메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 306, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 18-34

Larval ectoderm, organizational homology, and the origins of evolutionary novelty

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ECTODERM; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; HISTOLOGY; LARVA; MORPHOGENESIS; PHYLOGENY; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SEA URCHIN; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

EID: 33644676367     PISSN: 15525007     EISSN: 15525015     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21064     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (36)

References (135)
  • 1
    • 0031418099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental genetics and homology: A hierarchical approach
    • Abouheif E. 1997. Developmental genetics and homology: a hierarchical approach. Trends Ecol Evol 12:405-408.
    • (1997) Trends Ecol Evol , vol.12 , pp. 405-408
    • Abouheif, E.1
  • 3
    • 0030914077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral-aboral ectoderm differentiation of sea urchin embryos is disrupted in response to calcium ionophore
    • Akasaka K, Uemoto H, Wilt FH, Mitsunaga-Nakatsubo K, Shimada H. 1997. Oral-aboral ectoderm differentiation of sea urchin embryos is disrupted in response to calcium ionophore. Dev Growth Differ 39:373-379.
    • (1997) Dev Growth Differ , vol.39 , pp. 373-379
    • Akasaka, K.1    Uemoto, H.2    Wilt, F.H.3    Mitsunaga-Nakatsubo, K.4    Shimada, H.5
  • 4
    • 0003079869 scopus 로고
    • Problems with the interpretation of developmental sequences
    • Alberch P. 1985. Problems with the interpretation of developmental sequences. Syst Zool 34:46-58.
    • (1985) Syst Zool , vol.34 , pp. 46-58
    • Alberch, P.1
  • 5
    • 0037956844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spdeadringer, a sea urchin embryo gene required separately in skeletogenic and oral ectoderm gene regulatory networks
    • Amore G, Yavrouian RG, Peterson KJ, Ransick A, McClay DR, Davidson EH. 2003. Spdeadringer, a sea urchin embryo gene required separately in skeletogenic and oral ectoderm gene regulatory networks. Dev Biol 261:55-81.
    • (2003) Dev Biol , vol.261 , pp. 55-81
    • Amore, G.1    Yavrouian, R.G.2    Peterson, K.J.3    Ransick, A.4    McClay, D.R.5    Davidson, E.H.6
  • 6
    • 0037534978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterning the sea urchin embryo: Gene regulatory networks, signaling pathways, and cellular interactions
    • Angerer LM, Angerer RC. 2003. Patterning the sea urchin embryo: gene regulatory networks, signaling pathways, and cellular interactions. Curr Top Dev Biol 53:159-198.
    • (2003) Curr Top Dev Biol , vol.53 , pp. 159-198
    • Angerer, L.M.1    Angerer, R.C.2
  • 7
    • 0023134371 scopus 로고
    • Development of the nervous system of the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
    • Bisgrove BW, Burke RD. 1987. Development of the nervous system of the pluteus larva of Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Cell Tissue Res 248:335-343.
    • (1987) Cell Tissue Res , vol.248 , pp. 335-343
    • Bisgrove, B.W.1    Burke, R.D.2
  • 8
    • 84985803414 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary conservation of the larval serotonergic nervous system in a direct developing sea urchin
    • Bisgrove BW, Raff RA. 1989. Evolutionary conservation of the larval serotonergic nervous system in a direct developing sea urchin. Dev Growth Differ 31:363-370.
    • (1989) Dev Growth Differ , vol.31 , pp. 363-370
    • Bisgrove, B.W.1    Raff, R.A.2
  • 9
    • 0028998302 scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the fibropellin gene family and patterns of fibropellin gene expression in sea urchin phylogeny
    • Bisgrove BW, Andrews ME, Raff RA. 1995. Evolution of the fibropellin gene family and patterns of fibropellin gene expression in sea urchin phylogeny. J Mol Evol 41:34-45.
    • (1995) J Mol Evol , vol.41 , pp. 34-45
    • Bisgrove, B.W.1    Andrews, M.E.2    Raff, R.A.3
  • 10
    • 0030161750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental genetics and traditional homology
    • Bolker JA, Raff RA. 1996. Developmental genetics and traditional homology. BioEssays 18:489-494.
