The King's Afrikaners? Enlistment and ethnic identity in the union of South Africa's defence force during the Second World War, 1939-45

Journal of African History

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 351-365

  Grundlingh, Albert ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

SOUTH AFRICA;

ETHNICITY; NATIONAL IDENTITY; POLITICAL HISTORY; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 0033388139     PISSN: 00218537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0021853799007537     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. For example, A. Wessels, Suid-Afrikaanse Verhandelinge en Proefskrifte oor die Geskiedenis van die Anglo-Boereoorlog (Pretoria, 1987); G. D. Scholtz, Die Ontwikkeling van die Politieke Denke van die Afrikaner, VIII, 1939-1948 (Johannesburg, 1984); J. H. le Roux and P. W. Coetzer, Die Nasionale Party, IV and V (Bloemfontein, 1986 and 1990).
2. For example, A. Wessels, Suid-Afrikaanse Verhandelinge en Proefskrifte oor die Geskiedenis van die Anglo-Boereoorlog (Pretoria, 1987); G. D. Scholtz, Die Ontwikkeling van die Politieke Denke van die Afrikaner, VIII, 1939-1948 (Johannesburg, 1984); J. H. le Roux and P. W. Coetzer, Die Nasionale Party, IV and V (Bloemfontein, 1986 and 1990).
3. For example, A. Wessels, Suid-Afrikaanse Verhandelinge en Proefskrifte oor die Geskiedenis van die Anglo-Boereoorlog (Pretoria, 1987); G. D. Scholtz, Die Ontwikkeling van die Politieke Denke van die Afrikaner, VIII, 1939-1948 (Johannesburg, 1984); J. H. le Roux and P. W. Coetzer, Die Nasionale Party, IV and V (Bloemfontein, 1986 and 1990).
4. E. J. Hobsbawm, On History (London, 1998), 118.
5. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
6. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
7. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
8. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
9. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
10. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
11. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
12. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
13. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
14. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
15. See, for instance, M. R. D. Foot (ed.), War and Society (London, 1973); A. Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century: A Comparative Study of Britain, France, Germany, Russia and the United States (London, 1974); A. Marwick, Women at War, 1914-1918 (London, 1977); M. A. Nettleship, R. D. Givens and A. Nettleship (eds.), War, Its Causes and Correlates (London, 1975); R. F. Weigley (ed.), New Dimensions in Military History (The Hague, 1975); B. Bond and I. Roy (eds.), War and Society, I and II (London, 1975 and 1977); M. Howard, War in European History (Oxford, 1976); C. H. Enloe, Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies (New York, 1980); V. G. Kiernan, European Empires from Conquest to Collapse, 1815-1960 (London, 1982); B. Oliver, War and Peace in Western Australia: The Social and Political Impact of the Great War, 1914-1926 (Perth, 1995); J. Damousi and M. Lake (eds.), Gender and War: Australians at War in the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1995).
16. L. W. F. Grundlingh, 'The participation of South African Blacks in the Second World War' (D.Phil. thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, 1987); W. Nasson, 'War opinion in South Africa in 1914', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 23 (1995), 89-112; B. P. Willan, 'The South African Native Labour Contingent, 1916-1918', Journal of African History, 19 (1978), 61-86.
17. L. W. F. Grundlingh, 'The participation of South African Blacks in the Second World War' (D.Phil. thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, 1987); W. Nasson, 'War opinion in South Africa in 1914', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 23 (1995), 89-112; B. P. Willan, 'The South African Native Labour Contingent, 1916-1918', Journal of African History, 19 (1978), 61-86.
18. L. W. F. Grundlingh, 'The participation of South African Blacks in the Second World War' (D.Phil. thesis, Rand Afrikaans University, 1987); W. Nasson, 'War opinion in South Africa in 1914', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 23 (1995), 89-112; B. P. Willan, 'The South African Native Labour Contingent, 1916-1918', Journal of African History, 19 (1978), 61-86.
19. S. Dubow and S. Marks, 'Patriotism of place and race: Keith Hancock on South Africa' (Unpublished seminar paper, University of South Africa, 1998), 15.
20. M. H. Meurs, 'De Smuts-Renaissance in Zuid-Afrika', Zuid-Afrika, 72 (1995), 57; Meurs, J. C. Smuts: Staatsman, holist, generaal (Amsterdam, 1997), vi-vii.
21. M. H. Meurs, 'De Smuts-Renaissance in Zuid-Afrika', Zuid-Afrika, 72 (1995), 57; Meurs, J. C. Smuts: Staatsman, holist, generaal (Amsterdam, 1997), vi-vii.
