand, Huggins of Rhodesia (London, 1964), pp. 61-62.
15. Lee, 'An Analysis', pp. 91, 93. See also John M. Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', Rhodesian History, 9 (1978), pp. 23-40; R. Hodder-Williams and P. Whiteley, 'The Rhodesian Referendum of October 1922: Some Further Reflections', Zimbabwe History, 11 (1980), pp. 56-74; H. C. Hummel, 'The Growth of White Rhodesian Nationalism: A Critical Appraisal', Zimbabwe History, 11 (1980), pp. 75-86. Not all wives voted with their husbands. Blanche Huggins, wife of Godfrey Huggins, a future prime minister, was a supporter of responsible government, but was unable to vote in the referendum because of the birth of their first child. Her pro-union husband decided to abstain from voting because his vote could not be balanced by his wife's. See L. H. Gann and M. Gelfand, Huggins of Rhodesia (London, 1964), pp. 61-62.
16. Lee, 'An Analysis', pp. 91, 93. See also John M. Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', Rhodesian History, 9 (1978), pp. 23-40; R. Hodder-Williams and P. Whiteley, 'The Rhodesian Referendum of October 1922: Some Further Reflections', Zimbabwe History, 11 (1980), pp. 56-74; H. C. Hummel, 'The Growth of White Rhodesian Nationalism: A Critical Appraisal', Zimbabwe History, 11 (1980), pp. 75-86. Not all wives voted with their husbands. Blanche Huggins, wife of Godfrey Huggins, a future prime minister, was a supporter of responsible government, but was unable to vote in the referendum because of the birth of their first child. Her pro-union husband decided to abstain from voting because his vote could not be balanced by his wife's. See L. H. Gann and M. Gelfand, Huggins of Rhodesia (London, 1964), pp. 61-62.
17. Lee, 'An Analysis', pp. 91, 93. See also John M. Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', Rhodesian History, 9 (1978), pp. 23-40; R. Hodder-Williams and P. Whiteley, 'The Rhodesian Referendum of October 1922: Some Further Reflections', Zimbabwe History, 11 (1980), pp. 56-74; H. C. Hummel, 'The Growth of White Rhodesian Nationalism: A Critical Appraisal', Zimbabwe History, 11 (1980), pp. 75-86. Not all wives voted with their husbands. Blanche Huggins, wife of Godfrey Huggins, a future prime minister, was a supporter of responsible government, but was unable to vote in the referendum because of the birth of their first child. Her pro-union husband decided to abstain from voting because his vote could not be balanced by his wife's. See L. H. Gann and M. Gelfand, Huggins of Rhodesia (London, 1964), pp. 61-62.
18. Her year of birth is usually given as 1878. However, it seems clear from the 1881 Census and the certificate of her marriage to John Tawse Jollie in 1915 that she was born in 1875. See Census for the Borough of Stafford, 1881, Public Record Office, London, RG.11/2687, p. 3; Register Book of Marriages belonging to the Parish Church of St James's, Westminster, (30 October) 1915, p. 154; N. S. Kane, 'Ethel Tawse Jollie', Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Vol. 6 (Cape Town, 1970), p. 234; I. F. Johnstone, 'Ethel Maude Tawse Jollie', in C. J. Beyers (ed), Dictionary of South African Biography, Vol. 15 (Pretoria, 1987), p. 263.
19. Her year of birth is usually given as 1878. However, it seems clear from the 1881 Census and the certificate of her marriage to John Tawse Jollie in 1915 that she was born in 1875. See Census for the Borough of Stafford, 1881, Public Record Office, London, RG.11/2687, p. 3; Register Book of Marriages belonging to the Parish Church of St James's, Westminster, (30 October) 1915, p. 154; N. S. Kane, 'Ethel Tawse Jollie', Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Vol. 6 (Cape Town, 1970), p. 234; I. F. Johnstone, 'Ethel Maude Tawse Jollie', in C. J. Beyers (ed), Dictionary of South African Biography, Vol. 15 (Pretoria, 1987), p. 263.
20. Her year of birth is usually given as 1878. However, it seems clear from the 1881 Census and the certificate of her marriage to John Tawse Jollie in 1915 that she was born in 1875. See Census for the Borough of Stafford, 1881, Public Record Office, London, RG.11/2687, p. 3; Register Book of Marriages belonging to the Parish Church of St James's, Westminster, (30 October) 1915, p. 154; N. S. Kane, 'Ethel Tawse Jollie', Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Vol. 6 (Cape Town, 1970), p. 234; I. F. Johnstone, 'Ethel Maude Tawse Jollie', in C. J. Beyers (ed), Dictionary of South African Biography, Vol. 15 (Pretoria, 1987), p. 263.
21. Her year of birth is usually given as 1878. However, it seems clear from the 1881 Census and the certificate of her marriage to John Tawse Jollie in 1915 that she was born in 1875. See Census for the Borough of Stafford, 1881, Public Record Office, London, RG.11/2687, p. 3; Register Book of Marriages belonging to the Parish Church of St James's, Westminster, (30 October) 1915, p. 154; N. S. Kane, 'Ethel Tawse Jollie', Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Vol. 6 (Cape Town, 1970), p. 234; I. F. Johnstone, 'Ethel Maude Tawse Jollie', in C. J. Beyers (ed), Dictionary of South African Biography, Vol. 15 (Pretoria, 1987), p. 263.
22. See Archibald Ross Colquhoun, From Dan to Beersheeba (London, 1908), p. 295.
23. See NAZ, Rhodesian Party Papers, General, RH 8[1]6: Tawse Jollie's autobiographical notes, n.d.; C. L. Mowat, The Charity Organisation Society 1869-1913: Its Ideas and Work (London, 1980).
24. See Mrs Archibald (Ethel) Colquhoun, The Vocation of Woman (London, 1913), p. 16.
25. See, for example, Two On Their Travels (London, 1902); 'An Amazon of India', United Empire, 4 (1913), pp. 102-109; 'A Visit to King Solomon's Mines', ibid., 4 (1914), pp. 485-493; 'The Balkan States and the War', ibid., 6 (1916), pp. 813-831; (with Archibald Colquhoun) The Whirlpool of Europe: Austria-Hungary and the Realm of the Habsburgs (New York, 1908).
26. See, for example, Two On Their Travels (London, 1902); 'An Amazon of India', United Empire, 4 (1913), pp. 102-109; 'A Visit to King Solomon's Mines', ibid., 4 (1914), pp. 485-493; 'The Balkan States and the War', ibid., 6 (1916), pp. 813-831; (with Archibald Colquhoun) The Whirlpool of Europe: Austria-Hungary and the Realm of the Habsburgs (New York, 1908).
27. See, for example, Two On Their Travels (London, 1902); 'An Amazon of India', United Empire, 4 (1913), pp. 102-109; 'A Visit to King Solomon's Mines', ibid., 4 (1914), pp. 485-493; 'The Balkan States and the War', ibid., 6 (1916), pp. 813-831; (with Archibald Colquhoun) The Whirlpool of Europe: Austria-Hungary and the Realm of the Habsburgs (New York, 1908).
28. See, for example, Two On Their Travels (London, 1902); 'An Amazon of India', United Empire, 4 (1913), pp. 102-109; 'A Visit to King Solomon's Mines', ibid., 4 (1914), pp. 485-493; 'The Balkan States and the War', ibid., 6 (1916), pp. 813-831; (with Archibald Colquhoun) The Whirlpool of Europe: Austria-Hungary and the Realm of the Habsburgs (New York, 1908).
29. See, for example, Two On Their Travels (London, 1902); 'An Amazon of India', United Empire, 4 (1913), pp. 102-109; 'A Visit to King Solomon's Mines', ibid., 4 (1914), pp. 485-493; 'The Balkan States and the War', ibid., 6 (1916), pp. 813-831; (with Archibald Colquhoun) The Whirlpool of Europe: Austria-Hungary and the Realm of the Habsburgs (New York, 1908).
30. See Ethel Colquhoun, 'Archibald Colquhoun: A Memoir', United Empire, 6 (1915), pp. 99-108; Tony Tanser, 'The Forgotten Pioneer', Illustrated Life Rhodesia, 24 September 1970; J. A. Edwards, 'Colquhoun in Mashonaland: A Portrait of Failure', Rhodesiana, 4 (1963), pp. 1-17.
31. See Ethel Colquhoun, 'Archibald Colquhoun: A Memoir', United Empire, 6 (1915), pp. 99-108; Tony Tanser, 'The Forgotten Pioneer', Illustrated Life Rhodesia, 24 September 1970; J. A. Edwards, 'Colquhoun in Mashonaland: A Portrait of Failure', Rhodesiana, 4 (1963), pp. 1-17.
32. See Ethel Colquhoun, 'Archibald Colquhoun: A Memoir', United Empire, 6 (1915), pp. 99-108; Tony Tanser, 'The Forgotten Pioneer', Illustrated Life Rhodesia, 24 September 1970; J. A. Edwards, 'Colquhoun in Mashonaland: A Portrait of Failure', Rhodesiana, 4 (1963), pp. 1-17.
33. For the background to these movements see Paul Kennedy and A. J. Nicholls (eds), Nationalist and Racialist Movements in Britain and Germany before 1914 (Oxford, 1981); G. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency: A Study in British Politics and British Political Thought, 1899-1914 (Oxford, 1971); Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform (London, 1960); Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (Oxford, 1990); Andrew S. Thompson, 'Imperial Ideology in Edwardian Britain', in Alex May (ed), The Round Table Movement, The Empire/Commonwealth and British Foreign Policy (London, forthcoming 1997).
34. For the background to these movements see Paul Kennedy and A. J. Nicholls (eds), Nationalist and Racialist Movements in Britain and Germany before 1914 (Oxford, 1981); G. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency: A Study in British Politics and British Political Thought, 1899-1914 (Oxford, 1971); Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform (London, 1960); Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (Oxford, 1990); Andrew S. Thompson, 'Imperial Ideology in Edwardian Britain', in Alex May (ed), The Round Table Movement, The Empire/Commonwealth and British Foreign Policy (London, forthcoming 1997).
35. For the background to these movements see Paul Kennedy and A. J. Nicholls (eds), Nationalist and Racialist Movements in Britain and Germany before 1914 (Oxford, 1981); G. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency: A Study in British Politics and British Political Thought, 1899-1914 (Oxford, 1971); Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform (London, 1960); Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (Oxford, 1990); Andrew S. Thompson, 'Imperial Ideology in Edwardian Britain', in Alex May (ed), The Round Table Movement, The Empire/Commonwealth and British Foreign Policy (London, forthcoming 1997).
36. For the background to these movements see Paul Kennedy and A. J. Nicholls (eds), Nationalist and Racialist Movements in Britain and Germany before 1914 (Oxford, 1981); G. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency: A Study in British Politics and British Political Thought, 1899-1914 (Oxford, 1971); Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform (London, 1960); Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (Oxford, 1990); Andrew S. Thompson, 'Imperial Ideology in Edwardian Britain', in Alex May (ed), The Round Table Movement, The Empire/Commonwealth and British Foreign Policy (London, forthcoming 1997).
37. For the background to these movements see Paul Kennedy and A. J. Nicholls (eds), Nationalist and Racialist Movements in Britain and Germany before 1914 (Oxford, 1981); G. Searle, The Quest for National Efficiency: A Study in British Politics and British Political Thought, 1899-1914 (Oxford, 1971); Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform (London, 1960); Frans Coetzee, For Party or Country: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of Popular Conservatism in Edwardian England (Oxford, 1990); Andrew S. Thompson, 'Imperial Ideology in Edwardian Britain', in Alex May (ed), The Round Table Movement, The Empire/Commonwealth and British Foreign Policy (London, forthcoming 1997).
38. See Trevor R. Reese, The History of the Royal Commonwealth Society 1868-1968 (London, 1968), pp. 113, 212.
39. See Ethel Colquhoun to the editor, The Times, 9 June 1914.
40. See Terry Cook, 'George R. Parkin and the Concept of Britannic Idealism', Journal of Canadian Studies, 10, 3 (1975), pp. 15-30; Ethel Colquhoun, 'On Some Overseas Poetry', United Empire, 1 (1910), pp. 709-720.
41. See Terry Cook, 'George R. Parkin and the Concept of Britannic Idealism', Journal of Canadian Studies, 10, 3 (1975), pp. 15-30; Ethel Colquhoun, 'On Some Overseas Poetry', United Empire, 1 (1910), pp. 709-720.
