Renal Protection in Chronic Kidney Disease

Hypertension

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 281-294

  Hanes, Donna S ^a   Weir, Matthew R ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33645048307     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7216-0258-5.50115-0     Document Type: Chapter

References (142)

1. Coresh J, Wei GL, McQuillan G, et al. Prevalence of high blood pressure and elevated serum creatinine level in the United States: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994). Arch Intern Med 2001, 161:1207-1216.
2. U.S.Renal Data System USRDS 2003 Annual Data Report: Atlas of End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. National Institutes of Health. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 2003, Bethesda, MD, NIH.
3. Navis G, de Jong PE, de Zeeuw D Specific Pharmacologic Approaches to Clinical Renoprotection, Ch. 56. Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, 7th ed 2004, 2453-2490. Saunders, Philadelphia. B. Brenner (Ed.).
4. Ejerblad E, Fored CM, Lindblad P, et al. Association between smoking and chronic renal failure in a nationwide population-based case-control study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004, 15:2178-2185.
5. Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Manley SE, et al. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64). Kidney Int 2003, 63:225-232.
6. Levey AS, Beto JA, Coronado BE, et al. Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: What do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? National Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1998, 32:853-906.
7. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. The seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC 7 report. JAMA 2003, 289:2560-2572.
8. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: A statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Hypertension 2003, 42:1050-1065.
9. Muntner P, Hamm LL, Kusek JW, et al. The prevalence of non-traditional risk factors for coronary heart disease in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ann Intern Med 2004, 140:9-17.
10. Oberg BP, McMenamin E, Lucas FL, et al. Increased prevalence of oxidant stress and inflammation in patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2004, 65:1009-1016.
11. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 43:S1-S290.
12. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 2000, 355:253-259.
13. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:861-869.
14. Fogo A, Yoshida Y, Glick AD, et al. Serial micropuncture analysis of glomerular function in two rat models of glomerular sclerosis. J Clin Invest 1988, 82:322-330.
15. Remuzzi G, Bertani T Is glomerulosclerosis a consequence of altered glomerular permeability to macromolecules?. Kidney Int 1990, 38:384-394.
16. Gansevoort RT, Mimran A, de Zeeuw D, et al. AT1 receptor antagonists and the kidney. Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists 2001, 295-316. Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia. M. Epstein, H. Brunner (Eds.).
17. Gansevoort RT, Navis GJ, Wapstra FH, et al. Proteinuria and progression of renal disease: Therapeutic implications. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1997, 6:133-140.
18. Wright JP, Salzano S, Brown CB, et al. Natural history of chronic renal failure: A reappraisal. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992, 7:379-383.
19. Agodoa LY, Jones CA, Held PJ End-stage renal disease in the USA: Data from the United States Renal Data System. Am J Nephrol 1996, 16:7-16.
20. Klag MJ, Whelton PK, Randall BL, et al. Blood pressure and end-stage renal disease in men. N Engl J Med 1996, 334:13-18.
21. Iseki K, Iseki C, Ikemiya Y, et al. Risk of developing end-stage renal disease in a cohort of mass screening. Kidney Int 1996, 49:800-805.
22. Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L, et al. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: A consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis 2000, 36:646-661.
23. Fogo A, Breyer JA, Smith MC, et al. Accuracy of the diagnosis of hypertensive nephrosclerosis in African Americans: A report from the African American Study of Kidney Disease (AASK) Trial. AASK Pilot Study Investigators. Kidney Int 1997, 51:244-252.
24. Bakris GL, Weir MR, Shanifar S, et al. Effects of blood pressure level on progression of diabetic nephropathy: Results from the RENAAL study. Arch Intern Med 2003, 163:1555-1565.
25. Eiskjaer H, Sorensen SS, Danielsen H, et al. Glomerular and tubular antinatriuretic actions of low-dose angiotensin II infusion in man. J Hypertens 1992, 10:1033-1040.
