Biogeochemistry and cycling of lead

Metal Ions in Biological Systems

Volumn 43, Issue , 2005, Pages 239-275

  Shotyk, William ^a   Le Roux, Gaël ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LEAD;

CHEMISTRY; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMAN; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; METABOLISM; PLANT; POLLUTION; REVIEW; TIME;

ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION; HUMANS; INDUSTRIAL WASTE; LEAD; PLANTS; TIME;

EID: 33644804642     PISSN: 01615149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (209)

1. Jaworski JF. In: Hutchinson TC, Meema KM, eds. Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment. SCOPE. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1987:107-117.
2. Harn OC. Lead, the Precious Metal. Johnatan Cape, 1924:323.
3. Nriagu J. J Chem Educ 1985; 62:668-674.
4. Lasdown R, Yule W. Lead Toxicity. History and Environmental Impact. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1986:286.
5. Ewers U, Schlipkter HW. In: Merian E, ed. Metals and Their Compounds in the Environment. Weinheim: VCH, 1991:971-1014.
6. Patterson CC. Arch Environ Health 1965; 11:344-360.
7. Reuer MK, Weiss DJ. Philos Trans Ser A Math Phys Eng Sci 2002; 360:2889-2904.
8. Russell RD, Farquahr RM. Lead Isotopes in Geology. New York: Interscience, 1960:243.
9. Doe RB. Lead Isotopes. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1970:137.
10. Faure G. Principles of Isotope Geology. 2d ed. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1986:589.
11. Dickin AP. Radiogenic Isotope Geology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995:490.
12. Sangster DF, Outridge PM, Davis WJ. Environ Rev 2000; 8:115-147.
13. Robbins JA. In: Nriagu JO, ed. The Biogeochemistry of Lead in the Environment. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1978:285-393.
14. Nriagu JO. Sci Total Environ 1990; 92:13-28.
15. Nriagu JO, ed. Biogeochemistry of Lead in the Environment, Vol. 1a. Ecological Cycles Vol. 1b. Biological Effects. Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1978.
16. Boggess WR, Wixson BG, eds. Lead in the Environment. Washington: National Science Foundation, 1979:272.
17. Committee on Lead in the Human Environment. Lead in the Human Environment. Washington DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1980:525.
18. Harrison RM, Laxen DPH. Lead Pollution, Causes and Control. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1981:168.
19. Förstner U, Wittmann GTW. Metal Pollution in the Aquatic Environment. 2d ed. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1981:489.
20. Salomons W, Förstner U. Metals in the Hydrocycle. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1984:346.
21. Förstner U. Contaminated Sediments. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 1989:157.
22. Kabata-Pendias A, Pendias HK. Trace Elements in Soil and Plants. New York: CRC Press, 1984:315.
23. Adriano DC. Trace Elements in the Terrestrial Environment: Biogeochemistry, Bioavailibility, and Risks of Metals. Vol. 2. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 2001:866.
24. Bodek I, Lyman WJ, Reehl WF, Rosenblatt DH, eds. Environmental Inorganic Chemistry. Properties, Processes and Estimations Methods. New York: Pergamon Press, 1988.
25. Lyndsay WL. Chemical Equilibria in Soils. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1979:449.
26. Wedepohl KH. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1995; 59:1217-1232.
27. Wampler JM. In: Fairbridge RW, ed. Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences. Dowden, New York: Hutchinson, and Ross, 1972:642-645.
28. Long LE. In: Fairbridge RW, ed. Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences. Dowden, NY: Hutchinson, and Ross, 1972:646-648.
29. Goldschmidt VM. Geochemistry. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954.
30. Wedepohl KH. In: Wedepohl KH, ed. Handbook of Geochemistry. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1969:82C81-82.