42. E. Colquhoun, 'Women and the Colonies', Proceedings of the Royal Colonial Institute, 35 (1903/4), pp. 326-344.
43. A. J. Hammerton, Emigrant Gentlewomen (London, 1979), p. 163. See also Jean Jacques Van-Helten and Keith Williams, ' "The Crying Need of South Africa": The Emigration of Single British Women To The Transvaal, 1901-10', Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (1983), pp. 17-38; Brian Blakeley, 'Women and Imperialism: The Colonial Office and Female Emigration to South Africa, 1910-1910', Albion, 13, 2 (1981), pp. 131-149; Keith Williams, ' "A Way Out Of Our Troubles": The Politics of Empire Settlement, 1900-1922', in Stephen Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire: British Settlement in the Dominions Between the Wars (Manchester, 1990); Cecilie Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land: The Emigration of Single Women from Britain to Southern Africa, 1820-1939 (Oxford, 1993). For a discussion of the relationship between emigration and ideas of National Efficiency, see Kent Fedorowich, Unfit for Heroes: Reconstruction and Soldier Settlement in the Empire Between the Wars (Manchester, 1995), pp. 14-24.
44. A. J. Hammerton, Emigrant Gentlewomen (London, 1979), p. 163. See also Jean Jacques Van-Helten and Keith Williams, ' "The Crying Need of South Africa": The Emigration of Single British Women To The Transvaal, 1901-10', Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (1983), pp. 17-38; Brian Blakeley, 'Women and Imperialism: The Colonial Office and Female Emigration to South Africa, 1910-1910', Albion, 13, 2 (1981), pp. 131-149; Keith Williams, ' "A Way Out Of Our Troubles": The Politics of Empire Settlement, 1900-1922', in Stephen Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire: British Settlement in the Dominions Between the Wars (Manchester, 1990); Cecilie Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land: The Emigration of Single Women from Britain to Southern Africa, 1820-1939 (Oxford, 1993). For a discussion of the relationship between emigration and ideas of National Efficiency, see Kent Fedorowich, Unfit for Heroes: Reconstruction and Soldier Settlement in the Empire Between the Wars (Manchester, 1995), pp. 14-24.
45. A. J. Hammerton, Emigrant Gentlewomen (London, 1979), p. 163. See also Jean Jacques Van-Helten and Keith Williams, ' "The Crying Need of South Africa": The Emigration of Single British Women To The Transvaal, 1901-10', Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (1983), pp. 17-38; Brian Blakeley, 'Women and Imperialism: The Colonial Office and Female Emigration to South Africa, 1910-1910', Albion, 13, 2 (1981), pp. 131-149; Keith Williams, ' "A Way Out Of Our Troubles": The Politics of Empire Settlement, 1900-1922', in Stephen Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire: British Settlement in the Dominions Between the Wars (Manchester, 1990); Cecilie Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land: The Emigration of Single Women from Britain to Southern Africa, 1820-1939 (Oxford, 1993). For a discussion of the relationship between emigration and ideas of National Efficiency, see Kent Fedorowich, Unfit for Heroes: Reconstruction and Soldier Settlement in the Empire Between the Wars (Manchester, 1995), pp. 14-24.
46. A. J. Hammerton, Emigrant Gentlewomen (London, 1979), p. 163. See also Jean Jacques Van-Helten and Keith Williams, ' "The Crying Need of South Africa": The Emigration of Single British Women To The Transvaal, 1901-10', Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (1983), pp. 17-38; Brian Blakeley, 'Women and Imperialism: The Colonial Office and Female Emigration to South Africa, 1910-1910', Albion, 13, 2 (1981), pp. 131-149; Keith Williams, ' "A Way Out Of Our Troubles": The Politics of Empire Settlement, 1900-1922', in Stephen Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire: British Settlement in the Dominions Between the Wars (Manchester, 1990); Cecilie Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land: The Emigration of Single Women from Britain to Southern Africa, 1820-1939 (Oxford, 1993). For a discussion of the relationship between emigration and ideas of National Efficiency, see Kent Fedorowich, Unfit for Heroes: Reconstruction and Soldier Settlement in the Empire Between the Wars (Manchester, 1995), pp. 14-24.
47. A. J. Hammerton, Emigrant Gentlewomen (London, 1979), p. 163. See also Jean Jacques Van-Helten and Keith Williams, ' "The Crying Need of South Africa": The Emigration of Single British Women To The Transvaal, 1901-10', Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (1983), pp. 17-38; Brian Blakeley, 'Women and Imperialism: The Colonial Office and Female Emigration to South Africa, 1910-1910', Albion, 13, 2 (1981), pp. 131-149; Keith Williams, ' "A Way Out Of Our Troubles": The Politics of Empire Settlement, 1900-1922', in Stephen Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire: British Settlement in the Dominions Between the Wars (Manchester, 1990); Cecilie Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land: The Emigration of Single Women from Britain to Southern Africa, 1820-1939 (Oxford, 1993). For a discussion of the relationship between emigration and ideas of National Efficiency, see Kent Fedorowich, Unfit for Heroes: Reconstruction and Soldier Settlement in the Empire Between the Wars (Manchester, 1995), pp. 14-24.
48. A. J. Hammerton, Emigrant Gentlewomen (London, 1979), p. 163. See also Jean Jacques Van-Helten and Keith Williams, ' "The Crying Need of South Africa": The Emigration of Single British Women To The Transvaal, 1901-10', Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (1983), pp. 17-38; Brian Blakeley, 'Women and Imperialism: The Colonial Office and Female Emigration to South Africa, 1910-1910', Albion, 13, 2 (1981), pp. 131-149; Keith Williams, ' "A Way Out Of Our Troubles": The Politics of Empire Settlement, 1900-1922', in Stephen Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire: British Settlement in the Dominions Between the Wars (Manchester, 1990); Cecilie Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land: The Emigration of Single Women from Britain to Southern Africa, 1820-1939 (Oxford, 1993). For a discussion of the relationship between emigration and ideas of National Efficiency, see Kent Fedorowich, Unfit for Heroes: Reconstruction and Soldier Settlement in the Empire Between the Wars (Manchester, 1995), pp. 14-24.
49. Colquhoun, Vocation, pp. 2, 16, 174-175. See also Anna Davin, 'Imperialism and Motherhood', History Workshop Journal, 5 (1975), pp. 9-66; J. G. Greenlee, 'Imperial Studies and the Unity of Empire', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 7 (1979), pp. 321-335.
50. Colquhoun, Vocation, pp. 2, 16, 174-175. See also Anna Davin, 'Imperialism and Motherhood', History Workshop Journal, 5 (1975), pp. 9-66; J. G. Greenlee, 'Imperial Studies and the Unity of Empire', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 7 (1979), pp. 321-335.
51. Colquhoun, Vocation, pp. 2, 16, 174-175. See also Anna Davin, 'Imperialism and Motherhood', History Workshop Journal, 5 (1975), pp. 9-66; J. G. Greenlee, 'Imperial Studies and the Unity of Empire', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 7 (1979), pp. 321-335.
52. See Brian Harrison, Separate Spheres: The Opposition to Women's Suffrage in Britain (London, 1978).
53. Her other works on this subject include: 'What Women Can Do For National Defence', The Times, 22 March 1909; 'Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism', The Quarterly Magazine, 219 (1913), pp. 143-166; 'Quo Vadis Femina?', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1913), pp. 517-527; 'The Superfluous Woman', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1914), pp. 563-573. For her pre-war influence, see Constance Rover, Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain (Toronto, 1967), pp. 114, 145; Susan Kingsley Kent, Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914 (Princeton, 1987), pp. 11, 183; M. Vicinus, Independent Woman: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (London, 1988), pp. 206-8; Cecilie Swaisland, 'Female Migration and Social Mobility: British Female Domestic Servants to South Africa', in Gina Buijs (ed), Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities (Oxford, 1993), p. 168. Her views were discussed as far away as Grahamstown; see 'The Superfluous Woman' [editorial], The Journal, 4 April 1914.
54. Her other works on this subject include: 'What Women Can Do For National Defence', The Times, 22 March 1909; 'Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism', The Quarterly Magazine, 219 (1913), pp. 143-166; 'Quo Vadis Femina?', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1913), pp. 517-527; 'The Superfluous Woman', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1914), pp. 563-573. For her pre-war influence, see Constance Rover, Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain (Toronto, 1967), pp. 114, 145; Susan Kingsley Kent, Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914 (Princeton, 1987), pp. 11, 183; M. Vicinus, Independent Woman: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (London, 1988), pp. 206-8; Cecilie Swaisland, 'Female Migration and Social Mobility: British Female Domestic Servants to South Africa', in Gina Buijs (ed), Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities (Oxford, 1993), p. 168. Her views were discussed as far away as Grahamstown; see 'The Superfluous Woman' [editorial], The Journal, 4 April 1914.
55. Her other works on this subject include: 'What Women Can Do For National Defence', The Times, 22 March 1909; 'Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism', The Quarterly Magazine, 219 (1913), pp. 143-166; 'Quo Vadis Femina?', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1913), pp. 517-527; 'The Superfluous Woman', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1914), pp. 563-573. For her pre-war influence, see Constance Rover, Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain (Toronto, 1967), pp. 114, 145; Susan Kingsley Kent, Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914 (Princeton, 1987), pp. 11, 183; M. Vicinus, Independent Woman: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (London, 1988), pp. 206-8; Cecilie Swaisland, 'Female Migration and Social Mobility: British Female Domestic Servants to South Africa', in Gina Buijs (ed), Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities (Oxford, 1993), p. 168. Her views were discussed as far away as Grahamstown; see 'The Superfluous Woman' [editorial], The Journal, 4 April 1914.
56. Her other works on this subject include: 'What Women Can Do For National Defence', The Times, 22 March 1909; 'Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism', The Quarterly Magazine, 219 (1913), pp. 143-166; 'Quo Vadis Femina?', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1913), pp. 517-527; 'The Superfluous Woman', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1914), pp. 563-573. For her pre-war influence, see Constance Rover, Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain (Toronto, 1967), pp. 114, 145; Susan Kingsley Kent, Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914 (Princeton, 1987), pp. 11, 183; M. Vicinus, Independent Woman: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (London, 1988), pp. 206-8; Cecilie Swaisland, 'Female Migration and Social Mobility: British Female Domestic Servants to South Africa', in Gina Buijs (ed), Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities (Oxford, 1993), p. 168. Her views were discussed as far away as Grahamstown; see 'The Superfluous Woman' [editorial], The Journal, 4 April 1914.
57. Her other works on this subject include: 'What Women Can Do For National Defence', The Times, 22 March 1909; 'Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism', The Quarterly Magazine, 219 (1913), pp. 143-166; 'Quo Vadis Femina?', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1913), pp. 517-527; 'The Superfluous Woman', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1914), pp. 563-573. For her pre-war influence, see Constance Rover, Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain (Toronto, 1967), pp. 114, 145; Susan Kingsley Kent, Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914 (Princeton, 1987), pp. 11, 183; M. Vicinus, Independent Woman: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (London, 1988), pp. 206-8; Cecilie Swaisland, 'Female Migration and Social Mobility: British Female Domestic Servants to South Africa', in Gina Buijs (ed), Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities (Oxford, 1993), p. 168. Her views were discussed as far away as Grahamstown; see 'The Superfluous Woman' [editorial], The Journal, 4 April 1914.
58. Her other works on this subject include: 'What Women Can Do For National Defence', The Times, 22 March 1909; 'Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism', The Quarterly Magazine, 219 (1913), pp. 143-166; 'Quo Vadis Femina?', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1913), pp. 517-527; 'The Superfluous Woman', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1914), pp. 563-573. For her pre-war influence, see Constance Rover, Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain (Toronto, 1967), pp. 114, 145; Susan Kingsley Kent, Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914 (Princeton, 1987), pp. 11, 183; M. Vicinus, Independent Woman: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (London, 1988), pp. 206-8; Cecilie Swaisland, 'Female Migration and Social Mobility: British Female Domestic Servants to South Africa', in Gina Buijs (ed), Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities (Oxford, 1993), p. 168. Her views were discussed as far away as Grahamstown; see 'The Superfluous Woman' [editorial], The Journal, 4 April 1914.
59. Her other works on this subject include: 'What Women Can Do For National Defence', The Times, 22 March 1909; 'Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism', The Quarterly Magazine, 219 (1913), pp. 143-166; 'Quo Vadis Femina?', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1913), pp. 517-527; 'The Superfluous Woman', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1914), pp. 563-573. For her pre-war influence, see Constance Rover, Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain (Toronto, 1967), pp. 114, 145; Susan Kingsley Kent, Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914 (Princeton, 1987), pp. 11, 183; M. Vicinus, Independent Woman: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (London, 1988), pp. 206-8; Cecilie Swaisland, 'Female Migration and Social Mobility: British Female Domestic Servants to South Africa', in Gina Buijs (ed), Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities (Oxford, 1993), p. 168. Her views were discussed as far away as Grahamstown; see 'The Superfluous Woman' [editorial], The Journal, 4 April 1914.
60. Her other works on this subject include: 'What Women Can Do For National Defence', The Times, 22 March 1909; 'Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism', The Quarterly Magazine, 219 (1913), pp. 143-166; 'Quo Vadis Femina?', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1913), pp. 517-527; 'The Superfluous Woman', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1914), pp. 563-573. For her pre-war influence, see Constance Rover, Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain (Toronto, 1967), pp. 114, 145; Susan Kingsley Kent, Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914 (Princeton, 1987), pp. 11, 183; M. Vicinus, Independent Woman: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (London, 1988), pp. 206-8; Cecilie Swaisland, 'Female Migration and Social Mobility: British Female Domestic Servants to South Africa', in Gina Buijs (ed), Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities (Oxford, 1993), p. 168. Her views were discussed as far away as Grahamstown; see 'The Superfluous Woman' [editorial], The Journal, 4 April 1914.