26. Dubey RK, Jackson EK, Rupprecht HD, et al. Factors controlling growth and matrix production in vascular smooth muscle and glomerular mesangial cells. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1997, 6:88-105.
27. Wolf G, Ziyadeh FN The role of angiotensin II in diabetic nephropathy: Emphasis on nonhemodynamic mechanisms. Am J Kidney Dis 1997, 29:153-163.
28. Hanes DS, Nahar A, Weir MR The tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in diabetes mellitus. Curr Hypertens Rep 2004, 6:98-105.
29. Houlihan CA, Akdeniz A, Tsalamandris C, et al. Urinary transforming growth factor-beta excretion in patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and elevated albumin excretion rate: Effects of angiotensin receptor blockade and sodium restriction. Diabetes Care 2002, 25:1072-1077.
30. Keane WF, Kasiske BL, O'Donnell MP, et al. The role of altered lipid metabolism in the progression of renal disease: Experimental evidence. Am J Kidney Dis 1991, 17:38-42.
31. Moorhead JF Lipids and the pathogenesis of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1991, 17:65-70.
32. Joven J, Villabona C, Vilella E, et al. Abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism in patients with the nephrotic syndrome. N Engl J Med 1990, 323:579-584.
33. Lee HS, Lee JS, Koh HI, et al. Intraglomerular lipid deposition in routine biopsies. Clin Nephrol 1991, 36:67-75.
34. Manttari M, Tiula E, Alikoski T, et al. Effects of hypertension and dyslipidemia on the decline in renal function. Hypertension 1995, 26:670-675.
35. Maschio G, Oldrizzi L, Rugiu C, et al. Factors affecting progression of renal failure in patients on long-term dietary protein restriction. Kidney Int Suppl 1987, 22:S49-S52.
36. Levey AS, Gassman JJ, Hall PM, et al. Assessing the progression of renal disease in clinical studies: Effects of duration of follow-up and regression to the mean. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study Group. J Am Soc Nephrol 1991, 1:1087-1094.
37. Lakkis J, Weir MR Pharmacological strategies for kidney function preservation: Are there differences by ethnicity?. Adv Ren Replace Ther 2004, 11:24-40.
38. Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM, et al. Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med 1995, 123:754-762.
39. Ruilope LM, Salvetti A, Jamerson K, et al. Renal function and intensive lowering of blood pressure in hypertensive participants of the hypertension optimal treatment (HOT) study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001, 12:218-225.
40. Hebert LA, Kusek JW, Greene T, et al. Effects of blood pressure control on progressive renal disease in blacks and whites. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. Hypertension 1997, 30:428-435.
41. Hall JE Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition: Renal effects and their role in reducing arterial pressure. Current Advances in ACE Inhibition 1989, Churchill Livingstone, London. G.A. MacGregor, P.S. Sever (Eds.).
42. Atlas SA, Case DB, Sealey JE, et al. Interruption of the renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive patients by captopril induces sustained reduction in aldosterone secretion, potassium retention and natruiresis. Hypertension 1979, 1:274-280.
43. Hollenberg NK, Swartz SL, Passan DR, et al. Increased glomerular filtration rate after converting-enzyme inhibition in essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1979, 301:9-12.
44. Hollenberg NK, Meggs LG, Williams GH, et al. Sodium intake and renal responses to captopril in normal man and in essential hypertension. Kidney Int 1981, 20:240-245.
45. Larochelle P, Gutkowska J, Schiffrin E, et al. Effect of enalapril on renin, angiotensin converting enzyme activity, aldosterone and prostaglandins in patients with hypertension. Clin Invest Med 1985, 8:197-201.
46. Reams GP, Bauer JH, Gaddy P Use of the converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in renovascular hypertension. Effect on blood pressure, renal function, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Hypertension 1986, 8:290-297.
47. de Cavanagh EM, Inserra F, Toblli J, et al. Enalapril attenuates oxidative stress in diabetic rats. Hypertension 2001, 38:1130-1136.
48. Liu X, Engelman RM, Rousou JA, et al. Attenuation of myocardial reperfusion injury by sulfhydryl-containing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1992, 6:437-443.
