Cohesion during military operations: A field study on combat units in the Al-Aqsa Intifada

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 63-79

  Ben Shalom, Uzi ^a   Lehrer, Zeev ^b   Ben Ari, Eyal ^c  

^a BAR ILAN UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^c HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

Author keywords

Cohesion; Combat effectiveness; Combat motivation; Military sociology; Swift trust

Indexed keywords

EID: 33644986880     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X05277888     Document Type: Article

References (40)

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2. Shabtay Noy, "Combat Stress Reaction," in The Handbook of Military Psychology, ed. Reuven Gal and David A. Mangelsdorff (Chichester, UK: Wiley, 1991). 507-530.
3. Edward A. Shils and Morris Janowitz, "Cohesion and Disintegration in theWehrmacht inWorldWar II," Public Opinion Quarterly 12, no. 2 (Summer 1948). 280-315.
4. Samuel L. A. Marshal, Man against Fire (NewYork: William Morrow, 1947). 41-42 ; RoyR. Grinker and John P. Spiegel, Man under Stress(Philadelphia: Blackiston, 1945), 21-22; and Samuel A. Stouffer, Arthur A. Lumsdaine, Marion Harper Lumsdaine, Robin M. Williams Jr., M. Brewster Smith, Irving L. Janis, et al., The American Soldier: Combat and Its Aftermath, vol. II (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1949), 100-4, 136.
5. ElmarDinter, Hero orCoward: PressuresFacing the Soldier inBattle (London: FrankCass, 1985). 71-71.
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13. Bartone et al., "Factors Influencing Small-Unit Cohesion," 2-2.
14. Siebold, "Evolution of the Measurement of Cohesion," 6-7.
15. Manning, "Morale, Cohesion, and Esprit de Corps," 456-459.
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17. Omer Bartov, Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis andWar in the Third Reich (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1991). 38-66.
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19. Moskos, "American Combat Soldier in Vietnam," 25-25.
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22. Segal and Kestenbaum, "Professional Closure," 445-445.
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24. The difficulties in studying conflict during actual fighting were negotiated by S. L. A. Marshall by conducting interviews and observations as soon as the companies were drawn out of the line in bothWorld War II and Korea. See Samuel L. A. Marshall, Pork Chop Hill (New York: William Morrow, 1956). 16-16. Participant observation seems to be a useful tool in this kind of study and, indeed, has been found to be very useful in studying life in military systems. See R. Wayne Eisenhart,"You Can't Hack It Little Girl: ADiscussion of the Covert Psychological Agenda of Modern Combat Training," Journal of Social Issues 31, no. 4 (1975): 13-23; and Feige Michael and Eyal Ben-Ari "Card Games and an Israeli Army Unit: An Interpretive Case Study", Armed Forces & Society 17, no. 3 (1991): 439-48.
25. Rush, "A Different Perspective," 501-501.
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28. Segal and Kestenbaum, "Professional Closure," 454-454.
29. AnthonyKellett, Combat Motivation: The Behavior of Soldiers in Battle (Boston: Kluwer, 1982). 97-112 ; Patrick Mileham, "Moral Component: The Regimental System," in New People Strategies for the British Armed Forces, ed. Alex Alexandrou, Richard Bartle, and Richard Holmes (London: Frank Cass, 2001), 63-84.
30. Field Marshal B. L. Montgomery cited by Kellett, Combat Motivation, 62-62.
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32. Nora Kinzer-Stewart, "Military Cohesion: The South Atlantic Conflict of 1982," in Problems and Options of the Mass Armed Forces, ed. Jurgen Kuhlmann (Munich, Germany: SOWI, 1990). 191-210.
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34. Debra Meyerson, Karl E. Weick, and Roderick M. Kramer, "Swift Trust in Temporary Groups," in Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, ed. Roderick M. Kramer and Tom R. Tyler (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996). 166-195.
35. Meyerson et al., "Swift Trust," 166-166.
36. Michael Barnett and Emanuel Adler, "Studying Security Communities in Theory, Comparison and History," in Security Communities, ed. Emanuel Adler and Michael Barnett (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999). 418-418.
37. Meyerson et al., "Swift Trust," 180-180.
38. Roxana Tiron, "Military Training Needs More Flexibility, Analysts Contend. National Defense," National Defense, November 2001, http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2001/Nov/Military_Training.htm (accessed June 28, 2005).
39. David A. Mangelsdorff, "Preface to Special Issue: Military Cohesion," Military Psychology 11, no. 1 (1999). 1-1.
40. Meyerson et al., "Swift Trust," 167-167.