    • (1996) BioEssays , vol.18 , pp. 489-494
    • Bolker, J.A.1    Raff, R.A.2
  • 11
    • 0036158094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular patterning along the sea urchin animal-vegetal axis
    • Brandhorst BP, Klein WH. 2002. Molecular patterning along the sea urchin animal-vegetal axis. Int Rev Cytol 213:183-232.
    • (2002) Int Rev Cytol , vol.213 , pp. 183-232
    • Brandhorst, B.P.1    Klein, W.H.2
  • 12
    • 0346343567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homology in comparative, molecular, and evolutionary developmental biology
    • Brigandt I. 2003. Homology in comparative, molecular, and evolutionary developmental biology. J Exp Zool Part B: Mol Dev Evol 299B:9-17.
    • (2003) J Exp Zool Part B: Mol Dev Evol , vol.299 B , pp. 9-17
    • Brigandt, I.1
  • 13
    • 0002099375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene expression and early cell fate specification in embryos of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)
    • Moody SA, editor. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Cameron RA, Coffman JA. 1999. Gene expression and early cell fate specification in embryos of the purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). In: Moody SA, editor. Cell lineage and fate determination. San Diego: Academic Press. p 11-23.
    • (1999) Cell Lineage and Fate Determination , pp. 11-23
    • Cameron, R.A.1    Coffman, J.A.2
  • 14
    • 0024424924 scopus 로고
    • The oral-aboral axis of a sea urchin embryo is specified by first cleavage
    • Cameron RA, Fraser SE, Britten RJ, Davidson EH. 1989. The oral-aboral axis of a sea urchin embryo is specified by first cleavage. Development 106:641-647.
    • (1989) Development , vol.106 , pp. 641-647
    • Cameron, R.A.1    Fraser, S.E.2    Britten, R.J.3    Davidson, E.H.4
  • 15
    • 0001032984 scopus 로고
    • Echinoderm metamorphosis: Fate of larval structures
    • Chia F-S, Rice ME, editors. New York: Elsevier
    • Chia F-S, Burke RD. 1978. Echinoderm metamorphosis: fate of larval structures. In: Chia F-S, Rice ME, editors. Settlement and metamorphosis of marine invertebrate larvae. New York: Elsevier. p 219-234.
    • (1978) Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae , pp. 219-234
    • Chia, F.-S.1    Burke, R.D.2
  • 16
    • 0035253391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral-aboral axis specification in the sea urchin embryo I. Axis entrainment by respiratory asymmetry
    • Coffman JA, Davidson EH. 2001. Oral-aboral axis specification in the sea urchin embryo I. Axis entrainment by respiratory asymmetry. Dev Biol 230:18-28.
    • (2001) Dev Biol , vol.230 , pp. 18-28
    • Coffman, J.A.1    Davidson, E.H.2
  • 17
    • 4043091372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral-aboral axis specification in the sea urchin embryo II. Mitochondrial distribution and redox state contribute to establishing polarity in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
    • Coffman JA, McCarthy JJ, Dickey-Sims C, Robertson AJ. 2004. Oral-aboral axis specification in the sea urchin embryo II. Mitochondrial distribution and redox state contribute to establishing polarity in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. Dev Biol 273:160-171.
    • (2004) Dev Biol , vol.273 , pp. 160-171
    • Coffman, J.A.1    McCarthy, J.J.2    Dickey-Sims, C.3    Robertson, A.J.4
  • 18
    • 0035712990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression pattern of Brachyury in the embryo of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus
    • Croce J, Lhomond G, Gache C. 2001. Expression pattern of Brachyury in the embryo of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Dev Genes Evol 211:617-619.
    • (2001) Dev Genes Evol , vol.211 , pp. 617-619
    • Croce, J.1    Lhomond, G.2    Gache, C.3
  • 19
    • 0002860610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Major events in the evolution of echinoderms viewed by the light of embryology
    • Mooi R, Telford M, editors. San Francisco, Rotterdam: Balkema
    • David B, Mooi R. 1998. Major events in the evolution of echinoderms viewed by the light of embryology. In: Mooi R, Telford M, editors. Echinoderms. San Francisco, Rotterdam: Balkema. p 21-28.