49. Sakemi T, Baba N Effects of antihypertensive drugs on the progress of renal failure in hyperlipidemic Imai rats. Nephron 1993, 63:323-329.
50. Keilani T, Schlueter WA, Levin ML, et al. Improvement of lipid abnormalities associated with proteinuria using fosinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Ann Intern Med 1993, 118:246-254.
51. Kasiske BL, Kalil RS, Ma JZ, et al. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on the kidney in patients with diabetes: A meta-regression analysis. Ann Intern Med 1993, 118:129-138.
52. Heeg JE, de Jong PE, van der Hem GK, et al. Reduction of proteinuria by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. Kidney Int 1987, 32:78-83.
53. Herlitz H, Edeno C, Mulec H, et al. Captopril treatment of hypertension and renal failure in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nephron 1984, 38:253-256.
54. Hommel E, Parving HH, Mathiesen E, et al. Effect of captopril on kidney function in insulin-dependent diabetic patients with nephropathy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986, 293:467-470.
55. Reams GP, Bauer JH Effect of enalapril in subjects with hypertension associated with moderate to severe renal dysfunction. Arch Intern Med 1986, 146:2145-2148.
56. Navis G, de Jong PE, Donker AJ, et al. Moderate sodium restriction in hypertensive subjects: Renal effects of ACE-inhibition. Kidney Int 1987, 31:815-819.
57. Apperloo AJ, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE A short-term antihypertensive treatment-induced fall in glomerular filtration rate predicts long-term stability of renal function. Kidney Int 1997, 51:793-797.
58. de Zeeuw D, Heeg JE, Stelwagen T, et al. Mechanism of the antiproteinuric effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Contrib Nephrol 1990, 83:160-165.
59. Ferrari P, Marti HP, Pfister M, et al. Additive antiproteinuric effect of combined ACE inhibition and angiotensin II receptor blockade. J Hypertens 2002, 20:125-130.
60. Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, et al. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003, 361:117-124.
61. Wright JT, Bakris G, Greene T, et al. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: Results from the AASK trial. JAMA 2002, 288:2421-2431.
62. Simon G, Morioka S, Snyder DK, et al. Increased renal plasma flow in long-term enalapril treatment of hypertension. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1983, 34:459-465.
63. Reams GP, Bauer JH Long-term effects of enalapril monotherapy and enalapril/hydrochlorothiazide combination therapy on blood pressure, renal function, and body fluid composition. J Clin Hypertens 1986, 2:55-63.
64. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, et al. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993, 329:1456-1462.
65. Hricik DE Captopril-induced renal insufficiency and the role of sodium balance. Ann Intern Med 1985, 103:222-223.
66. Murphy BF, Whitworth JA, Kincaid-Smith P Renal insufficiency with combinations of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984, 288:844-845.
67. Levenson DJ, Dzau VJ Effects on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on renal hemodynamics in renal artery stenosis. Kidney Int Suppl 1987, 20:S173-S179.
68. Mendelsohn FA, Dunbar M, Allen A, et al. Angiotensin II receptors in the kidney. Fed Proc 1986, 45:1420-1425.
69. Nishiyama A, Seth DM, Navar LG Renal interstitial fluid angiotensin I and angiotensin II concentrations during local angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002, 13:2207-2212.
70. Cervenka L, Navar LG Renal responses of the nonclipped kidney of two-kidney/one-clip Goldblatt hypertensive rats to type 1 angiotensin II receptor blockade with candesartan. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999, 10(Suppl 11):S197-S201.
71. Takishita S, Muratani H, Sesoko S, et al. Short-term effects of angiotensin II blockade on renal blood flow and sympathetic activity in awake rats. Hypertension 1994, 24:445-450.
72. Jover B, Saladini D, Nafrialdi N, et al. Effect of losartan and enalapril on renal adaptation sodium restriction in rat. Am J Physiol 1994, 267:F281-F288.