31. Cheburkin AK, Shotyk W. Fresenius J Anal Chem 1996; 354:688-691.
32. Cheburkin A, Shotyk W. X-Ray Spectrom 1999; 28:145-148.
33. Prange A, Kramer K, Reus U. Spectrochim Acta Part B 1991; 46:1385-1393.
34. Cheam V, Lechner J, Sekerka I, Desrosiers R. J Anal At Spectrom 1994; 9:315-320.
35. Cheam V, Lechner J, Sekerka I, Desrosiers R, Nriagu J, Lawson G. Anal Chim Acta 1992; 269:129-136.
36. Krachler M, Zheng J, Fisher DA, Shotyk W. J Anal At Spectrom 2004; 5510-5517.
37. Boutron CF. Fresenius J Anal Chem 1990; 337:482-491.
38. Nriagu JO, Lawson G, Wong HK, Azcue JM. J Great Lakes Res 1993; 19:175-182.
39. Hoskin PWO, Wysoczanski RJ. J Anal At Spectrom 1998; 13:597-601.
40. Lazareth CE, Willenz P, Navez J, Keppens E, Dehairs F, André L. Geology 2000: 28:515-518.
41. Narewski U, Werner G, Schulz H, Vogt C. Fresenius J Anal Chem 2000; 366:167-170.
42. Reinhardt H, Kriews M, Miller H, Lüdke C, Hoffman E, Skole J. Anal Bioanal Chem 2003; 375:1265-1275.
43. Watmough SA, Hutchinson TC, Douglas Evans R. Environ Sci Technol 1997; 31:114-118.
44. Rauch S, Morrison GM, Motelica-Heino M, Donard OFX, Muris M. Environ Sci Technol 2000; 34:3119-3123.
45. Kramers JD, Tolstikhin ID. Chem Geol 1997; 139:75-110.
46. Hamelin B, Grousset F, Sholkovitz ER. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1990; 54:37-47.
47. Sun SS. Philos Trans R Soc Lond A 1980; 297:409-445.
48. Shotyk W. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2001; 65:2337-2360.
49. Farmer JG, Eades LJ, Graham MC. Environ Geochem Health 1999; 21:257-272.
50. Bacon JR. J Environ Monit 2002; 4:291-299.
51. Hurst R, Davies TE, Chinn BD. Environ Sci Technol 1996; 30:304A-307A.
52. Parkinson GS, Catchpole WM. J Inst Pet 1973; 59:59-65.
53. Wedepohl KH, Baumann A. Miner Deposita 1997; 32:292-295.
54. Thirlwall MF. Chem Geol 2000; 163:299-322.
55. Woolard D, Franks R, Smith DR. J Anal At Spectrom 1998; 13:1015-1019.
56. Prohaska T, Watkins M, Latkoczy C, Wenzel WW, Stingeder G. J Anal At Spectrom 2000; 15:365-369.
57. Krachler M, Le Roux G, Kober B, Shotyk W. J Anal At Spectrom 2004; 19:354-361.
58. Halliday AN, Lee D-C, Christiensen JN, Rehkämper M, Yi W, Luo X, Hall CM, Ballentine CJ, Pettke T, Stirling C. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1998; 62:919-940.
59. Rehkaemper M, Mezger K. J Anal At Spectrom 2000; 15:1451-1460.
60. Weiss D, Kober B, Dolgopolova A, Gallagher K, Spiro B, Le Roux G, Mason TFD, Kylander M, Coles BJ. Int J Mass Spectrom 2004; 232:205-215.
61. Stern RA, Outridge PM, Davis WJ, Stewart REA. Environ Sci Technol 1999; 33:1771-1775.
62. Swarzenski PW, Porcelli D, Andersson PS, Smoak JM. In: Bourdon B, Henderson GM, Lundstrom CC, Turner SP, eds. Uranium-Series Geochemistry. Washington: Geochemical Society & Mineralogical Society of America, 2003:577-606.
63. Dibb JE. J Geophy Res 1990; 95:22, 407-422, 415.
64. Winkler R, Rosner G. Sci Total Environ 2000; 57-68.
65. Radakovitch O, Cherry RD, Heussner S. Deep-Sea Res Part I 1999; 46:1539-1563.
66. Henderson GM, Maier-Reimer E. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2002; 66:257-272.
67. Appleby PG, Oldfield F. Catena 1978; 5:1-8.
68. Appleby PG, Oldfield F. In: Ivanovitch M, Harmon RS, eds. Uranium-Series Disequilibrium; Application to Earth, Marine, and Environmental Sciences. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992:731-778.