61. Her other works on this subject include: 'What Women Can Do For National Defence', The Times, 22 March 1909; 'Modern Feminism and Sex Antagonism', The Quarterly Magazine, 219 (1913), pp. 143-166; 'Quo Vadis Femina?', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1913), pp. 517-527; 'The Superfluous Woman', Nineteenth Century and After, 75 (1914), pp. 563-573. For her pre-war influence, see Constance Rover, Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain (Toronto, 1967), pp. 114, 145; Susan Kingsley Kent, Sex and Suffrage in Britain, 1860-1914 (Princeton, 1987), pp. 11, 183; M. Vicinus, Independent Woman: Work and Community for Single Women, 1850-1920 (London, 1988), pp. 206-8; Cecilie Swaisland, 'Female Migration and Social Mobility: British Female Domestic Servants to South Africa', in Gina Buijs (ed), Migrant Women: Crossing Boundaries and Changing Identities (Oxford, 1993), p. 168. Her views were discussed as far away as Grahamstown; see 'The Superfluous Woman' [editorial], The Journal, 4 April 1914.
62. Colquhoun, Vocation, p. 88.
63. Colquhoun, Vocation, pp. 286-305; Dea Birkett, Mary Kingsley: Imperial Adventuress (London, 1992); H. V. F. Winstone, Gertrude Bell (New York, 1978); John Sutherland, Mrs Humphry Ward: Eminent Victorian, Pre-Eminent Edwardian (Oxford, 1991), pp. 301-309; Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Crusader for Empire: Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington, 1992), p. 91; Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why do Women Vote Tory? (London, 1987), pp. 34-46; Brian Harrison, 'A Different World for Women', Twentieth Century British History, 3, 1 (1992), pp. 76-83.
64. Colquhoun, Vocation, pp. 286-305; Dea Birkett, Mary Kingsley: Imperial Adventuress (London, 1992); H. V. F. Winstone, Gertrude Bell (New York, 1978); John Sutherland, Mrs Humphry Ward: Eminent Victorian, Pre-Eminent Edwardian (Oxford, 1991), pp. 301-309; Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Crusader for Empire: Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington, 1992), p. 91; Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why do Women Vote Tory? (London, 1987), pp. 34-46; Brian Harrison, 'A Different World for Women', Twentieth Century British History, 3, 1 (1992), pp. 76-83.
65. Colquhoun, Vocation, pp. 286-305; Dea Birkett, Mary Kingsley: Imperial Adventuress (London, 1992); H. V. F. Winstone, Gertrude Bell (New York, 1978); John Sutherland, Mrs Humphry Ward: Eminent Victorian, Pre-Eminent Edwardian (Oxford, 1991), pp. 301-309; Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Crusader for Empire: Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington, 1992), p. 91; Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why do Women Vote Tory? (London, 1987), pp. 34-46; Brian Harrison, 'A Different World for Women', Twentieth Century British History, 3, 1 (1992), pp. 76-83.
66. Colquhoun, Vocation, pp. 286-305; Dea Birkett, Mary Kingsley: Imperial Adventuress (London, 1992); H. V. F. Winstone, Gertrude Bell (New York, 1978); John Sutherland, Mrs Humphry Ward: Eminent Victorian, Pre-Eminent Edwardian (Oxford, 1991), pp. 301-309; Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Crusader for Empire: Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington, 1992), p. 91; Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why do Women Vote Tory? (London, 1987), pp. 34-46; Brian Harrison, 'A Different World for Women', Twentieth Century British History, 3, 1 (1992), pp. 76-83.
67. Colquhoun, Vocation, pp. 286-305; Dea Birkett, Mary Kingsley: Imperial Adventuress (London, 1992); H. V. F. Winstone, Gertrude Bell (New York, 1978); John Sutherland, Mrs Humphry Ward: Eminent Victorian, Pre-Eminent Edwardian (Oxford, 1991), pp. 301-309; Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Crusader for Empire: Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington, 1992), p. 91; Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why do Women Vote Tory? (London, 1987), pp. 34-46; Brian Harrison, 'A Different World for Women', Twentieth Century British History, 3, 1 (1992), pp. 76-83.
68. Colquhoun, Vocation, pp. 286-305; Dea Birkett, Mary Kingsley: Imperial Adventuress (London, 1992); H. V. F. Winstone, Gertrude Bell (New York, 1978); John Sutherland, Mrs Humphry Ward: Eminent Victorian, Pre-Eminent Edwardian (Oxford, 1991), pp. 301-309; Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Crusader for Empire: Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington, 1992), p. 91; Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why do Women Vote Tory? (London, 1987), pp. 34-46; Brian Harrison, 'A Different World for Women', Twentieth Century British History, 3, 1 (1992), pp. 76-83.
69. Colquhoun, Vocation, pp. 286-305; Dea Birkett, Mary Kingsley: Imperial Adventuress (London, 1992); H. V. F. Winstone, Gertrude Bell (New York, 1978); John Sutherland, Mrs Humphry Ward: Eminent Victorian, Pre-Eminent Edwardian (Oxford, 1991), pp. 301-309; Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Crusader for Empire: Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Nupur Chaudhuri and Margaret Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance (Bloomington, 1992), p. 91; Beatrix Campbell, The Iron Ladies: Why do Women Vote Tory? (London, 1987), pp. 34-46; Brian Harrison, 'A Different World for Women', Twentieth Century British History, 3, 1 (1992), pp. 76-83.
70. See Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Social Control in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, NC, 1987), pp. 92-100, 200; Barry Mayer Schutz, 'The Theory of Fragment and the Political Development of White Settler Society in Rhodesia, University of California, Los Angeles (1972), pp. 35-90, 109-118. Between 1921 and 1956 there were 184,691 immigrants and 93,215 emigrants. See C. Leys, European Politics in Southern Rhodesia (Oxford, 1959), p. 74, and R. S. Roberts, 'The Settlers', Rhodesiana, 39 (1978), pp. 55-61. For a critical examination of the relationship of local settler patriotism to a wider British imperial identity, see Douglas Cole, 'The Problem of "Nationalism" and "Imperialism" in British Settlement Colonies', Journal of British Studies, 10, 2 (1971), pp. 160-182, which provides useful parallels to the paradoxes and contradictions of Rhodesian identity. For a fuller discussion of Rhodesian identity see Donal Lowry, ' "Shame upon Little England, While Greater England Stands": Southern Rhodesia and the Imperial Idea', in May (ed), The Round Table Movement.
71. See Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Social Control in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, NC, 1987), pp. 92-100, 200; Barry Mayer Schutz, 'The Theory of Fragment and the Political Development of White Settler Society in Rhodesia, University of California, Los Angeles (1972), pp. 35-90, 109-118. Between 1921 and 1956 there were 184,691 immigrants and 93,215 emigrants. See C. Leys, European Politics in Southern Rhodesia (Oxford, 1959), p. 74, and R. S. Roberts, 'The Settlers', Rhodesiana, 39 (1978), pp. 55-61. For a critical examination of the relationship of local settler patriotism to a wider British imperial identity, see Douglas Cole, 'The Problem of "Nationalism" and "Imperialism" in British Settlement Colonies', Journal of British Studies, 10, 2 (1971), pp. 160-182, which provides useful parallels to the paradoxes and contradictions of Rhodesian identity. For a fuller discussion of Rhodesian identity see Donal Lowry, ' "Shame upon Little England, While Greater England Stands": Southern Rhodesia and the Imperial Idea', in May (ed), The Round Table Movement.
72. See Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Social Control in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, NC, 1987), pp. 92-100, 200; Barry Mayer Schutz, 'The Theory of Fragment and the Political Development of White Settler Society in Rhodesia, University of California, Los Angeles (1972), pp. 35-90, 109-118. Between 1921 and 1956 there were 184,691 immigrants and 93,215 emigrants. See C. Leys, European Politics in Southern Rhodesia (Oxford, 1959), p. 74, and R. S. Roberts, 'The Settlers', Rhodesiana, 39 (1978), pp. 55-61. For a critical examination of the relationship of local settler patriotism to a wider British imperial identity, see Douglas Cole, 'The Problem of "Nationalism" and "Imperialism" in British Settlement Colonies', Journal of British Studies, 10, 2 (1971), pp. 160-182, which provides useful parallels to the paradoxes and contradictions of Rhodesian identity. For a fuller discussion of Rhodesian identity see Donal Lowry, ' "Shame upon Little England, While Greater England Stands": Southern Rhodesia and the Imperial Idea', in May (ed), The Round Table Movement.
73. See Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Social Control in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, NC, 1987), pp. 92-100, 200; Barry Mayer Schutz, 'The Theory of Fragment and the Political Development of White Settler Society in Rhodesia, University of California, Los Angeles (1972), pp. 35-90, 109-118. Between 1921 and 1956 there were 184,691 immigrants and 93,215 emigrants. See C. Leys, European Politics in Southern Rhodesia (Oxford, 1959), p. 74, and R. S. Roberts, 'The Settlers', Rhodesiana, 39 (1978), pp. 55-61. For a critical examination of the relationship of local settler patriotism to a wider British imperial identity, see Douglas Cole, 'The Problem of "Nationalism" and "Imperialism" in British Settlement Colonies', Journal of British Studies, 10, 2 (1971), pp. 160-182, which provides useful parallels to the paradoxes and contradictions of Rhodesian identity. For a fuller discussion of Rhodesian identity see Donal Lowry, ' "Shame upon Little England, While Greater England Stands": Southern Rhodesia and the Imperial Idea', in May (ed), The Round Table Movement.
74. See Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Social Control in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, NC, 1987), pp. 92-100, 200; Barry Mayer Schutz, 'The Theory of Fragment and the Political Development of White Settler Society in Rhodesia, University of California, Los Angeles (1972), pp. 35-90, 109-118. Between 1921 and 1956 there were 184,691 immigrants and 93,215 emigrants. See C. Leys, European Politics in Southern Rhodesia (Oxford, 1959), p. 74, and R. S. Roberts, 'The Settlers', Rhodesiana, 39 (1978), pp. 55-61. For a critical examination of the relationship of local settler patriotism to a wider British imperial identity, see Douglas Cole, 'The Problem of "Nationalism" and "Imperialism" in British Settlement Colonies', Journal of British Studies, 10, 2 (1971), pp. 160-182, which provides useful parallels to the paradoxes and contradictions of Rhodesian identity. For a fuller discussion of Rhodesian identity see Donal Lowry, ' "Shame upon Little England, While Greater England Stands": Southern Rhodesia and the Imperial Idea', in May (ed), The Round Table Movement.
75. See Dane Kennedy, Islands of White: Settler Society and Social Control in Southern Rhodesia, 1890-1939 (Durham, NC, 1987), pp. 92-100, 200; Barry Mayer Schutz, 'The Theory of Fragment and the Political Development of White Settler Society in Rhodesia, University of California, Los Angeles (1972), pp. 35-90, 109-118. Between 1921 and 1956 there were 184,691 immigrants and 93,215 emigrants. See C. Leys, European Politics in Southern Rhodesia (Oxford, 1959), p. 74, and R. S. Roberts, 'The Settlers', Rhodesiana, 39 (1978), pp. 55-61. For a critical examination of the relationship of local settler patriotism to a wider British imperial identity, see Douglas Cole, 'The Problem of "Nationalism" and "Imperialism" in British Settlement Colonies', Journal of British Studies, 10, 2 (1971), pp. 160-182, which provides useful parallels to the paradoxes and contradictions of Rhodesian identity. For a fuller discussion of Rhodesian identity see Donal Lowry, ' "Shame upon Little England, While Greater England Stands": Southern Rhodesia and the Imperial Idea', in May (ed), The Round Table Movement.
76. Settler myths about Great Zimbabwe and the freedom of the wide open spaces are examined very thoroughly in Anthony Chennells, 'Settler Myths and the Southern Rhodesian Novel', unpublished DPhil Thesis (1982); J. Frederickse, None But Ourselves: Masses vs. the Media in the Making of Zimbabwe (Johannesburg, 1982); Robert H. MacDonald, The Language of Empire: Myths and Metaphors of Popular Imperialism, 1880-1918 (Manchester, 1994), pp. 112-143. See also 'Lord Baden-Powell's Message', in Occupation of Matabeleland: A Souvenir (Bulawayo, 1933), p. 85; NAZ, Scout Association Papers, Correspondence, BO 8/1/65: L. M. Foggin (Director of Education) to Captain A. Borrowdaile (Acting Commissioner), 24 December 1932; Woodsmoke [Journal of the Rhodesian Scout Association], 3 (1936), p. 9-10.