22. The standard books on Afrikaner nationalism are: D. Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion (Berkeley, 1975); H. Adam and H. Giliomee, The Rise of Afrikaner Power (Cape Town, 1979); D. O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme : Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1934-1948 (Johannesburg, 1983); D. O'Meara, Forty Lost Years: The Apartheid State and the Politics of the National Party, 1948-1994 (Johannesburg, 1996).
23. The standard books on Afrikaner nationalism are: D. Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion (Berkeley, 1975); H. Adam and H. Giliomee, The Rise of Afrikaner Power (Cape Town, 1979); D. O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme : Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1934-1948 (Johannesburg, 1983); D. O'Meara, Forty Lost Years: The Apartheid State and the Politics of the National Party, 1948-1994 (Johannesburg, 1996).
24. The standard books on Afrikaner nationalism are: D. Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion (Berkeley, 1975); H. Adam and H. Giliomee, The Rise of Afrikaner Power (Cape Town, 1979); D. O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme : Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1934-1948 (Johannesburg, 1983); D. O'Meara, Forty Lost Years: The Apartheid State and the Politics of the National Party, 1948-1994 (Johannesburg, 1996).
25. The standard books on Afrikaner nationalism are: D. Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom: Power, Apartheid and the Afrikaner Civil Religion (Berkeley, 1975); H. Adam and H. Giliomee, The Rise of Afrikaner Power (Cape Town, 1979); D. O'Meara, Volkskapitalisme : Class, Capital and Ideology in the Development of Afrikaner Nationalism, 1934-1948 (Johannesburg, 1983); D. O'Meara, Forty Lost Years: The Apartheid State and the Politics of the National Party, 1948-1994 (Johannesburg, 1996).
26. A. Grundlingh and H. Sapire, 'From feverish festival to repetitive ritual: the changing fortunes of Great Trek mythology in an industrialising South Africa, 1938-1988', South African Historical Journal, 21 (1989), 19-37.
27. Official Yearbook of the Union of South Africa, 1946, 20.
28. E. G. Malherbe, The Bilingual School: A Study of Bilingualism in South Africa (Cape Town, 1943), 101. Other estimates are 'well over half by S. Patterson, The Last Trek: a Study of the Boer People and the Afrikaner Nation (London, 1967), 88, and '70 per cent' by L. Marquard, The Peoples and Policies of South Africa (London, 1952), 208.
29. E. G. Malherbe, The Bilingual School: A Study of Bilingualism in South Africa (Cape Town, 1943), 101. Other estimates are 'well over half by S. Patterson, The Last Trek: a Study of the Boer People and the Afrikaner Nation (London, 1967), 88, and '70 per cent' by L. Marquard, The Peoples and Policies of South Africa (London, 1952), 208.
30. E. G. Malherbe, The Bilingual School: A Study of Bilingualism in South Africa (Cape Town, 1943), 101. Other estimates are 'well over half by S. Patterson, The Last Trek: a Study of the Boer People and the Afrikaner Nation (London, 1967), 88, and '70 per cent' by L. Marquard, The Peoples and Policies of South Africa (London, 1952), 208.
31. Grundlingh and Sapire, 'Great Trek mythology', 24.
32. South African National Defence Force (SANDF) Pretoria; Documentation Centre (DOC), Chief General Staff War (CGS War, 207/45/4 G. Werdmuller -CGS, 3 Oct. 1940.
33. Cited in J. W. Illsley, '"The weak link that held": A study of wartime official and semi-official propaganda in South Africa, 1939-1942' (B.A. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, 1985), 65. The exposition on the interest in aircraft in South Africa is also indebted to Illsley.
34. Cf. Illsley, 'Weak link' 64-5. For Afrikaner interest in weaponry, see F. V. Lategan, Die Boer en sy roer (Cape Town, 1974).
35. Cf. Illsley, 'Weak link' 64-5. For Afrikaner interest in weaponry, see F. V. Lategan, Die Boer en sy roer (Cape Town, 1974).
36. University of South Africa (Unisa), United Party (UP) Archives, J. M. Conradie Collection, 4.2, J. C. Smuts, Zidi Rezegh and its Call, 5-6.
37. National Film Archives, Noordwaarts; Illsley, 'Weak link', 30-1.
38. National Film Archives, Noordwaarts; Illsley, 'Weak link', 30-1.
39. Illsley, 'Weak link', 31.
40. Di Transvaler, 8 July 1941, 'Soetkoek a la Malherbe'.
41. Die Volkstem, 24 Dec. 1942, 'Ouma Smuts' (translation). See also Die Suiderstem 13 Jan. 1941, 'Inspirerende boodskap van Mev. Smuts'.