73. Peng Y, Knox FG Comparison of systemic and direct intrarenal angiotensin II blockade on sodium excretion in rats. Am J Physiol 1995, 269:F40-F46.
74. Knox FG, Burnett JC, Kohan DE, et al. Escape from the sodium-retaining effects of mineralocorticoids. Kidney Int 1980, 17:263-276.
75. Navar LG, Inscho EW, Majid SA, et al. Paracrine regulation of the renal microcirculation. Physiol Rev 1996, 76:425-536.
76. Schaefer KL, Porter JA Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: The prototype losartan. Ann Pharmacother 1996, 30:625-636.
77. Hoieggen A, Alderman MH, Kjeldsen SE, et al. The impact of serum uric acid on cardiovascular outcomes in the LIFE study. Kidney Int 2004, 65:1041-1049.
78. Shaw W Safety and efficacy of losartan in hypertensive patients with renal impairment. J Am Soc Nephrol 1994, 567.
79. Doig JK, MacFadyen RJ, Sweet CS, et al. Dose-ranging study of the angiotensin type I receptor antagonist losartan (DuP753/MK954) in salt-depleted normal man. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993, 21:732-738.
80. Buter H, Navis G, de Zeeuw D, et al. Renal hemodynamic effects of candesartan in normal and impaired renal function in humans. Kidney Int Suppl 1997, 63:S185-S187.
81. Siragy HM, Carey RM Protective role of the angiotensin AT2 receptor in a renal wrap hypertension model. Hypertension 1999, 33:1237-1242.
82. Delles C, Jacobi J, John S, et al. Effects of enalapril and eprosar-tan on the renal vascular nitric oxide system in human essential hypertension. Kidney Int 2002, 61:1462-1468.
83. Textor SC, Tarazi RC, Novick AC, et al. Regulation of renal hemodynamics and glomerular filtration in patients with renovascular hypertension during converting enzyme inhibition with captopril. Am J Med 1984, 76:29-37.
84. Cooper ME, Webb RL, de Gasparo M Angiotensin receptor blockers and the kidney: Possible advantages over ACE inhibition?. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 2001, 19:75-86.
85. Bohlen L, de Courten M, Weidmann P Comparative study of the effect of ACE-inhibitors and other antihypertensive agents on proteinuria in diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens 1994, 7:84S-92S.
86. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:851-860.
87. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:870-878.
88. Ersoy A, Dilek K, Usta M, et al. Angiotensin-II receptor antagonist losartan reduces microalbuminuria in hypertensive renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2002, 16:202-205.
89. Wapstra FH, Navis G, de Jong PE, et al. Prognostic value of the short-term antiproteinuric response to ACE inhibition for prediction of GFR decline in patients with nondiabetic renal disease. Exp Nephrol 1996, 4(Suppl 1):47-52.
90. Gansevoort RT, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE Dissociation between the course of the hemodynamic and antiproteinuric effects of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibition. Kidney Int 1993, 44:579-584.
91. Russo D, Pisani A, Balletta MM, et al. Additive antiproteinuric effect of converting enzyme inhibitor and losartan in nor-motensive patients with IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 1999, 33:851-856.
92. Kuriyama S, Tomonari H, Abe A, et al. Augmentation of antiproteinuric effect by combined therapy with angiotensin II receptor blocker plus calcium channel blocker in a hypertensive patient with IgA glomerulonephritis. J Hum Hypertens 2002, 16:371-373.
93. Taal MW, Brenner BM Combination ACEI and ARB therapy: Additional benefit in renoprotection?. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2002, 11:377-381.
94. Komine N, Khang S, Wead LM, et al. Effect of combining an ACE inhibitor and an angiotensin II receptor blocker on plasma and kidney tissue angiotensin II levels. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39:159-164.
95. Agarwal R, Siva S, Dunn SR, et al. Add-on angiotensin II receptor blockade lowers urinary transforming growth factor-beta levels. Am J Kidney Dis 2002, 39:486-492.