77. Settler myths about Great Zimbabwe and the freedom of the wide open spaces are examined very thoroughly in Anthony Chennells, 'Settler Myths and the Southern Rhodesian Novel', unpublished DPhil Thesis (1982); J. Frederickse, None But Ourselves: Masses vs. the Media in the Making of Zimbabwe (Johannesburg, 1982); Robert H. MacDonald, The Language of Empire: Myths and Metaphors of Popular Imperialism, 1880-1918 (Manchester, 1994), pp. 112-143. See also 'Lord Baden-Powell's Message', in Occupation of Matabeleland: A Souvenir (Bulawayo, 1933), p. 85; NAZ, Scout Association Papers, Correspondence, BO 8/1/65: L. M. Foggin (Director of Education) to Captain A. Borrowdaile (Acting Commissioner), 24 December 1932; Woodsmoke [Journal of the Rhodesian Scout Association], 3 (1936), p. 9-10.
78. Settler myths about Great Zimbabwe and the freedom of the wide open spaces are examined very thoroughly in Anthony Chennells, 'Settler Myths and the Southern Rhodesian Novel', unpublished DPhil Thesis (1982); J. Frederickse, None But Ourselves: Masses vs. the Media in the Making of Zimbabwe (Johannesburg, 1982); Robert H. MacDonald, The Language of Empire: Myths and Metaphors of Popular Imperialism, 1880-1918 (Manchester, 1994), pp. 112-143. See also 'Lord Baden-Powell's Message', in Occupation of Matabeleland: A Souvenir (Bulawayo, 1933), p. 85; NAZ, Scout Association Papers, Correspondence, BO 8/1/65: L. M. Foggin (Director of Education) to Captain A. Borrowdaile (Acting Commissioner), 24 December 1932; Woodsmoke [Journal of the Rhodesian Scout Association], 3 (1936), p. 9-10.
79. Settler myths about Great Zimbabwe and the freedom of the wide open spaces are examined very thoroughly in Anthony Chennells, 'Settler Myths and the Southern Rhodesian Novel', unpublished DPhil Thesis (1982); J. Frederickse, None But Ourselves: Masses vs. the Media in the Making of Zimbabwe (Johannesburg, 1982); Robert H. MacDonald, The Language of Empire: Myths and Metaphors of Popular Imperialism, 1880-1918 (Manchester, 1994), pp. 112-143. See also 'Lord Baden-Powell's Message', in Occupation of Matabeleland: A Souvenir (Bulawayo, 1933), p. 85; NAZ, Scout Association Papers, Correspondence, BO 8/1/65: L. M. Foggin (Director of Education) to Captain A. Borrowdaile (Acting Commissioner), 24 December 1932; Woodsmoke [Journal of the Rhodesian Scout Association], 3 (1936), p. 9-10.
80. Settler myths about Great Zimbabwe and the freedom of the wide open spaces are examined very thoroughly in Anthony Chennells, 'Settler Myths and the Southern Rhodesian Novel', unpublished DPhil Thesis (1982); J. Frederickse, None But Ourselves: Masses vs. the Media in the Making of Zimbabwe (Johannesburg, 1982); Robert H. MacDonald, The Language of Empire: Myths and Metaphors of Popular Imperialism, 1880-1918 (Manchester, 1994), pp. 112-143. See also 'Lord Baden-Powell's Message', in Occupation of Matabeleland: A Souvenir (Bulawayo, 1933), p. 85; NAZ, Scout Association Papers, Correspondence, BO 8/1/65: L. M. Foggin (Director of Education) to Captain A. Borrowdaile (Acting Commissioner), 24 December 1932; Woodsmoke [Journal of the Rhodesian Scout Association], 3 (1936), p. 9-10.
81. See Terence Ranger, 'Whose Heritage? The Case of the Matobo National Park', Journal of Southern Africa Studies, 15 (1989), pp. 217-249; Terence Ranger, ' "Great Spaces Washed With Sun": The Matopos and Uluru Compared', in Kate Darian-Smith, Liz Gunner and Sarah Nuttall (eds), Text, Theory, Space: Land, Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London, 1996), pp. 157-171; Terence Ranger, The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930 (Nairobi, 1971), pp. 45-46.
82. See Terence Ranger, 'Whose Heritage? The Case of the Matobo National Park', Journal of Southern Africa Studies, 15 (1989), pp. 217-249; Terence Ranger, ' "Great Spaces Washed With Sun": The Matopos and Uluru Compared', in Kate Darian-Smith, Liz Gunner and Sarah Nuttall (eds), Text, Theory, Space: Land, Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London, 1996), pp. 157-171; Terence Ranger, The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930 (Nairobi, 1971), pp. 45-46.
83. See Terence Ranger, 'Whose Heritage? The Case of the Matobo National Park', Journal of Southern Africa Studies, 15 (1989), pp. 217-249; Terence Ranger, ' "Great Spaces Washed With Sun": The Matopos and Uluru Compared', in Kate Darian-Smith, Liz Gunner and Sarah Nuttall (eds), Text, Theory, Space: Land, Literature and History in South Africa and Australia (London, 1996), pp. 157-171; Terence Ranger, The African Voice in Southern Rhodesia, 1898-1930 (Nairobi, 1971), pp. 45-46.
84. T. O. Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, 1896-7: A Study in African Resistance (London, 1967), pp. 47, 66, 230, 315-317, 334.
85. Ranger, African Voice, pp. 46-52; Terence Ranger, Rhodes, Oxford, and the Study of Race Relations (Oxford, 1989), pp. 6-7.
86. Ranger, African Voice, pp. 46-52; Terence Ranger, Rhodes, Oxford, and the Study of Race Relations (Oxford, 1989), pp. 6-7.
87. Quoted in I. M. Cumpston, The Growth of the British Commonwealth, 1880-1932 (London, 1973), p. 159.
88. T. O. Ranger, 'Literature and Political Economy: Arthur Shearly Cripps and the Makoni Labour Crisis of 1911', Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 1 (1982), p. 50; Tawse Jollie, Real Rhodesia, p. 33. For the background to the 1911 crisis, see Ian Henderson, 'White Populism in Southern Rhodesia', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 14 (1972), p. 393; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 40. For the influence of the Ulster revolt against home rule on white Rhodesians see Donal Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire', in Keith Jeffery (ed), 'An Irish Empire'? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire (Manchester, 1996), pp. 191, 193-198, 201-209.
89. T. O. Ranger, 'Literature and Political Economy: Arthur Shearly Cripps and the Makoni Labour Crisis of 1911', Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 1 (1982), p. 50; Tawse Jollie, Real Rhodesia, p. 33. For the background to the 1911 crisis, see Ian Henderson, 'White Populism in Southern Rhodesia', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 14 (1972), p. 393; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 40. For the influence of the Ulster revolt against home rule on white Rhodesians see Donal Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire', in Keith Jeffery (ed), 'An Irish Empire'? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire (Manchester, 1996), pp. 191, 193-198, 201-209.
90. T. O. Ranger, 'Literature and Political Economy: Arthur Shearly Cripps and the Makoni Labour Crisis of 1911', Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 1 (1982), p. 50; Tawse Jollie, Real Rhodesia, p. 33. For the background to the 1911 crisis, see Ian Henderson, 'White Populism in Southern Rhodesia', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 14 (1972), p. 393; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 40. For the influence of the Ulster revolt against home rule on white Rhodesians see Donal Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire', in Keith Jeffery (ed), 'An
91. T. O. Ranger, 'Literature and Political Economy: Arthur Shearly Cripps and the Makoni Labour Crisis of 1911', Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 1 (1982), p. 50; Tawse Jollie, Real Rhodesia, p. 33. For the background to the 1911 crisis, see Ian Henderson, 'White Populism in Southern Rhodesia', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 14 (1972), p. 393; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 40. For the influence of the Ulster revolt against home rule on white Rhodesians see Donal Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire', in Keith Jeffery (ed), 'An Irish Empire'? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire (Manchester, 1996), pp. 191, 193-198, 201-209.
92. T. O. Ranger, 'Literature and Political Economy: Arthur Shearly Cripps and the Makoni Labour Crisis of 1911', Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 1 (1982), p. 50; Tawse Jollie, Real Rhodesia, p. 33. For the background to the 1911 crisis, see Ian Henderson, 'White Populism in Southern Rhodesia', Comparative Studies in Society and History, 14 (1972), p. 393; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 40. For the influence of the Ulster revolt against home rule on white Rhodesians see Donal Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire', in Keith Jeffery (ed), 'An Irish Empire'? Aspects of Ireland and the British Empire (Manchester, 1996), pp. 191, 193-198, 201-209.
93. Campbell, The Iron Ladies, pp. 46-69.
94. See M. E. Lee, 'The Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', Rhodesian History, 6 (1975), pp. 32-52; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 35; J. B. Stabler, 'The British South Africa Company Proposal for Amalgamation of the Rhodesias, 1915-1917: Northern Rhodesian Reaction', African Social Research, 7 (1969), pp. 499-529; H. C. Hummel, 'A Political Biography of Sir Charles Coghlan' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of London, 1974), pp. 331-332; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Back of Beyond in Rhodesia', United Empire, 7 (1916), p. 775; 'The Future of Land Settlement', Rhodesia Advertiser, 9 November 1916; South African Public Library, Cape Town, Merriman Papers, file 129: Sir Francis Newton to Merriman, 13 March 1917; NAZ, Rhodesian Party Papers, Correspondence, RH 8/1/1/19: Ethel Tawse Jollie to branch secretaries, 16 June 1919.
95. See M. E. Lee, 'The Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', Rhodesian History, 6 (1975), pp. 32-52; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 35; J. B. Stabler, 'The British South Africa Company Proposal for Amalgamation of the Rhodesias, 1915-1917: Northern Rhodesian Reaction', African Social Research, 7 (1969), pp. 499-529; H. C. Hummel, 'A Political Biography of Sir Charles Coghlan' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of London, 1974), pp. 331-332; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Back of Beyond in Rhodesia', United Empire, 7 (1916), p. 775; 'The Future of Land Settlement', Rhodesia Advertiser, 9 November 1916; South African Public Library, Cape Town, Merriman Papers, file 129: Sir Francis Newton to Merriman, 13 March 1917; NAZ, Rhodesian Party Papers, Correspondence, RH 8/1/1/19: Ethel Tawse Jollie to branch secretaries, 16 June 1919.
96. See M. E. Lee, 'The Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', Rhodesian History, 6 (1975), pp. 32-52; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 35; J. B. Stabler, 'The British South Africa Company Proposal for Amalgamation of the Rhodesias, 1915-1917: Northern Rhodesian Reaction', African Social Research, 7 (1969), pp. 499-529; H. C. Hummel, 'A Political Biography of Sir Charles Coghlan' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of London, 1974), pp. 331-332; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Back of Beyond in Rhodesia', United Empire, 7 (1916), p. 775; 'The Future of Land Settlement', Rhodesia Advertiser, 9 November 1916; South African Public Library, Cape Town, Merriman Papers, file 129: Sir Francis Newton to Merriman, 13 March 1917; NAZ, Rhodesian Party Papers, Correspondence, RH 8/1/1/19: Ethel Tawse Jollie to branch secretaries, 16 June 1919.
97. See M. E. Lee, 'The Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', Rhodesian History, 6 (1975), pp. 32-52; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 35; J. B. Stabler, 'The British South Africa Company Proposal for Amalgamation of the Rhodesias, 1915-1917: Northern Rhodesian Reaction', African Social Research, 7 (1969), pp. 499-529; H. C. Hummel, 'A Political Biography of Sir Charles Coghlan' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of London, 1974), pp. 331-332; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Back of Beyond in Rhodesia', United Empire, 7 (1916), p. 775; 'The Future of Land Settlement', Rhodesia Advertiser, 9 November 1916; South African Public Library, Cape Town, Merriman Papers, file 129: Sir Francis Newton to Merriman, 13 March 1917; NAZ, Rhodesian Party Papers, Correspondence, RH 8/1/1/19: Ethel Tawse Jollie to branch secretaries, 16 June 1919.
98. See M. E. Lee, 'The Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', Rhodesian History, 6 (1975), pp. 32-52; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 35; J. B. Stabler, 'The British South Africa Company Proposal for Amalgamation of the Rhodesias, 1915-1917: Northern Rhodesian Reaction', African Social Research, 7 (1969), pp. 499-529; H. C. Hummel, 'A Political Biography of Sir Charles Coghlan' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of London, 1974), pp. 331-332; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Back of Beyond in Rhodesia', United Empire, 7 (1916), p. 775; 'The Future of Land Settlement', Rhodesia Advertiser, 9 November 1916; South African Public Library, Cape Town, Merriman Papers, file 129: Sir Francis Newton to Merriman, 13 March 1917; NAZ, Rhodesian Party Papers, Correspondence, RH 8/1/1/19: Ethel Tawse Jollie to branch secretaries, 16 June 1919.