69. Wertime TA. Science 1973; 182:875-887.
70. Nriagu JO. Lead and Lead Poisoning in Antiquity. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1983:434.
71. Walter P, Martinetto P. Nature 1999; 397:483-484.
72. Meier S. Blei in der Antike: Bergbau, Verhüttung, Fernhandel. PhD dissertation. Universität Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, 1995.
73. Nriagu JO. Science 1998; 281:1622-1623.
74. (a) Le Roux G, Weiss D, Grattan JP, Givelet N, Krachler M, Cheburkin A, Rausch N, Kober B, Shotyk W. J Environ Monit 2004; 6:502-510.
75. (b) Le Roux G, Véron A, Morhange C. Archaeology and History in Lebanon. 2003; Autumn 2003:115-119.
76. Brännvall M-L, Bindler R, Renberg I, Emteryd O, Bartnicki J, Billström K. Environ Sci Technol 1999; 33:4391-4395.
77. Nriagu JO. Science 1998; 281:1622-1623.
78. Krysko WW. Lead in History and Art. Stuttgart: Dr. Riederer Verlag, 1979:244.
79. Kempter H, Frenzel B. Sci Total Environ 1999; 241:117-128.
80. Kempter H, Frenzel B. Water Air Soil Pollut 2000; 121:93-108.
81. Hazardous Contaminants Branch, Ontario Ministry. Rationale for the Development of Soil, Drinking Water, and Air Quality Criteria for Lead. 1993:114.
82. Nriagu JO. Science 1996; 272:223-224.
83. ILZSG, Lead, Review of Trends in 2003, International Lead and Zinc Study Group (http://www.ilzsg.org/), 2004.
84. von Storch H, Costa-Cabral M, Hagner C, Feser F, Pacyna J, Pacyna E, Kolb S. Sci Total Environ 2003; 311:151-176.
85. Thomas V. Annu Rev Energy Environ 1995; 20:301-324.
86. Thomas V, Kwong A. Energy Policy 2000; 29:1133-1143.
87. Pacyna JM, Pacyna EG. Environ Rev 2001; 9:269-298.
88. Patterson CC, Settle DM. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1987; 51:675-681.
89. Shotyk W, Krachler M, Chen B. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2004; 18:GB1016.
90. Nriagu JO. Environment 1990; 32:7-33.
91. Schütz L. In: Leinen M, Sarnthein M, eds. Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989.
92. Heinrich H, Schulz-Dobrick B, Wedepohl KH. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1980; 44:1519-1533.
93. Rahn KA. The Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric Aerosol. Technical Report. Kingston: Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, 1976:265.
94. Radojevic M, Harrison RM. Enviro Sci Technol 1987; 59:157-180.
95. Harrison RM, Allen AG. Appl Organomet Chem 1989; 2:49-58.
96. Van Cleuvenbergen RJA, Adams FC. In: Hutzinger O, Wixson BG, eds. Handbook of Environmental Geochemistry. Berlin: Springer, 1990:97-153.