96. Sica DA, Bakris GL Type 2 diabetes: RENAAL and IDNT: The emergence of new treatment options. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2002, 4:52-57.
97. de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, et al. Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Lessons from RENAAL. Kidney Int 2004, 65:2309-2320.
98. Isben H, Wachtell K, Olsen MH, et al. Does albuminuria predict cardiovascular outcome on treatment with losartan versus atenolol in hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy?. A LIFE substudy J Hypertens 2004, 22:1805-1811.
99. Inigo P, Campistol JM, Lario S, et al. Effects of losartan and amlodipine on intrarenal hemodynamics and TGF-beta(1) plasma levels in a crossover trial in renal transplant recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001, 12:822-827.
100. Ferrario CM, Smith R, Levy P, et al. The hypertension-lipid connection: Insights into the relation between angiotensin II and cholesterol in atherogenesis. Am J Med Sci 2002, 323:17-24.
101. Ferrario CM Use of angiotensin II receptor blockers in animal models of atherosclerosis. Am J Hypertens 2002, 15:9S-13S.
102. Schiffrin EL Vascular changes in hypertension in response to drug treatment: Effects of angiotensin receptor blockers. Can J Cardiol 2002, 18(Suppl A):15A-18A.
103. Brosnan MJ, Hamilton CA, Graham D, et al. Irbesartan lowers superoxide levels and increases nitric oxide bioavailability in blood vessels from spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. J Hypertens 2002, 20:281-286.
104. Taddei S, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, et al. Effects of antihypertensive drugs on endothelial dysfunction: Clinical implications. Drugs 2002, 62:265-284.
105. Reardon LC, Macpherson DS Hyperkalemia in outpatients using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. How much should we worry?. Arch Intern Med 1998, 158:26-32.
106. Palmer BF Managing hyperkalemia caused by inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:585-592.
107. Zech P, Pozet N, Labeeuw M, et al. Acute renal effects of beta-blockers. Am J Nephrol 1986, 6(Suppl 2):15-19.
108. Valvo E, Gammaro L, Bedogna V, et al. Effects of nadolol on systemic and renal hemodynamics in patients with reno-parenchymal hypertension and various degrees of renal function. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1986, 24:202-206.
109. Epstein M, Oster JR Beta blockers and renal function: A reappraisal. J Clin Hypertens 1985, 1:85-99.
110. Weir MR, Hanes DS, Klassen DK Antihypertensive Drugs, Ch 55. Brenner & Rector's The Kidney, 7th ed 2004, 2381-2451. Saunders, Philadelphia. B. Brenner (Ed.).
111. Epstein M Calcium antagonists and the kidney. Implications for renal protection. Am J Hypertens 1991, 4:482S-486S.
112. Wallia R, Greenberg A, Puschett JB Renal hemodynamic and tubular transport effects of nitrendipine. J Lab Clin Med 1985, 105:498-503.
113. MacGregor GA, Pevahouse JB, Cappuccio FP, et al. Nifedipine, diuretics and sodium balance. J Hypertens Suppl 1987, 5:S127-S131.
114. Hulthen UL, Katzman PL Renal effects of acute and long-term treatment with felodipine in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1988, 6:231-237.
115. Krusell LR, Jespersen LT, Schmitz A, et al. Repetitive natriuresis and blood pressure. Long-term calcium entry blockade with isradipine. Hypertension 1987, 10:577-581.
116. Loutzenhiser R, Epstein M Effects of calcium antagonists on renal hemodynamics. Am J Physiol 1985, 249:F619-F629.
117. Sunderrajan S, Reams G, Bauer JH Long-term renal effects of diltiazem in essential hypertension. Am Heart J 1987, 114:383-388.
118. Reams GP, Lau A, Hamory A, et al. Amlodipine therapy corrects renal abnormalities encountered in the hypertensive state. Am J Kidney Dis 1987, 10:446-451.
119. Blackshear JL, Garnic D, Williams GH, et al. Exaggerated renal vasodilator response to calcium entry blockade in first-degree relatives of essential hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 1987, 9:384-389.