99. See M. E. Lee, 'The Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', Rhodesian History, 6 (1975), pp. 32-52; Mackenzie, 'Southern Rhodesia and Responsible Government', p. 35; J. B. Stabler, 'The British South Africa Company Proposal for Amalgamation of the Rhodesias, 1915-1917: Northern Rhodesian Reaction', African Social Research, 7 (1969), pp. 499-529; H. C. Hummel, 'A Political Biography of Sir Charles Coghlan' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of London, 1974), pp. 331-332; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Back of Beyond in Rhodesia', United Empire, 7 (1916), p. 775; 'The Future of Land Settlement', Rhodesia Advertiser, 9 November 1916; South African Public Library, Cape Town, Merriman Papers, file 129: Sir Francis Newton to Merriman, 13 March 1917; NAZ, Rhodesian Party Papers, Correspondence, RH 8/1/1/19: Ethel Tawse Jollie to branch secretaries, 16 June 1919.
100. Rhodesia Advertiser, 24 May 1917.
101. See for example, 'Responsible Government: address by Mrs Tawse Jollie', Gwelo Times, 2 August 1918; 'Reply to Mr Longden', Bulawayo Chronicle, 13 September 1918.
102. See for example, 'Responsible Government: address by Mrs Tawse Jollie', Gwelo Times, 2 August 1918; 'Reply to Mr Longden', Bulawayo Chronicle, 13 September 1918.
103. 'From the Heart of Rhodesia - First Woman Politician in British Colonies is "Go-Getter" ', The Guardian [Sydney], 14 October 1926; 'A Woman Delegate', The Mail [Brisbane], 29 September 1926.
104. 'From the Heart of Rhodesia - First Woman Politician in British Colonies is "Go-Getter" ', The Guardian [Sydney], 14 October 1926; 'A Woman Delegate', The Mail [Brisbane], 29 September 1926.
105. Gwelo Times, 22 August 1919.
106. 'The Question for Rhodesia', The Independent, 10 February 1922.
107. E. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia (London, 1924), p. 85. See also H. C. Hummel, 'Sir Charles Coghlan: Some Reflections on his Political Attitudes and Style', South African Historical Journal, 9 (1977), pp. 59-79.
108. E. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia (London, 1924), p. 85. See also H. C. Hummel, 'Sir Charles Coghlan: Some Reflections on his Political Attitudes and Style', South African Historical Journal, 9 (1977), pp. 59-79.
109. 'M. McM', 'How the women of Southern Rhodesia got the vote', Rhodesia Women's Journal, March 1934; Deborah Kirkwood, 'Settler Wives in Southern Rhodesia', in Hilary Callan and Shirley Ardener (eds), The Incorporated Wife (London, 1984). For the role and importance of European women in settler societies see Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington, 1991); Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women and the Family in Australian History', Historical Studies, 18 (1978), pp. 412-421.
110. 'M. McM', 'How the women of Southern Rhodesia got the vote', Rhodesia Women's Journal, March 1934; Deborah Kirkwood, 'Settler Wives in Southern Rhodesia', in Hilary Callan and Shirley Ardener (eds), The Incorporated Wife (London, 1984). For the role and importance of European women in settler societies see Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington, 1991); Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women and the Family in Australian History', Historical Studies, 18 (1978), pp. 412-421.
111. 'M. McM', 'How the women of Southern Rhodesia got the vote', Rhodesia Women's Journal, March 1934; Deborah Kirkwood, 'Settler Wives in Southern Rhodesia', in Hilary Callan and Shirley Ardener (eds), The Incorporated Wife (London, 1984). For the role and importance of European women in settler societies see Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington, 1991); Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women and the Family in Australian History', Historical Studies, 18 (1978), pp. 412-421.
112. 'M. McM', 'How the women of Southern Rhodesia got the vote', Rhodesia Women's Journal, March 1934; Deborah Kirkwood, 'Settler Wives in Southern Rhodesia', in Hilary Callan and Shirley Ardener (eds), The Incorporated Wife (London, 1984). For the role and importance of European women in settler societies see Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington, 1991); Patricia Grimshaw, 'Women and the Family in Australian History', Historical Studies, 18 (1978), pp. 412-421.
113. Rhodesia Herald, 24 October 1922.
114. The percentage of European births of Afrikaner parents rose from 19.39% in 1912 to 23.85% by 1915; see Ethel Colquhoun Jollie, The Future of Rhodesia (Bulawayo, 1917), p. 9.
115. Bulawayo Chronicle, 10 October 1921.
116. Tawse Jollie, 'Trust General Smuts', p. 306. For the background to anti-Afrikaner feeling see R. Hodder-Williams, 'Afrikaners in Rhodesia: A Partial Portrait', African Social Research, 28 (1974), pp. 611-642, and Hummel, 'Political Biography of Sir Charles Coghlan', pp. 400, 404.
117. Tawse Jollie, 'Trust General Smuts', p. 306. For the background to anti-Afrikaner feeling see R. Hodder-Williams, 'Afrikaners in Rhodesia: A Partial Portrait', African Social Research, 28 (1974), pp. 611-642, and Hummel, 'Political Biography of Sir Charles Coghlan', pp. 400, 404.
118. Tawse Jollie, 'Trust General Smuts', p. 306. For the background to anti-Afrikaner feeling see R. Hodder-Williams, 'Afrikaners in Rhodesia: A Partial Portrait', African Social Research, 28 (1974), pp. 611-642, and Hummel, 'Political Biography of Sir Charles Coghlan', pp. 400, 404.
119. J. M. Boggie, A Husband and a Farm in Rhodesia (Salisbury, 1957), p. 83.
120. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, p. 241.
121. NAZ, Resident Commissioner, Correspondence, General, 3/1/104 753: Resident Commissioner to High Commissioner, 28 May 1921.
122. See E. Tawse Jollie, 'A New Constitution', The Independent [Rhodesia], 27 January 1922. See also the following editorials in The Independent: 'The Irish Free State', 23 December 1922; 'Dominion Status', 10 March 1922; 'The Disloyal Union', 24 March 1922; Lee, 'Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', pp. 33-52; and the following articles by E. Tawse Jollie: 'Empire or Alliance?', The Independent, 25 November 1922; 'Trust General Smuts', National Review, 78 (1922), pp. 304-311; 'The Passing of Empire', National Review, pp. 810-817.
123. See E. Tawse Jollie, 'A New Constitution', The Independent [Rhodesia], 27 January 1922. See also the following editorials in The Independent: 'The Irish Free State', 23 December 1922; 'Dominion Status', 10 March 1922; 'The Disloyal Union', 24 March 1922; Lee, 'Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', pp. 33-52; and the following articles by E. Tawse Jollie: 'Empire or Alliance?', The Independent, 25 November 1922; 'Trust General Smuts', National Review, 78 (1922), pp. 304-311; 'The Passing of Empire', National Review, pp. 810-817.
124. See E. Tawse Jollie, 'A New Constitution', The Independent [Rhodesia], 27 January 1922. See also the following editorials in The Independent: 'The Irish Free State', 23 December 1922; 'Dominion Status', 10 March 1922; 'The Disloyal Union', 24 March 1922; Lee, 'Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', pp. 33-52; and the following articles by E. Tawse Jollie: 'Empire or Alliance?', The Independent, 25 November 1922; 'Trust General Smuts', National Review, 78 (1922), pp. 304-311; 'The Passing of Empire', National Review, pp. 810-817.
125. See E. Tawse Jollie, 'A New Constitution', The Independent [Rhodesia], 27 January 1922. See also the following editorials in The Independent: 'The Irish Free State', 23 December 1922; 'Dominion Status', 10 March 1922; 'The Disloyal Union', 24 March 1922; Lee, 'Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', pp. 33-52; and the following articles by E. Tawse Jollie: 'Empire or Alliance?', The Independent, 25 November 1922; 'Trust General Smuts', National Review, 78 (1922), pp. 304-311; 'The Passing of Empire', National Review, pp. 810-817.
126. See E. Tawse Jollie, 'A New Constitution', The Independent [Rhodesia], 27 January 1922. See also the following editorials in The Independent: 'The Irish Free State', 23 December 1922; 'Dominion Status', 10 March 1922; 'The Disloyal Union', 24 March 1922; Lee, 'Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', pp. 33-52; and the following articles by E. Tawse Jollie: 'Empire or Alliance?', The Independent, 25 November 1922; 'Trust General Smuts', National Review, 78 (1922), pp. 304-311; 'The Passing of Empire', National Review, pp. 810-817.
127. See E. Tawse Jollie, 'A New Constitution', The Independent [Rhodesia], 27 January 1922. See also the following editorials in The Independent: 'The Irish Free State', 23 December 1922; 'Dominion Status', 10 March 1922; 'The Disloyal Union', 24 March 1922; Lee, 'Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', pp. 33-52; and the following articles by E. Tawse Jollie: 'Empire or Alliance?', The Independent, 25 November 1922; 'Trust General Smuts', National Review, 78 (1922), pp. 304-311; 'The Passing of Empire', National Review, pp. 810-817.
128. See E. Tawse Jollie, 'A New Constitution', The Independent [Rhodesia], 27 January 1922. See also the following editorials in The Independent: 'The Irish Free State', 23 December 1922; 'Dominion Status', 10 March 1922; 'The Disloyal Union', 24 March 1922; Lee, 'Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', pp. 33-52; and the following articles by E. Tawse Jollie: 'Empire or Alliance?', The Independent, 25 November 1922; 'Trust General Smuts', National Review, 78 (1922), pp. 304-311; 'The Passing of Empire', National Review, pp. 810-817.
129. See E. Tawse Jollie, 'A New Constitution', The Independent [Rhodesia], 27 January 1922. See also the following editorials in The Independent: 'The Irish Free State', 23 December 1922; 'Dominion Status', 10 March 1922; 'The Disloyal Union', 24 March 1922; Lee, 'Origins of the Rhodesian Responsible Government Movement', pp. 33-52; and the following articles by E. Tawse Jollie: 'Empire or Alliance?', The Independent, 25 November 1922; 'Trust General Smuts', National Review, 78 (1922), pp. 304-311; 'The Passing of Empire', National Review, pp. 810-817.
130. E. Tawse Jollie, 'Southern Rhodesia', South African Quarterly, 3 (1921), pp. 10-12.
131. 'Manifesto to the People of Rhodesia and a Statement of Policy', The Independent, 26 August 1922. The original typescript (undated) is in NAZ RH 8/1/1/1.
132. Ibid. Doris Lessing recalls the farmers who lived near her parents' farm in Banket at this time: '[T]hey'd been in the war as soldiers, and they were all wounded. They'd lost arms and legs and so on, and they were lucky to be alive ... [T]hat's what the men talked about, the trenches'. See E. Bertelsen, 'Interview with Doris Lessing', Doris Lessing (Johannesburg, 1985), p. 99.
133. Ibid. Doris Lessing recalls the farmers who lived near her parents' farm in Banket at this time: '[T]hey'd been in the war as soldiers, and they were all wounded. They'd lost arms and legs and so on, and they were lucky to be alive ... [T]hat's what the men talked about, the trenches'. See E. Bertelsen, 'Interview with Doris Lessing', Doris Lessing (Johannesburg, 1985), p. 99.
134. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, pp. 7, 102; NAZ, RH 8/1/1/1: Memorandum on the Responsible Government Campaign [n.d.]; NAZ, RH 8/1/3: Renniker to Tawse Jollie, 26 August 1922, and Tawse Jollie to Renniker, 25 September 1922.
135. See R. Gray, The Two Nations (London, 1960), p. 308; R. Hodder-Williams, White Farmers in Rhodesia: A History of the Marandellas District (London, 1983).
136. See R. Gray, The Two Nations (London, 1960), p. 308; R. Hodder-Williams, White Farmers in Rhodesia: A History of the Marandellas District (London, 1983).
137. Newton Family Papers (in the possession of Mrs Susan Hummel, Diocesan School for Girls, Grahamstown): Newton to Coghlan [copy], 23 November 1922; Coghlan to Newton, 5 December 1922.
138. NAZ, Coghlan Papers, CO 8/1/3: Coghlan to Mrs A. Buller, 27 August 1924.
139. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 18 May 1927, col. 577. See also NAZ, Sir Percival Fynn Papers, FY 1/1/4: A. R. Welsh to Fynn, 13 July 1934.
140. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, p. 241. For striking New Zealand parallels see W. H. Oliver, 'Social Welfare or Social Efficiency', New Zealand Journal of History, 13, 1 (1979), pp. 25-33.
141. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, p. 241. For striking New Zealand parallels see W. H. Oliver, 'Social Welfare or Social Efficiency', New Zealand Journal of History, 13, 1 (1979), pp. 25-33.
142. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 3 June 1925, col. 1108, 29 April 1924, cols. 116-117; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Try Southern Rhodesia', National Review, 68 (1932), pp. 87-94; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Empire's Youngest Colony, Where Life is Free and Progress Sure', Rhodesian Annual, 1930, pp. 121-122; 'Western Australian Migration ... Big Sister Migration', The Mercury [Hobart], 19 November 1926; Empire Parliamentary Association, Informal Conference, Parliament House, Perth, On Migration and Land Settlement, 15 November 1926 (Sydney, 1927), p. 18.
143. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 3 June 1925, col. 1108, 29 April 1924, cols. 116-117; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Try Southern Rhodesia', National Review, 68 (1932), pp. 87-94; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Empire's Youngest Colony, Where Life is Free and Progress Sure', Rhodesian Annual, 1930, pp. 121-122; 'Western Australian Migration ... Big Sister Migration', The Mercury [Hobart], 19 November 1926; Empire Parliamentary Association, Informal Conference, Parliament House, Perth, On Migration and Land Settlement, 15 November 1926 (Sydney, 1927), p. 18.
144. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 3 June 1925, col. 1108, 29 April 1924, cols. 116-117; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Try Southern Rhodesia', National Review, 68 (1932), pp. 87-94; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Empire's Youngest Colony, Where Life is Free and Progress Sure', Rhodesian Annual, 1930, pp. 121-122; 'Western Australian Migration ... Big Sister Migration', The Mercury [Hobart], 19 November 1926; Empire Parliamentary Association, Informal Conference, Parliament House, Perth, On Migration and Land Settlement, 15 November 1926 (Sydney, 1927), p. 18.
145. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 3 June 1925, col. 1108, 29 April 1924, cols. 116-117; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Try Southern Rhodesia', National Review, 68 (1932), pp. 87-94; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Empire's Youngest Colony, Where Life is Free and Progress Sure', Rhodesian Annual, 1930, pp. 121-122; 'Western Australian Migration ... Big Sister Migration', The Mercury [Hobart], 19 November 1926; Empire Parliamentary Association, Informal Conference, Parliament House, Perth, On Migration and Land Settlement, 15 November 1926 (Sydney, 1927), p. 18.
146. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 3 June 1925, col. 1108, 29 April 1924, cols. 116-117; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Try Southern Rhodesia', National Review, 68 (1932), pp. 87-94; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Empire's Youngest Colony, Where Life is Free and Progress Sure', Rhodesian Annual, 1930, pp. 121-122; 'Western Australian Migration ... Big Sister Migration', The Mercury [Hobart], 19 November 1926; Empire Parliamentary Association, Informal Conference, Parliament House, Perth, On Migration and Land Settlement, 15 November 1926 (Sydney, 1927), p. 18.
147. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, pp. 201, 205, 301-302; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Women of Rhodesia', The African World, 87 (1926), p. 249; Kennedy, Islands of White, pp. 64, 89, 90. For the wider background to female settlement efforts see Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land, pp. 27-28, 43, 66-67, 144, 161; Brian Blakeley, 'The Society for the Oversea Settlement of British Women and the Problems of Empire Settlement, 1917-1936', Albion, 20 (1988), pp. 421-442; Janice Gothard, ' "The Healthy, Wholesome British Domestic Girl": Single Female Migration and the Empire Settlement Act, 1922-1930', and Edna Bradlow, 'Empire Settlement and South African Immigration Policy, 1910-1948', in Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire.
148. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, pp. 201, 205, 301-302; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Women of Rhodesia', The African World, 87 (1926), p. 249; Kennedy, Islands of White, pp. 64, 89, 90. For the wider background to female settlement efforts see Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land, pp. 27-28, 43, 66-67, 144, 161; Brian Blakeley, 'The Society for the Oversea Settlement of British Women and the Problems of Empire Settlement, 1917-1936', Albion, 20 (1988), pp. 421-442; Janice Gothard, ' "The Healthy, Wholesome British Domestic Girl": Single Female Migration and the Empire Settlement Act, 1922-1930', and Edna Bradlow, 'Empire Settlement and South African Immigration Policy, 1910-1948', in Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire.
149. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, pp. 201, 205, 301-302; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Women of Rhodesia', The African World, 87 (1926), p. 249; Kennedy, Islands of White, pp. 64, 89, 90. For the wider background to female settlement efforts see Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land, pp. 27-28, 43, 66-67, 144, 161; Brian Blakeley, 'The Society for the Oversea Settlement of British Women and the Problems of Empire Settlement, 1917-1936', Albion, 20 (1988), pp. 421-442; Janice Gothard, ' "The Healthy, Wholesome British Domestic Girl": Single Female Migration and the Empire Settlement Act, 1922-1930', and Edna Bradlow, 'Empire Settlement and South African Immigration Policy, 1910-1948', in Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire.
150. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, pp. 201, 205, 301-302; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Women of Rhodesia', The African World, 87 (1926), p. 249; Kennedy, Islands of White, pp. 64, 89, 90. For the wider background to female settlement efforts see Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land, pp. 27-28, 43, 66-67, 144, 161; Brian Blakeley, 'The Society for the Oversea Settlement of British Women and the Problems of Empire Settlement, 1917-1936', Albion, 20 (1988), pp. 421-442; Janice Gothard, ' "The Healthy, Wholesome British Domestic Girl": Single Female Migration and the Empire Settlement Act, 1922-1930', and Edna Bradlow, 'Empire Settlement and South African Immigration Policy, 1910-1948', in Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire.
151. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, pp. 201, 205, 301-302; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Women of Rhodesia', The African World, 87 (1926), p. 249; Kennedy, Islands of White, pp. 64, 89, 90. For the wider background to female settlement efforts see Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land, pp. 27-28, 43, 66-67, 144, 161; Brian Blakeley, 'The Society for the Oversea Settlement of British Women and the Problems of Empire Settlement, 1917-1936', Albion, 20 (1988), pp. 421-442; Janice Gothard, ' "The Healthy, Wholesome British Domestic Girl": Single Female Migration and the Empire Settlement Act, 1922-1930', and Edna Bradlow, 'Empire Settlement and South African Immigration Policy, 1910-1948', in Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire.
152. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, pp. 201, 205, 301-302; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Women of Rhodesia', The African World, 87 (1926), p. 249; Kennedy, Islands of White, pp. 64, 89, 90. For the wider background to female settlement efforts see Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land, pp. 27-28, 43, 66-67, 144, 161; Brian Blakeley, 'The Society for the Oversea Settlement of British Women and the Problems of Empire Settlement, 1917-1936', Albion, 20 (1988), pp. 421-442; Janice Gothard, ' "The Healthy, Wholesome British Domestic Girl": Single Female Migration and the Empire Settlement Act, 1922-1930', and Edna Bradlow, 'Empire Settlement and South African Immigration Policy, 1910-1948', in Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire.
153. Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia, pp. 201, 205, 301-302; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'The Women of Rhodesia', The African World, 87 (1926), p. 249; Kennedy, Islands of White, pp. 64, 89, 90. For the wider background to female settlement efforts see Swaisland, Servants and Gentlewomen to the Golden Land, pp. 27-28, 43, 66-67, 144, 161; Brian Blakeley, 'The Society for the Oversea Settlement of British Women and the Problems of Empire Settlement, 1917-1936', Albion, 20 (1988), pp. 421-442; Janice Gothard, ' "The Healthy, Wholesome British Domestic Girl": Single Female Migration and the Empire Settlement Act, 1922-1930', and Edna Bradlow, 'Empire Settlement and South African Immigration Policy, 1910-1948', in Constantine (ed), Emigrants and Empire.
154. Debates of the Legislative Council, 10 June 1920, col. 871.
155. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 7 May 1926, cols 563-564.
156. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 11 June 1928, col. 821. For wider European discussions on African marriage, see Terence Ranger, 'The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa', in Eric Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (London, 1983), pp. 257-259; Diana Jeater, Marriage, Perversion and Power: The Construction of Moral Discourse in Southern Rhodesia (Oxford, 1993).
157. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 11 June 1928, col. 821. For wider European discussions on African marriage, see Terence Ranger, 'The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa', in Eric Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (London, 1983), pp. 257-259; Diana Jeater, Marriage, Perversion and Power: The Construction of Moral Discourse in Southern Rhodesia (Oxford, 1993).
158. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 11 June 1928, col. 821. For wider European discussions on African marriage, see Terence Ranger, 'The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa', in Eric Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger (eds), The Invention of Tradition (London, 1983), pp. 257-259; Diana Jeater, Marriage, Perversion and Power: The Construction of Moral Discourse in Southern Rhodesia (Oxford, 1993).
159. Southern Rhodesia, Report of the Education Commission (C.S.R. 27) (Cape Town, 1929).
160. T. G. Standing, A Short History of Rhodesia and Her Neighbours (London, 1935), p. ix.
161. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 6 May 1925.
162. Debates of the Legislative Council, 26 July 1923, cols. 683-687; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Southern Rhodesia: A White Man's Country in the Tropics', Geographical Review, 17 (1927), p. 91.
163. Debates of the Legislative Council, 26 July 1923, cols. 683-687; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Southern Rhodesia: A White Man's Country in the Tropics', Geographical Review, 17 (1927), p. 91.
164. See Kirkwood, 'Settler Wives in Southern Rhodesia'; W. J. Needham, A History of the Federated Women's Institutes of Southern Rhodesia (Salisbury, 1959).
165. See Kirkwood, 'Settler Wives in Southern Rhodesia'; W. J. Needham, A History of the Federated Women's Institutes of Southern Rhodesia (Salisbury, 1959).
166. Ranger, African Voice, p. 43. See also L. H. Gann, A History of Southern Rhodesia: Early Days to 1934 (London, 1965), p. 223.
167. Ranger, African Voice, p. 43. See also L. H. Gann, A History of Southern Rhodesia: Early Days to 1934 (London, 1965), p. 223.
168. Lawrence Vambe, An Ill-fated People: Zimbabwe Before and After Rhodes (London, 1972), pp. 164-165; NAZ, Sir Francis Newton Papers, NE1/1/1: Sir Francis Newton to Sir Charles Coghlan, 14 February 1923; J. H. Harris, The Chartered Millions: Rhodesia and the Challenge to the British Commonwealth (London, 1920).
169. Lawrence Vambe, An Ill-fated People: Zimbabwe Before and After Rhodes (London, 1972), pp. 164-165; NAZ, Sir Francis Newton Papers, NE1/1/1: Sir Francis Newton to Sir Charles Coghlan, 14 February 1923; J. H. Harris, The Chartered Millions: Rhodesia and the Challenge to the British Commonwealth (London, 1920).
170. Ranger, Rhodes, Oxford and the Study of Race Relations, pp. 13-19; Ranger, 'Literature and Political Economy', pp. 33-53; Terence Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? The Samkange Family and African Politics in Zimbabwe, 1920-64 (London, 1995), pp. 13-18; D. V. Steere, God's Irregular. Arthur Shearly Cripps. A Rhodesian Epic (London, 1973).
171. Ranger, Rhodes, Oxford and the Study of Race Relations, pp. 13-19; Ranger, 'Literature and Political Economy', pp. 33-53; Terence Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? The Samkange Family and African Politics in Zimbabwe, 1920-64 (London, 1995), pp. 13-18; D. V. Steere, God's Irregular. Arthur Shearly Cripps. A Rhodesian Epic (London, 1973).
172. Ranger, Rhodes, Oxford and the Study of Race Relations, pp. 13-19; Ranger, 'Literature and Political Economy', pp. 33-53; Terence Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? The Samkange Family and African Politics in Zimbabwe, 1920-64 (London, 1995), pp. 13-18; D. V. Steere, God's Irregular. Arthur Shearly Cripps. A Rhodesian Epic (London, 1973).
173. Ranger, Rhodes, Oxford and the Study of Race Relations, pp. 13-19; Ranger, 'Literature and Political Economy', pp. 33-53; Terence Ranger, Are We Not Also Men? The Samkange Family and African Politics in Zimbabwe, 1920-64 (London, 1995), pp. 13-18; D. V. Steere, God's Irregular. Arthur Shearly Cripps. A Rhodesian Epic (London, 1973).
174. For early manifestations of this outlook see Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, pp. 39, 311-344.
175. Real Rhodesia, pp. 243, 258, 262. Settler stereotypes of African compliance were often based on taking African expressions of loyalty to the Empire at face value. For Northern Rhodesian parallels see Terence Ranger, 'Making Northern Rhodesia Imperial: Variations on a Royal Theme, 1924-1938', African Affairs, 79, 316 (1980), pp. 349-374.
176. Real Rhodesia, pp. 243, 258, 262. Settler stereotypes of African compliance were often based on taking African expressions of loyalty to the Empire at face value. For Northern Rhodesian parallels see Terence Ranger, 'Making Northern Rhodesia Imperial: Variations on a Royal Theme, 1924-1938', African Affairs, 79, 316 (1980), pp. 349-374.
177. Tawse Jolly i.e., The Real Rhodesia, pp. 261-262. Her ideas reflected a developing official and missionary body of opinion in favour of tribal and linguistic classification; see Terence Ranger, 'The Mobilization of Labour and the Production of Knowledge: The Antiquarian Tradition in Rhodesia', Journal of African History, 20 (1979), pp. 507-524; Terence Ranger, 'Missionaries, Migrants and the Manyika: The Invention of Ethnicity in Zimbabwe', in L. Vail (ed), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (London, 1989).