97. Heisterkamp M, Van de Velde K, Ferrari C, Boutron C, Adams FC. Environ Sci Technol 2000; 21:260-266.
98. Wang Y, Turnbull AB, Harrison RM. Appl Organomet Chem 1997; 11:889-901.
99. Harrison RM, Laxen DPH. Environ Sci Technol 1978; 12:1384-1392.
100. Wang Y, Allen AG. Appl Organomet Chem 1996; 10:773-778.
101. Shotyk W, Weiss D, Heisterkamp M, Cheburkin AK, Appleby PG, Adams FC. Environ Sci Technol 2002; 36:3893-3900.
102. Lobinski R, Boutron CF, Candelone JP, Hong S, Szpunar-Lobinska J, Adams FC. Environ Sci Technol 1994; 28:1459-1466.
103. Lobinski R, Boutron CF, Candelone JP, Hong S, Szpunar-Lobinska J, Adams FC. Environ Sci Technol 1994; 28:1467-1471.
104. Lobinski R, Witte C, Adams FC, Teissedre PL, Cabanis JC, Boutron C. Nature 1994; 370:24.
105. Warren HV, Delavault RE. Trans Royal Soc Can 1960; LIV:11-20.
106. Cannon HL, Bowles LC. Science 1962; 137:765-766.
107. Chow TJ. Nature 1970; 225:295-296.
108. Blaser P, Zimmermann S, Luster J, Shotyk W. Sci Total Environ 2000; 249:257-280.
109. Bindler R, Brannvall ML, Renberg I, Emteryd O, Grip H. Environ Sci Technol 1999; 33:3362-3367.
110. Dörr H, Münnich KO, Mangini A, Schmitz W. Naturwiss 1990; 77:428-430.
111. Shotyk W, Blaser P, Grunig A, Cheburkin AK. Sci Total Environ 2000; 249:281-295.
112. Renberg I, Brännvall M-L, Bindler R, Emteryd O. Ambio 2000; 29:150-156.
113. Givelet N, Roos-Barraclough F, Shotyk W. J Environ Monit 2003; 5:935-949.
114. Miller EK, Friedland AJ. Environ Sci Technol 1994; 28:662-669.
115. Wang EX, Bormann FH, Gaboury B. Environ Sci Technol 1995; 29:735-739.
116. Steinmann M, Stille P. Appl Geochem 1997; 12:607-623.
117. Whitehead K, Ramsey MH, Maskall J, Thornton I, Bacon JR. Appl Geochem 1997; 12:75-81.
118. Bacon JR, Berrow ML, Shand CA. Int J Environ Anal Chem 1992; 46:71-76.
119. Jersak J, Amundson R, Brimhall G. J Environ Qual 1997; 26:511-521.
120. Lin Z, Hasbro K, Ahlgren M, Qvarfort U. Sci Total Environ 1998; 209:47-58.
121. Teutsch N, Erel Y, Halicz L, Banin A. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2001; 65:2853-2864.
122. Emmanuel S, Erel Y. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2002; 66:2517-2527.
123. Jenny H. Factors of Soil Formation. New York: Dover, 1941:288.
124. Bear FE. Chemistry of the Soil. 2d ed. New York: Reinhold, 1964:515.
125. Sposito G. The Chemistry of Soils. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989:277.
126. Hirao Y, Patterson CC. Science 1974; 184:989-992.
127. Garrels RM, MacKenzie FT. In: Gould RF, ed. Equilibrium Concepts in Natural Water Systems. Washington: Amer Chem Soc, 1967:222-242.
128. Patterson CC, Settle DM. National Bureau of Standards Special Publication, Washington 1974; 422:321-351.
129. Graney JR, Halliday A, Keeler GJ, Nriagu J, Robbins JA, Norton SA. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1995; 59:1715-1728.
130. Callender E, Van Metre PC. Environ Sci Technol 1997; 31:424a-428a.
131. Outridge PM, Hermansson MH, Lockhart WL. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2002; 66:3521-3531.
132. Camarero L, Masque P, Devos W, Ani-Ragolta I, Catalan J, Moor HC, Pla S, Sanchez-Cabeza JA. Water Air Soil Pollut 1998; 105:439-449.
133. Moor HC, Schaller T, Sturm M. Environ Sci Technol 1996; 30:2928-2933.
134. Von Gunten HR, Sturm M, Moser RN. Environ Sci Technol 1997; 31:2193-2197.
135. Farmer JG, Eades LJ, Mac Kenzie AB, Kirika A, Bailey-Watts TE. Environ Sci Technol 1996; 30:3080-3083.
136. Eades LJ, Farmer JG, MacKenzie AB, Kirika A, Bailey-Watts AE. Sci Total Environ 2002; 292:55-67.
137. Erel Y, Dubowski Y, Halicz L, Erez J, Kaufman A. Environ Sci Technol 2001; 35:292-299.
138. Norton SA, Dillon PJ, Evans RD, Mierle G, Kahl JS. In: Lindberg SE, Page AL, Norton SA, eds. Sources, Deposition, and Canopy Interactions. Acid Precipitation. Vol. 3. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1990.