    • (1998) Echinoderms , pp. 21-28
    • David, B.1    Mooi, R.2
  • 20
    • 0031697442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specification of cell fate in the sea urchin embryo: Summary and some proposed mechanisms
    • Davidson EH, Cameron RA, Ransick A. 1998. Specification of cell fate in the sea urchin embryo: summary and some proposed mechanisms. Development 125:3269-3290.
    • (1998) Development , vol.125 , pp. 3269-3290
    • Davidson, E.H.1    Cameron, R.A.2    Ransick, A.3
  • 21
    • 12144288504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nodal and BMP2/4 signaling organizes the oral-aboral axis of the sea urchin embryo
    • Duboc V, Röttinger E, Besnardeau L, Lepage T. 2004. Nodal and BMP2/4 signaling organizes the oral-aboral axis of the sea urchin embryo. Dev Cell 6:397-410.
    • (2004) Dev Cell , vol.6 , pp. 397-410
    • Duboc, V.1    Röttinger, E.2    Besnardeau, L.3    Lepage, T.4
  • 22
    • 0026314144 scopus 로고
    • Functional constraints on the evolution of larval forms of marine invertebrates: Experimental and comparative evidence
    • Emlet RB. 1991. Functional constraints on the evolution of larval forms of marine invertebrates: experimental and comparative evidence. Am Zool 31:707-725.
    • (1991) Am Zool , vol.31 , pp. 707-725
    • Emlet, R.B.1
  • 23
    • 12644305543 scopus 로고
    • Body form and patterns of ciliation in nonfeeding larvae of echinoderms: Functional solutions to swimming in the plankton?
    • Emlet RB. 1994. Body form and patterns of ciliation in nonfeeding larvae of echinoderms: functional solutions to swimming in the plankton? Am Zool 34:570-585.
    • (1994) Am Zool , vol.34 , pp. 570-585
    • Emlet, R.B.1
  • 24
    • 0028909803 scopus 로고
    • Larval spicules, cilia, and symmetry as remnants of indirect development in the direct developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma
    • Emlet RB. 1995. Larval spicules, cilia, and symmetry as remnants of indirect development in the direct developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Dev Biol 167:405-415.
    • (1995) Dev Biol , vol.167 , pp. 405-415
    • Emlet, R.B.1
  • 25
  • 26
    • 0035121452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wnt gene expression in sea urchin development: Heterochronies associated with the evolution of developmental mode
    • Ferkowicz MJ, Raff RA. 2001. Wnt gene expression in sea urchin development: heterochronies associated with the evolution of developmental mode. Evol Dev 3:24-33.
    • (2001) Evol Dev , vol.3 , pp. 24-33
    • Ferkowicz, M.J.1    Raff, R.A.2
  • 27
    • 0034178257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homology: A personal view on some of the problems
    • Fitch WM. 2000. Homology: a personal view on some of the problems. Trends Genet 16:227-231.
    • (2000) Trends Genet , vol.16 , pp. 227-231
    • Fitch, W.M.1
  • 29
    • 0345161806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation of evolutionary novelty by functional shift
    • Ganfornina MD, Sánchez D. 1999. Generation of evolutionary novelty by functional shift. BioEssays 21:432-439.
    • (1999) BioEssays , vol.21 , pp. 432-439
    • Ganfornina, M.D.1    Sánchez, D.2
  • 30
    • 0038139916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homologies of process and modular elements of embryonic construction
    • Wagner GP, editor. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Gilbert SF, Bolker JA. 2001. Homologies of process and modular elements of embryonic construction. In: Wagner GP, editor. The character concept in evolutionary biology. San Diego: Academic Press. p 437-456.