178. Tawse Jolly i.e., The Real Rhodesia, pp. 261-262. Her ideas reflected a developing official and missionary body of opinion in favour of tribal and linguistic classification; see Terence Ranger, 'The Mobilization of Labour and the Production of Knowledge: The Antiquarian Tradition in Rhodesia', Journal of African History, 20 (1979), pp. 507-524; Terence Ranger, 'Missionaries, Migrants and the Manyika: The Invention of Ethnicity in Zimbabwe', in L. Vail (ed), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (London, 1989).
179. Tawse Jolly i.e., The Real Rhodesia, pp. 261-262. Her ideas reflected a developing official and missionary body of opinion in favour of tribal and linguistic classification; see Terence Ranger, 'The Mobilization of Labour and the Production of Knowledge: The Antiquarian Tradition in Rhodesia', Journal of African History, 20 (1979), pp. 507-524; Terence Ranger, 'Missionaries, Migrants and the Manyika: The Invention of Ethnicity in Zimbabwe', in L. Vail (ed), The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (London, 1989).
180. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 11 June 1927, col. 802.
181. Debates of the Legislative Council, 10 May 1921, cols 522-528; 26 May 1921, col. 1247; Tawse Jolly i.e., The Real Rhodesia, pp. 275-276; John Pape, 'Black and White: The "Perils of Sex" in Colonial Zimbabwe', Journal of Southern African Studies, 16, 4 (1990), pp. 717-719. For the roots of settler paranoia about 'black peril' see Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, pp. 343-344.
182. Debates of the Legislative Council, 10 May 1921, cols 522-528; 26 May 1921, col. 1247; Tawse Jolly i.e., The Real Rhodesia, pp. 275-276; John Pape, 'Black and White: The "Perils of Sex" in Colonial Zimbabwe', Journal of Southern African Studies, 16, 4 (1990), pp. 717-719. For the roots of settler paranoia about 'black peril' see Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, pp. 343-344.
183. Debates of the Legislative Council, 10 May 1921, cols 522-528; 26 May 1921, col. 1247; Tawse Jolly i.e., The Real Rhodesia, pp. 275-276; John Pape, 'Black and White: The "Perils of Sex" in Colonial Zimbabwe', Journal of Southern African Studies, 16, 4 (1990), pp. 717-719. For the roots of settler paranoia about 'black peril' see Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, pp. 343-344.
184. Debates of the Legislative Council, 10 May 1921, cols 522-528; 26 May 1921, col. 1247; Tawse Jolly i.e., The Real Rhodesia, pp. 275-276; John Pape, 'Black and White: The "Perils of Sex" in Colonial Zimbabwe', Journal of Southern African Studies, 16, 4 (1990), pp. 717-719. For the roots of settler paranoia about 'black peril' see Ranger, Revolt in Southern Rhodesia, pp. 343-344.
185. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 29 April 1926, col. 118; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Native Administration in Southern Rhodesia', Journal of the Royal Society of the Arts, 83 (1935), p. 986.
186. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 29 April 1926, col. 118; Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Native Administration in Southern Rhodesia', Journal of the Royal Society of the Arts, 83 (1935), p. 986.
187. Debates of the Legislative Assembly, 29 April 1926, col. 118.
188. Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Land and the Native in Southern Rhodesia: the Southern Rhodesian Experiment', in Pioneer Settlement (American Geographical Society, New York, 1932), p. 191. See also her 'Southern Rhodesia's Native Policy', United Empire, 28 (1937), p. 338.
189. Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Land and the Native in Southern Rhodesia: the Southern Rhodesian Experiment', in Pioneer Settlement (American Geographical Society, New York, 1932), p. 191. See also her 'Southern Rhodesia's Native Policy', United Empire, 28 (1937), p. 338.
190. Tawse Jolly i.e., The Real Rhodesia, p. 259.
191. Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Native Administration in Southern Rhodesia', p. 983.
192. Tawse Jollie, 'Southern Rhodesia's Native Policy', pp. 336, 340. See also her 'African Dilemma', African Observer, 6 (1937), pp. 34-37.
193. Tawse Jollie, 'Southern Rhodesia's Native Policy', pp. 336, 340. See also her 'African Dilemma', African Observer, 6 (1937), pp. 34-37.
194. See, for example, 'From the Heart of Rhodesia: First Woman in British Colonies is "Go-Getter" ', The Guardian [Sydney], 29 October 1926; 'Empire Ambassadors ... the Lady Delegate', The Courier [Brisbane], 29 October 1926; 'Women's Non-Party Association - Welcome to Mrs Tawse Jollie', The Advertiser [Adelaide], 10 November 1926; 'She is Envied - only Woman Delegate', The Sun [Melbourne], 29 October 1926.
195. See, for example, 'From the Heart of Rhodesia: First Woman in British Colonies is "Go-Getter" ', The Guardian [Sydney], 29 October 1926; 'Empire Ambassadors ... the Lady Delegate', The Courier [Brisbane], 29 October 1926; 'Women's Non-Party Association - Welcome to Mrs Tawse Jollie', The Advertiser [Adelaide], 10 November 1926; 'She is Envied - only Woman Delegate', The Sun [Melbourne], 29 October 1926.
196. See, for example, 'From the Heart of Rhodesia: First Woman in British Colonies is "Go-Getter" ', The Guardian [Sydney], 29 October 1926; 'Empire Ambassadors ... the Lady Delegate', The Courier [Brisbane], 29 October 1926; 'Women's Non-Party Association - Welcome to Mrs Tawse Jollie', The Advertiser [Adelaide], 10 November 1926; 'She is Envied - only Woman Delegate', The Sun [Melbourne], 29 October 1926.
197. See, for example, 'From the Heart of Rhodesia: First Woman in British Colonies is "Go-Getter" ', The Guardian [Sydney], 29 October 1926; 'Empire Ambassadors ... the Lady Delegate', The Courier [Brisbane], 29 October 1926; 'Women's Non-Party Association - Welcome to Mrs Tawse Jollie', The Advertiser [Adelaide], 10 November 1926; 'She is Envied - only Woman Delegate', The Sun [Melbourne], 29 October 1926.
198. 'Women in Public Affairs - Mrs Jollie's Address', The Herald [Melbourne], 29 October 1926.
199. 'Delegates Interviewed', The Register [Adelaide], 6 November 1926.
200. 'The Woman's Part', The Western Australian, 26 November 1926.
201. NAZ, NE 1/1/7: Sir Francis Newton to H. U. Moffat, 8 September 1927.
202. Ethel Tawse Jollie, ' "The Rhodes Idea", Portrait of a Great Imperialist', Review of Reviews, 90 (1930), p. 722.
203. Chanock, Unconsummated Union, p. 215; H. I. Wetherell, 'Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response and Subsequent Implications', African Affairs, 78 (1979), pp. 210-227.
204. Chanock, Unconsummated Union, p. 215; H. I. Wetherell, 'Settler Expansionism in Central Africa: The Imperial Response and Subsequent Implications', African Affairs, 78 (1979), pp. 210-227.
205. Tawse Jollie, 'Greater Rhodesia', pp. 496-497.
206. Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Europeans in Africa - Some Thoughts on the Hilton Young Report', The Countryside, 2 (1929), p. 6. See also her 'Another Lost Dominion', National Review, 93 (1929), pp. 302-307; 'Southern Rhodesia's Fortieth Birthday', United Empire, 21 (1930), p. 533-536; 'Greater Rhodesia', pp. 492-497.
207. Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Europeans in Africa - Some Thoughts on the Hilton Young Report', The Countryside, 2 (1929), p. 6. See also her 'Another Lost Dominion', National Review, 93 (1929), pp. 302-307; 'Southern Rhodesia's Fortieth Birthday', United Empire, 21 (1930), p. 533-536; 'Greater Rhodesia', pp. 492-497.
208. Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Europeans in Africa - Some Thoughts on the Hilton Young Report', The Countryside, 2 (1929), p. 6. See also her 'Another Lost Dominion', National Review, 93 (1929), pp. 302-307; 'Southern Rhodesia's Fortieth Birthday', United Empire, 21 (1930), p. 533-536; 'Greater Rhodesia', pp. 492-497.
209. Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Europeans in Africa - Some Thoughts on the Hilton Young Report', The Countryside, 2 (1929), p. 6. See also her 'Another Lost Dominion', National Review, 93 (1929), pp. 302-307; 'Southern Rhodesia's Fortieth Birthday', United Empire, 21 (1930), p. 533-536; 'Greater Rhodesia', pp. 492-497.
210. Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'Food and the Empire', United Empire, 27 (1936), p. 16.
211. Birth of a Nation: The British Purpose in Central Africa, with a preface by the Rt. Hon. L.S. Amery (London, 1952); Deborah Lavin, From Empire to International Commonwealth: A Biography of Lionel Curtis (Oxford, 1995), pp. 309-311, 313; Gann and Gelfand, Muggins of Rhodesia, pp. 208-209, 211; Alan Lennox-Boyd, 'The Secretary of State's Point of View', in F.S. Joelson (ed), Rhodesia and East Africa (London, 1958), pp. 1-5.
212. Birth of a Nation: The British Purpose in Central Africa, with a preface by the Rt. Hon. L.S. Amery (London, 1952); Deborah Lavin, From Empire to International Commonwealth: A Biography of Lionel Curtis (Oxford, 1995), pp. 309-311, 313; Gann and Gelfand, Muggins of Rhodesia, pp. 208-209, 211; Alan Lennox-Boyd, 'The Secretary of State's Point of View', in F.S. Joelson (ed), Rhodesia and East Africa (London, 1958), pp. 1-5.
213. Birth of a Nation: The British Purpose in Central Africa, with a preface by the Rt. Hon. L.S. Amery (London, 1952); Deborah Lavin, From Empire to International Commonwealth: A Biography of Lionel Curtis (Oxford, 1995), pp. 309-311, 313; Gann and Gelfand, Muggins of Rhodesia, pp. 208-209, 211; Alan Lennox-Boyd, 'The Secretary of State's Point of View', in F.S. Joelson (ed), Rhodesia and East Africa (London, 1958), pp. 1-5.
214. Birth of a Nation: The British Purpose in Central Africa, with a preface by the Rt. Hon. L.S. Amery (London, 1952); Deborah Lavin, From Empire to International Commonwealth: A Biography of Lionel Curtis (Oxford, 1995), pp. 309-311, 313; Gann and Gelfand, Muggins of Rhodesia, pp. 208-209, 211; Alan Lennox-Boyd, 'The Secretary of State's Point of View', in F.S. Joelson (ed), Rhodesia and East Africa (London, 1958), pp. 1-5.
215. Ethel Tawse Jollie, 'A Rhodesian Dominion?', National Review, 128 (1947), p. 287.
216. Rhodesia Herald, 23 September 1950. See also 'Mrs Tawse Jollie, OBE.' [Obituary], The Times, 30 September 1950. The next woman to enter parliament was Mrs. Muriel Rosin who represented the United Rhodesia Party in the Southern Rhodesian House of Assembly from 1954 to 1958 and sat as a United Federal Party MP in the Federal Assembly from 1958 until 1963.
217. Rhodesia Herald, 23 September 1950. See also 'Mrs Tawse Jollie, OBE.' [Obituary], The Times, 30 September 1950. The next woman to enter parliament was Mrs. Muriel Rosin who represented the United Rhodesia Party in the Southern Rhodesian House of Assembly from 1954 to 1958 and sat as a United Federal Party MP in the Federal Assembly from 1958 until 1963.
218. Chaudhuri and Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism, p. 7. See also Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1991); Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (London, 1994); Marilyn Lake, 'Between Old Worlds and New: Feminist Citizenship, Nation and Race, the Destabilisation of Identity', in Caroline Duffy and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (New York, 1994); Carol Baachi, 'Race Regeneration and Social Purity: A Study of the Social Attitudes of Canada's English-Speaking Suffragists', Histoire sociale/Social History, 11, 22 (1978), pp. 460-674.
219. Chaudhuri and Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism, p. 7. See also Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1991); Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (London, 1994); Marilyn Lake, 'Between Old Worlds and New: Feminist Citizenship, Nation and Race, the Destabilisation of Identity', in Caroline Duffy and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (New York, 1994); Carol Baachi, 'Race Regeneration and Social Purity: A Study of the Social Attitudes of Canada's English-Speaking Suffragists', Histoire sociale/Social History, 11, 22 (1978), pp. 460-674.
220. Chaudhuri and Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism, p. 7. See also Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1991); Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (London, 1994); Marilyn Lake, 'Between Old Worlds and New: Feminist Citizenship, Nation and Race, the Destabilisation of Identity', in Caroline Duffy and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (New York, 1994); Carol Baachi, 'Race Regeneration and Social Purity: A Study of the Social Attitudes of Canada's English-Speaking Suffragists', Histoire sociale/Social History, 11, 22 (1978), pp. 460-674.