120. Demarie BK, Bakris GL Effects of different calcium antagonists on proteinuria associated with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1990, 113:987-988.
121. Bakris GL Effects of diltiazem or lisinopril on massive proteinuria associated with diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1990, 112:707-708.
122. Isshiki T, Amodeo C, Messerli FH, et al. Diltiazem maintains renal vasodilation without hyperfiltration in hypertension: Studies in essential hypertension in man and the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1987, 1:359-366.
123. Brunner FP, Hermle M, Theil G. Verapamil in contrast to enalapril aggravates hyperfiltration despite lowered blood pressure in rats with reduced renal mass [abstract]. Proceedings of the Tenth International Congress of Nephrology 497, 1987.
124. Sica DA, Douglas JG The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK): New findings. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2001, 3:244-251.
125. Berl T, Hunsicker LG, Lewis JB, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes in the Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial of patients with type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2003, 138:542-549.
126. Dworkin LD Impact of calcium entry blockers on glomerular injury in experimental hypertension. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1990, 4:1325-1330.
127. Sweeney C, Shultz P, Raij L Interactions of the endothelium and mesangium in glomerular injury [abstract]. J Am Soc Nephrol 1990, 1:S13.
128. Keane WF, Raij L Relationship among altered glomerular barrier permselectivity, angiotensin II, and mesangial uptake of macromolecules. Lab Invest 1985, 52:599-604.
129. Schwertschlag U, Schrier RW, Wilson P Beneficial effects of calcium channel blockers and calmodulin binding drugs on in vitro renal cell anoxia. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1986, 238:119-124.
130. Jesmin S, Sakuma I, Hattori Y, et al. Long-acting calcium channel blocker benidipine suppresses expression of angiogenic growth factors and prevents cardiac remodelling in a type II diabetic rat model. Diabetologia 2002, 45:402-415.
131. Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Pereira LM Renal cortical remodelling by NO-synthesis blockers in rats is prevented by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and calcium channel blocker. J Cell Mol Med 2001, 5:276-283.
132. Wada Y, Kato S, Okamoto K, et al. Diltiazem, a calcium antagonist, inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-1 (tissue collage-nase) production and collagenolytic activity in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Int J Mol Med 2001, 8:561-566.
133. Niemeyer C, Hasenfuss G, Wais U, et al. Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide in relation to renal function. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983, 24:661-665.
134. Diamond JR, Hanchak NA, McCarter MD, et al. Cholestyramine resin ameliorates chronic aminonucleoside nephrosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1990, 51:606-611.
135. Bianchi S, Bigazzi R, Caiazza A, et al. A controlled, prospective study of the effects of atorvastatin on proteinuria and progression of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 41:565-570.
136. Rabelink AJ, Hene RJ, Erkelens DW, et al. Partial remission of nephrotic syndrome in patient on long-term simvastatin. Lancet 1990, 335:1045-1046.
137. Prata MM, Nogueira AC, Pinto JR, et al. Long-term effect of lovastatin on lipoprotein profile in patients with primary nephrotic syndrome. Clin Nephrol 1994, 41:277-283.
138. Kasiske BL, Velosa JA, Halstenson CE, et al. The effects of lovastatin in hyperlipidemic patients with the nephrotic syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 1990, 15:8-15.
139. Rayner BL, Byrne MJ, van Zyl SR A prospective clinical trial comparing the treatment of idiopathic membranous nephropathy and nephrotic syndrome with simvastatin and diet, versus diet alone. Clin Nephrol 1996, 46:219-224.
140. Fried LF, Orchard TJ, Kasiske BL Effect of lipid reduction on the progression of renal disease: A meta-analysis. Kidney Int 2001, 59:260-269.
141. Rossert J, Fouqueray B, Boffa JJ Anemia management and the delay of chronic renal failure progression. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14:S173-S177.
142. Jungers P, Choukroun G, Oualim Z, et al. Beneficial influence of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy on the rate of progression of chronic renal failure in predialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001, 16:307-312.