139. Kober B, Wessels M, Bollhöfer A, Mangini A. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1999; 63:1293-1303.
140. Rosman KJR, Ly C, Steinnes E. Environ Sci Technol 1998; 32:2542-2546.
141. Kunert M, Friese K, Weckert V, Markert B. Environ Sci Technol 1999; 33:3502-3505.
142. Monna F, Aiuppa A, Varrica D, Dongarra G. Environ Sci Technol 1999; 33:2517-2523.
143. Weiss D, Shotyk W, Kramers JD, Gloor M. Atmos Environ 1999; 33:3751-3763.
144. Farmer JG, Lorna JE, Atkins H, Chamberlain DF. Environ Sci Technol 2002; 36:152-157.
145. Bacon JR, Jones KC, McGarth SP, Johnston AE. Environ Sci Technol 1996; 30:2511-2518.
146. Hagenmeyer J, Schäfer H. Vegetatio 1992; 101:55-63.
147. Hagenmeyer J, Schäfer H. Sci Total Environ 1995; 166:77-87.
148. Aberg G, Pacyna JM, Strayn H, Skjelkvale BL. Atmos Environ 1999; 33:3335-3344.
149. Bellis DJ, McLeod CW, Satake K. Sci Total Environ 2002; 289:169-176.
150. Bellis DJ, Satake K, Noda M, Nishimura N, McLeod CW. Sci Total Environ 2002; 295:91-100.
151. Vile MA, Novák MJV, Brizová E, Kelman Wieder R, Schell WR. Water Air Soil Pollut 1995; 79:89-106.
152. Vile MA, Wieder RK, Novak M. Biogeochemistry 1999; 45:35-52.
153. Vile MA, Wieder RK, Novak M. Environ Sci Technol 2000; 34:12-20.
154. Brännvall ML, Bindler R, Emteryd O, Nilsson M, Renberg I. Water Air Soil Pollut 1997; 100:243-252.
155. Fanner JG, MacKenzie AB, Sugden CL, Edgar PJ, Eades LJ. Water Air Soil Pollut 1997; 253-270.
156. Kempter H, Görres M, Frenzel B. Water Air Soil Pollut 1997; 100:367-377.
157. Martinez Cortiza A, Garcia-Rodeja E, Pontevedra Pombal X, Novoa Munoz JC, Weiss D, Cheburkin A. Sci Total Environ 2002; 292:33-44.
158. MacKenzie AB, Farmer JG, Sugden CL. Sci Total Environ 1997; 203:115-127.
159. MacKenzie AB, Logan EM, Cook GT, Pulford ID. Sci Total Environ 1998; 222:157-166.
160. Norton SA, Evans GC, Kahl JS. Water Air Soil Pollut 1997; 100:271-286.
161. Weiss D, Shotyk W, Appleby PG, Kramers JD, Cheburkin AK. Environ Sci Technol 1999; 1340-1352.
162. Weiss D, Shotyk W, Boyle EA, Kramers JD, Appleby PG, Cheburkin AK. Sci Total Environ 2002; 292:7-18.
163. Bell K, Kettles IM. Current Research-C3, Geological Survey of Canada 2003.
164. Nieminen TM, Ukonmaanaho L, Shotyk W. Sci Total Environ 2002; 292:81-89.
165. Klaminder J, Renberg I, Bindler R. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2003: 17.
166. Shotyk W, Weiss D, Appleby PG, Cheburkin AK, Frei R, Gloor M, Kramers J-D, Rees S, Van der Knaap WO. Science 1998; 281:1635-1640.
167. Shotyk W, Goodsite ME, Roos-Barraelough F, Frei R, Heinemeier J, Asmund G, Lohse C, Hansen TS. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2003; 67:3991-4011.
168. Monna F, Lancelot J, Croudace IW, Cundy AB, Lewis JT. Environ Sci Technol 1997; 31:2277-2286.
169. Murozumi M, Chow JC, Patterson CC. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1969; 33:1247-1297.
170. Boutron C, Görlach U, Candelone JP, Bolshov MA. Nature 1991; 353:153-156.
171. Hong S, Candelone JP, Patterson CC, Boutron C. Science 1994; 265:1841-1843.
172. Rosman J, Chisholm W. Anal Mag 1994; 22:M51-M53.
173. Rosman KJR, Chisholm W, Hong SM, Candelone JP, Boutron CF. Environ Sci Technol 1997; 31:3413-3416.
174. Rosman KJR, Ly C, Van de Velde K, Boutron CF. Earth Planet Sci Lett 2000; 176:413-424.
175. Vallelonga P, Van de Velde K, Candelone JP, Morgan VI, Boutron CF, Rosman KJR. Earth Planet Sci Lett 2002; 204:291-306.