42. Die Volkstem, 24 Dec. 1942, 'Ouma Smuts' (translation). See also Die Suiderstem 13 Jan. 1941, 'Inspirerende boodskap van Mev. Smuts'.
43. Compare E. Brink, 'Man-made women: gender, class and the ideology of the "volksmoeder",' in C. Walker (ed.), Women and Gender in South Africa (Cape Town, 1991), 288.
44. For the correlation between Afrikaner nationalism and rugby, see A. Grundlingh, A. Odendaal and S. B. Spies, Beyond the Try line: Rugby and South African Society (Johannesburg, 1995), 106-135.
45. Die Suiderstem, 10 Feb. 1942, Advertisement (translation).
46. B. Bozzoli, The Political Nature of a Ruling Class: Capital and Ideology in South Africa, 1890-1933 (London, 1981), 204-7, 281-2.
47. Cf. F. D. Tothill, 'The 1943 general election' (M.A. thesis, University of South Africa, 1987), 258; Giliomee, 'Nation-building in South Africa', (Paper delivered at the South African Historical Society conference, Pretoria, 1991), 3.
48. Cf. F. D. Tothill, 'The 1943 general election' (M.A. thesis, University of South Africa, 1987), 258; Giliomee, 'Nation-building in South Africa', (Paper delivered at the South African Historical Society conference, Pretoria, 1991), 3.
49. J. C. Coetzee, 'The bilingual problem in South Africa' in E. C. Malherbe (ed.), Educational Adaptations in a Changing Society (Cape Town, 1937), 87-9.
50. Die Volkstem, 3 Feb. 1941, 'Vrystaatse Boere in Uniform' (translation).
51. Die Volkstem, 20 Aug. 1945, 'Gessels met ou strydmakkers'; Unisa, UP Archives, Central Head Office, 52/15, P. J. Schoeman - D. J. Opperman, 31 Oct. 1941.
52. Cf. Unisa, UP Archives, Central Head Office, 52/15, H. Badenhorst -D. J. Opperman, 27 Aug. 1942.
53. For example, Die Volkstem, 27 Apr. 1942, 'Hulle veg vir ons vryheid'; Die Volkstem, 3 Feb. 1941, 'Vrystaatse Boere in Uniform'.
54. For example, Die Volkstem, 27 Apr. 1942, 'Hulle veg vir ons vryheid'; Die Volkstem, 3 Feb. 1941, 'Vrystaatse Boere in Uniform'.
55. Malherbe, Never a Dull Moment, (Cape Town, 1981), 217.
56. Rand Daily Mail, 11 Dec. 1940, 'South Africa infected by foreign ideologies'.
57. J. R. Albertyn (ed.), Kerk en Stad: Verslag van Kommissie van Ondersoek oor Stadstoestande, (Johannesburg, 1940), 216-7 (translation).
58. Oral interview with Mrs J. Terburgh, a social worker in the 1940s in Johannesburg, 24 Oct. 1990. I am indebted to Dr D. Prinsloo of the University of South Africa who conducted the interview and kindly lent me a copy of the tape.
59. House of Assembly Debates, 5 Mar. 1940, T. van der Merwe.
60. House of Assembly Debates, 24 Jan. 1940, J. J. Serfontein.
61. Tothill, '1943 Election,' 293-4.
62. Unisa, UP Archives, Central Head Office, Vol. 52/15, D. J. Opperman - M. J. Erasmus, 20 Feb. 1941.
63. SANDF Archives, Doc, Adjutant General (hereafter AG), 24/6/4, Magistrate Wolmaransstad - Col G. Werdmuller, 20 June 1941; Die Transvaler, 26 July 1943, 'Bitter lot van delwers'.
64. Cf. SANDF Archives, AG 24/7/5, G. Werdmuller - A. Kingwill, 3 June 1941; UP Central Head Office, 52. 15, D. Opperman - M. Kruis, 3 July 1944; Springbok, 27 Apr. 1944, 'Boerseun se avontuurlus onversadig'; Die Suider stem, 6 Jan. 1941, 'Veertienjarige loop weg na Kenia'.
65. Cf. SANDF Archives, AG 24/7/5, G. Werdmuller - A. Kingwill, 3 June 1941; UP Central Head Office, 52. 15, D. Opperman - M. Kruis, 3 July 1944; Springbok, 27 Apr. 1944, 'Boerseun se avontuurlus onversadig'; Die Suider stem, 6 Jan. 1941, 'Veertienjarige loop weg na Kenia'.