221. Chaudhuri and Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism, p. 7. See also Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1991); Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (London, 1994); Marilyn Lake, 'Between Old Worlds and New: Feminist Citizenship, Nation and Race, the Destabilisation of Identity', in Caroline Duffy and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (New York, 1994); Carol Baachi, 'Race Regeneration and Social Purity: A Study of the Social Attitudes of Canada's English-Speaking Suffragists', Histoire sociale/Social History, 11, 22 (1978), pp. 460-674.
222. Chaudhuri and Strobel (eds), Western Women and Imperialism, p. 7. See also Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1991); Antoinette Burton, Burdens of History: British Feminists, Indian Women, and Imperial Culture, 1865-1915 (London, 1994); Marilyn Lake, 'Between Old Worlds and New: Feminist Citizenship, Nation and Race, the Destabilisation of Identity', in Caroline Duffy and Melanie Nolan (eds), Suffrage and Beyond: International Feminist Perspectives (New York, 1994); Carol Baachi, 'Race Regeneration and Social Purity: A Study of the Social Attitudes of Canada's English-Speaking Suffragists', Histoire sociale/Social History, 11, 22 (1978), pp. 460-674.
223. Cherryl Walker, The Women's Suffrage Movement in South Africa (Cape Town, 1979); Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Strobel and Chaudhuri (eds), Western Women and Imperialism; Peter Merrington, 'Pageantry and Primitivism: Dorothea Fairbridge and the "Aesthetics of Union" ', Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (1995), pp. 643-656. Two unpublished papers read at the 'South Africa 1895-1921: Test of Empire' Conference at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, 28-30 March 1996 are also relevant: Julia Bush, 'Lady Imperialists and the Cause of British South Africa'; and Deborah Gaitskell, 'From Divided to Dawdling Dominion: Contradictions of the Imperial Tie for Some Woman Suffragists in South Africa, 1911-1930'.
224. Cherryl Walker, The Women's Suffrage Movement in South Africa (Cape Town, 1979); Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Strobel and Chaudhuri (eds), Western Women and Imperialism; Peter Merrington, 'Pageantry and Primitivism: Dorothea Fairbridge and the "Aesthetics of Union" ', Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (1995), pp. 643-656. Two unpublished papers read at the 'South Africa 1895-1921: Test of Empire' Conference at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, 28-30 March 1996 are also relevant: Julia Bush, 'Lady Imperialists and the Cause of British South Africa'; and Deborah Gaitskell, 'From Divided to Dawdling Dominion: Contradictions of the Imperial Tie for Some Woman Suffragists in South Africa, 1911-1930'.
225. Cherryl Walker, The Women's Suffrage Movement in South Africa (Cape Town, 1979); Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Strobel and Chaudhuri (eds), Western Women and Imperialism; Peter Merrington, 'Pageantry and Primitivism: Dorothea Fairbridge and the "Aesthetics of Union" ', Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (1995), pp. 643-656. Two unpublished papers read at the 'South Africa 1895-1921: Test of Empire' Conference at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, 28-30 March 1996 are also relevant: Julia Bush, 'Lady Imperialists and the Cause of British South Africa'; and Deborah Gaitskell, 'From Divided to Dawdling Dominion: Contradictions of the Imperial Tie for Some Woman Suffragists in South Africa, 1911-1930'.
226. Cherryl Walker, The Women's Suffrage Movement in South Africa (Cape Town, 1979); Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Strobel and Chaudhuri (eds), Western Women and Imperialism; Peter Merrington, 'Pageantry and Primitivism: Dorothea Fairbridge and the "Aesthetics of Union" ', Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (1995), pp. 643-656. Two unpublished papers read at the 'South Africa 1895-1921: Test of Empire' Conference at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, 28-30 March 1996 are also relevant: Julia Bush, 'Lady Imperialists and the Cause of British South Africa'; and Deborah Gaitskell, 'From Divided to Dawdling Dominion: Contradictions of the Imperial Tie for Some Woman Suffragists in South Africa, 1911-1930'.
227. Cherryl Walker, The Women's Suffrage Movement in South Africa (Cape Town, 1979); Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Strobel and Chaudhuri (eds), Western Women and Imperialism; Peter Merrington, 'Pageantry and Primitivism: Dorothea Fairbridge and the "Aesthetics of Union" ', Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (1995), pp. 643-656. Two unpublished papers read at the 'South Africa 1895-1921: Test of Empire' Conference at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, 28-30 March 1996 are also relevant: Julia Bush, 'Lady Imperialists and the Cause of British South Africa'; and Deborah Gaitskell, 'From Divided to Dawdling Dominion: Contradictions of the Imperial Tie for Some Woman Suffragists in South Africa, 1911-1930'.
228. Cherryl Walker, The Women's Suffrage Movement in South Africa (Cape Town, 1979); Helen Callaway and Dorothy O. Helly, 'Flora Shaw/Lady Lugard', in Strobel and Chaudhuri (eds), Western Women and Imperialism; Peter Merrington, 'Pageantry and Primitivism: Dorothea Fairbridge and the "Aesthetics of Union" ', Journal of Southern African Studies, 21 (1995), pp. 643-656. Two unpublished papers read at the 'South Africa 1895-1921: Test of Empire' Conference at St Edmund Hall, Oxford, 28-30 March 1996 are also relevant: Julia Bush, 'Lady Imperialists and the Cause of British South Africa'; and Deborah Gaitskell, 'From Divided to Dawdling Dominion: Contradictions of the Imperial Tie for Some Woman Suffragists in South Africa, 1911-1930'.
229. L. W. Bolze, publisher's introduction, in Ethel Tawse Jollie, The Real Rhodesia ([1924], Volume 19 of the Rhodesiana Reprint Library, Bulawayo, 1971), p. 1.
230. P. Vickery, 'Mrs Tawse Jollie', Rhodesiana, 29 (1973), p. 81.
231. P. Berlyn, 'On E. Colquhoun Tawse Jollie', Rhodesiana, 15 (1966), p. 68.
232. Philippa Berlyn, 'Ahead of Her Time', Illustrated Life Rhodesia, 3 July 1969.
233. Enoch Powell, quoted in Martin Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (Cambridge, 1981), p. v. See also Benedict Anderson's seminal Imagined Communities (Revised edn, London, 1991).
234. Enoch Powell, quoted in Martin Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (Cambridge, 1981), p. v. See also Benedict Anderson's seminal Imagined Communities (Revised edn, London, 1991).
235. Rhodesia's Finest Hour: The Prime Minister Addresses the Nation (Government Printer, Salisbury, 1965).
236. See for example W. D. Gale, The Years Between, 1923-1973: Half a Century of Responsible Government in Rhodesia (Salisbury, n.d. [1973]), pp. 31-63.
237. Sir Robert Tredgold, The Rhodesia That Was My Life (London, 1968), p. 255. For Rhodesian Front ideology see Peter Godwin and Ian Hancock, Rhodesians Never Die: The Impact of War and Political Crisis on White Rhodesia, ca. 1970-1980 (London, 1993); Michael Evans, 'The Role of Ideology in Rhodesian Front Rule, 1962-1980' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, 1993), pp. 1-91. In the 1960s there was strong Ulster sense of betrayal and the belief that they both represented outposts of true Britishness; see Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire'; David Miller, Queen's Rebels: Ulster Loyalism in Historical Perspective (Dublin, 1978); Pamela Clayton, Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler Ideologies in Twentieth Century
238. Sir Robert Tredgold, The Rhodesia That Was My Life (London, 1968), p. 255. For Rhodesian Front ideology see Peter Godwin and Ian Hancock, Rhodesians Never Die: The Impact of War and Political Crisis on White Rhodesia, ca. 1970-1980 (London, 1993); Michael Evans, 'The Role of Ideology in Rhodesian Front Rule, 1962-1980' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, 1993), pp. 1-91. In the 1960s there was strong Ulster sense of betrayal and the belief that they both represented outposts of true Britishness; see Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire'; David Miller, Queen's Rebels: Ulster Loyalism in Historical Perspective (Dublin, 1978); Pamela Clayton, Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler Ideologies in Twentieth Century Ulster (London, 1996); James Loughlin, Ulster Unionism and British National Identity Since 1885 (London, 1995).
239. Sir Robert Tredgold, The Rhodesia That Was My Life (London, 1968), p. 255. For Rhodesian Front ideology see Peter Godwin and Ian Hancock, Rhodesians Never Die: The Impact of War and Political Crisis on White Rhodesia, ca. 1970-1980 (London, 1993); Michael Evans, 'The Role of Ideology in Rhodesian Front Rule, 1962-1980' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, 1993), pp. 1-91. In the 1960s there was strong Ulster sense of betrayal and the belief that they both represented outposts of true Britishness; see Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire'; David Miller, Queen's Rebels: Ulster Loyalism in Historical Perspective (Dublin, 1978); Pamela Clayton, Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler Ideologies in Twentieth Century Ulster (London, 1996); James Loughlin, Ulster Unionism and British National Identity Since 1885 (London, 1995).
240. Sir Robert Tredgold, The Rhodesia That Was My Life (London, 1968), p. 255. For Rhodesian Front ideology see Peter Godwin and Ian Hancock, Rhodesians Never Die: The Impact of War and Political Crisis on White Rhodesia, ca. 1970-1980 (London, 1993); Michael Evans, 'The Role of Ideology in Rhodesian Front Rule, 1962-1980' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, 1993), pp. 1-91. In the 1960s there was strong Ulster sense of betrayal and the belief that they both represented outposts of true Britishness; see Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire'; David Miller, Queen's Rebels: Ulster Loyalism in Historical Perspective (Dublin, 1978); Pamela Clayton, Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler Ideologies in Twentieth Century Ulster (London, 1996); James Loughlin, Ulster Unionism and British National Identity Since 1885 (London, 1995).
241. Sir Robert Tredgold, The Rhodesia That Was My Life (London, 1968), p. 255. For Rhodesian Front ideology see Peter Godwin and Ian Hancock, Rhodesians Never Die: The Impact of War and Political Crisis on White Rhodesia, ca. 1970-1980 (London, 1993); Michael Evans, 'The Role of Ideology in Rhodesian Front Rule, 1962-1980' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, 1993), pp. 1-91. In the 1960s there was strong Ulster sense of betrayal and the belief that they both represented outposts of true Britishness; see Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire'; David Miller, Queen's Rebels: Ulster Loyalism in Historical Perspective (Dublin, 1978); Pamela Clayton, Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler Ideologies in Twentieth Century Ulster (London, 1996); James Loughlin, Ulster Unionism and British National Identity Since 1885 (London, 1995).
242. Sir Robert Tredgold, The Rhodesia That Was My Life (London, 1968), p. 255. For Rhodesian Front ideology see Peter Godwin and Ian Hancock, Rhodesians Never Die: The Impact of War and Political Crisis on White Rhodesia, ca. 1970-1980 (London, 1993); Michael Evans, 'The Role of Ideology in Rhodesian Front Rule, 1962-1980' (unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, 1993), pp. 1-91. In the 1960s there was strong Ulster sense of betrayal and the belief that they both represented outposts of true Britishness; see Lowry, 'Ulster Resistance and Loyalist Rebellion in the Empire'; David Miller, Queen's Rebels: Ulster Loyalism in Historical Perspective (Dublin, 1978); Pamela Clayton, Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler Ideologies in Twentieth Century Ulster (London, 1996); James Loughlin, Ulster Unionism and British National Identity Since 1885 (London, 1995).
243. Tawse Jollie, 'Greater Rhodesia', p. 8; The Independent, 26 August 1922. These sentiments were echoed by Philippa Berlyn's Rhodesia - Beleaguered Country (Salisbury, 1966).
244. Tawse Jollie, 'Greater Rhodesia', p. 8; The Independent, 26 August 1922. These sentiments were echoed by Philippa Berlyn's Rhodesia - Beleaguered Country (Salisbury, 1966).
245. Tawse Jollie, 'Greater Rhodesia', p. 8; The Independent, 26 August 1922. These sentiments were echoed by Philippa Berlyn's Rhodesia - Beleaguered Country (Salisbury, 1966).
246. Kirkwood, 'Settler Wives in Southern Rhodesia', pp. 158, 161; Rhodesia - As It Is (Women For Rhodesia pamphlet, Salisbury, 1977). See also Ruth Weiss, Zimbabwe and the New Elite (London, 1994), pp. 24, 30, 34, 110.
247. Kirkwood, 'Settler Wives in Southern Rhodesia', pp. 158, 161; Rhodesia - As It Is (Women For Rhodesia pamphlet, Salisbury, 1977). See also Ruth Weiss, Zimbabwe and the New Elite (London, 1994), pp. 24, 30, 34, 110.
248. Kirkwood, 'Settler Wives in Southern Rhodesia', pp. 158, 161; Rhodesia - As It Is (Women For Rhodesia pamphlet, Salisbury, 1977). See also Ruth Weiss, Zimbabwe and the New Elite (London, 1994), pp. 24, 30, 34, 110.