176. McConnell JR, Lamorey GW, Hutterli MA. Geophy Res Lett 2002; 29.
177. Bollhöfer A, Rosman KJR. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2002; 66:1375-1386.
178. Bollhöfer A, Rosman KJR. Phys Chem Earth (A) 2001; 26:835-838.
179. Bollhöfer A, Chisholm W, Rosman KJR. Anal Chim Acta 1999; 390:227-235.
180. Bollhöfer A, Rosman KJ. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 2001; 65:1727-1740.
181. Flament P, Bertho ML, Deboudt K, Veron A, Puskaric E. Sci Total Environ 2002; 296:35-57.
182. Bacon JR. J Environ Monit 2002; 4:291-299.
183. Hansmann W, Koppel V. Chem Geol 2000; 171:123-144.
184. Barbaste M, Halicz L, Galy A, Medina B, Emteborg H, Adams FC, Lobinsky R. Talanta 2001; 54:307-317.
185. Lidsky TI, Schneider JS. J Environ Monit 2004; 4:36N.
186. Godwin HA. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2001; 223-227.
187. Lanphear BP. Science 1998; 281:1617-1618.
188. Canfield RL, Henderson CR Jr, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko TA, Lanphear BP. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1517-1526.
189. Selevan SG, Rice DC, Hogan KA, Euling SY, Pfahles-Hutchens A, Bethel J. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:1527-1536.
190. Flegal AR, Smith DR. Environ Res 1992; 58:125-133.
191. Ontario Ministry of Energy and Environment. Scientific Criteria Document for Multimedia Environmental Standards Development-Lead. Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1994.
192. Lalor GC, Rattray R, Vutchkov M, Campbell B, Lewis-Bell K. Sci Total Environ 2001; 269:171-181.
193. Nriagu J, Jinabhai C, Naidoo R, Coutsoudis A. Sci Total Environ 1996; 191:69-76.
194. Patterson CC. In: Committee on Lead in the Human Environment, ed. Lead in the Human Environment. National Academy of Sciences, 1980:525.
195. Elias R, Hinkley TK, Hirao Y, Patterson CC. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1976; 40:523-587.
196. Shirahata H, Elias RW, Patterson CC, Koide M. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1980; 44:149-162.
197. Elias RW, Hirao Y, Patterson CC. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 1982; 46:2561-2580.
198. Tatsumoto M, Patterson CC. Nature 1963; 199:350-352.
199. Chow JC, Patterson CC. Earth Planet Sci Lett 1966; 1:397-400.
200. Schaule BK, Patterson CC. Earth Planet Sci Lett 1981; 54:97-116.
201. Needleman HL. Environ Res 1997; 74:95-103.
202. Hagner C. Historical Review of European Gasoline Lead Content Regulations and Their Inpact on German Industrial Markets. GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, 1999:31.
203. Thomas V, Socolow RH, Fanelli JJ, Spiro TG. Environ Sci Technol 1999; 22:3942-3948.
204. Lanphear BP, Matte TD, Rogers J, Clickner RP, Dietz B, Bornschein RL, Succop P, Mahaffey KR, Dixon S, Galke W, Rabinowitz M, Farfel M, Rohde C, Schwartz J, Ashley P, Jacobs DE. Environ Res 1998; 79:51-68.
205. Mielke HW. Am Sci 1999; 87:67-73.
206. Wong MH. In: Hutchinson TC, Meema KM, eds. Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment. SCOPE. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, 1987.
207. Mielke HW, Powell ET, Shah A, Gonzales CR, Mielke PW. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:973-978.
208. Graziano JH, Blum C. Chemical Speciation Bioavailability 1991; 3:81-85.
209. Rosman KJ, Chisholm W, Jimi S, Candelone JP, Boutron CF, Teissedre PL, Adams FC. Environ Res 1998; 78:161-167.