66. D. Reitz, Trekking On (London, 1933), 88, 106. I am indebted to Dr F. A. Mouton for this reference.
67. Cf. for example, Die Suiderstem, 23 Jan. 1941 'Uitskellery'. Die Transvaler, 3 Feb. 1941, 'Die oorlog'; Die Transvaler, 22 July 1940, 'Soldate'; P. F. van der Schyff (ed.), Die Ossewabrandwag: vuurhoutjie in die droë gras (Potchefstroom, 1991), 77; P. J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Johannesburg, 1991), 145.
68. Cf. for example, Die Suiderstem, 23 Jan. 1941 'Uitskellery'. Die Transvaler, 3 Feb. 1941, 'Die oorlog'; Die Transvaler, 22 July 1940, 'Soldate'; P. F. van der Schyff (ed.), Die Ossewabrandwag: vuurhoutjie in die droë gras (Potchefstroom, 1991), 77; P. J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Johannesburg, 1991), 145.
69. Cf. for example, Die Suiderstem, 23 Jan. 1941 'Uitskellery'. Die Transvaler, 3 Feb. 1941, 'Die oorlog'; Die Transvaler, 22 July 1940, 'Soldate'; P. F. van der Schyff (ed.), Die Ossewabrandwag: vuurhoutjie in die droë gras (Potchefstroom, 1991), 77; P. J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Johannesburg, 1991), 145.
70. Cf. for example, Die Suiderstem, 23 Jan. 1941 'Uitskellery'. Die Transvaler, 3 Feb. 1941, 'Die oorlog'; Die Transvaler, 22 July 1940, 'Soldate'; P. F. van der Schyff (ed.), Die Ossewabrandwag: vuurhoutjie in die droë gras (Potchefstroom, 1991), 77; P. J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Johannesburg, 1991), 145.
71. Cf. for example, Die Suiderstem, 23 Jan. 1941 'Uitskellery'. Die Transvaler, 3 Feb. 1941, 'Die oorlog'; Die Transvaler, 22 July 1940, 'Soldate'; P. F. van der Schyff (ed.), Die Ossewabrandwag: vuurhoutjie in die droë gras (Potchefstroom, 1991), 77; P. J. Furlong, Between Crown and Swastika: The Impact of the Radical Right on the Afrikaner Nationalist Movement in the Fascist Era (Johannesburg, 1991), 145.
72. P. H. Frankel, Pretoria's Praetorians: Civil-Military Relations in South Africa (Cambridge, 1984), 14; L. Jooste, 'Die politieke koerswending van 1948 besorg 'n nuwe identiteit aan die Unieversdedigingsmag', Militaria, 31 (1996), 113-44.
73. P. H. Frankel, Pretoria's Praetorians: Civil-Military Relations in South Africa (Cambridge, 1984), 14; L. Jooste, 'Die politieke koerswending van 1948 besorg 'n nuwe identiteit aan die Unieversdedigingsmag', Militaria, 31 (1996), 113-44.
74. Unisa, UP Archives, Central Head Office, 52/9, L. J. Gouws - D. J. Opperman, 21 Mar. 1944.
75. Unisa, UP Archives, Central Head Office, 52/9, D. van Zyl - D. J. Opperman, 19 July 1942 (translation).
76. Unisa, UP Archives, Central Head Office, 52/16, W. H. Bloem - D. J. Opperman, 28 Mar. 1942.
77. Die Transvaler, 30 June 1941, 'E. G. Malherbe aangestel om soldate te bearbei' (translation).
78. Unisa, UP Archives Pretoria, Central Head Office, 52/15, G. B. van Wyk - D. J. Opperman. This is but one example. The file contains numerous letters with the same complaint.
79. Killie Campbell Library, E. G. Malherbe collection, 56975(982); 447/4, Ds. R. W. Nicol - Moderator Dutch Reformed Church, 9 Jan. 1944 (copy). I am indebted to Chaplain S. van Niekerk for this reference. See also Malherbe, Never a Dull Moment, 242.
80. For example, A. Paton, Hofmeyr (Cape Town, 1971), 277.
81. For example, SANDF, Doc, CGS 205/45/1, 'Secret report on morale', 2 Apr. 1944; Unisa, UP Archives, Central Head Office, 52/8, Report of Lt. J. Greyling, 5 Jan. 1943; Unisa, UP Archives, Central Head Office 52/15, F. van der Merwe - D. Opperman, undated; Tothill, '1943 Election', 384, Table 22.
82. H. van Rensburg, Die Ossewabrandwag en die parlementsverkiesing, die soldate en die kommuniste (Johannesburg, 1943) unpaginated.