    • (2001) The Character Concept in Evolutionary Biology , pp. 437-456
    • Gilbert, S.F.1    Bolker, J.A.2
  • 31
    • 0030048999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resynthesizing evolutionary and developmental biology
    • Gilbert SF, Opitz JM, Raff RA. 1996. Resynthesizing evolutionary and developmental biology. Dev Biol 173:357-372.
    • (1996) Dev Biol , vol.173 , pp. 357-372
    • Gilbert, S.F.1    Opitz, J.M.2    Raff, R.A.3
  • 32
    • 0035504237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of Brachyury (T) during gastrulation movements in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus
    • Gross JM, McClay DR. 2001. The role of Brachyury (T) during gastrulation movements in the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus. Dev Biol 239:132-147.
    • (2001) Dev Biol , vol.239 , pp. 132-147
    • Gross, J.M.1    McClay, D.R.2
  • 33
    • 0037621466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • LvTbx2/3: A T-box family transcription factor involved in formation of the oral/aboral axis of the sea urchin embryo
    • Gross JM, Peterson RE, Wu S-Y, McClay DR. 2003. LvTbx2/3: a T-box family transcription factor involved in formation of the oral/aboral axis of the sea urchin embryo. Development 130:1989-1999.
    • (2003) Development , vol.130 , pp. 1989-1999
    • Gross, J.M.1    Peterson, R.E.2    Wu, S.-Y.3    McClay, D.R.4
  • 34
    • 0036762589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A recapitulation of the rise and fall of the cell lineage research program: The evolutionary-developmental relationship of cleavage to homology, body plans, and life history
    • Guralnick R. 2002. A recapitulation of the rise and fall of the cell lineage research program: the evolutionary-developmental relationship of cleavage to homology, body plans, and life history. J Hist Biol 35:537-567.
    • (2002) J Hist Biol , vol.35 , pp. 537-567
    • Guralnick, R.1
  • 35
    • 0031853537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and characterization of three mRNAs enriched in embryos of the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma: Evolution of larval ectoderm
    • Haag ES, Raff RA. 1998. Isolation and characterization of three mRNAs enriched in embryos of the direct-developing sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma: evolution of larval ectoderm. Dev Genes Evol 208:188-204.
    • (1998) Dev Genes Evol , vol.208 , pp. 188-204
    • Haag, E.S.1    Raff, R.A.2
  • 36
    • 0033168060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apextrin, a novel extracellular protein associated with larval ectoderm evolution in Heliocidaris erythrogramma
    • Haag ES, Sly BJ, Andrews ME, Raff RA. 1999. Apextrin, a novel extracellular protein associated with larval ectoderm evolution in Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Dev Biol 211:77-87.
    • (1999) Dev Biol , vol.211 , pp. 77-87
    • Haag, E.S.1    Sly, B.J.2    Andrews, M.E.3    Raff, R.A.4
  • 37
    • 0029141891 scopus 로고
    • Homology and embryonic development
    • Hecht MK, Macintyre RJ, Clegg MT, editors. New York: Plenum Press
    • Hall BK. 1995. Homology and embryonic development. In: Hecht MK, Macintyre RJ, Clegg MT, editors. Evolutionary biology, Vol. 28. New York: Plenum Press.
    • (1995) Evolutionary Biology , vol.28
    • Hall, B.K.1
  • 38
    • 0000058778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Germ layers and the germ-layer theory revisited: Primary and secondary germ layers, neural crest as a fourth germ layer, homology, and demise of the germ-layer theory
    • Hecht MK, Macintyre RJ, Clegg MT, editors. New York: Plenum Press
    • Hall BK. 1998. Germ layers and the germ-layer theory revisited: primary and secondary germ layers, neural crest as a fourth germ layer, homology, and demise of the germ-layer theory. In: Hecht MK, Macintyre RJ, Clegg MT, editors. Evolutionary biology, Vol. 30. New York: Plenum Press.
    • (1998) Evolutionary Biology , vol.30
    • Hall, B.K.1
  • 39
    • 0141594724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Descent with modification: The unity underlying homology and homoplasy as seen through an analysis of development and evolution
    • Hall BK. 2003. Descent with modification: the unity underlying homology and homoplasy as seen through an analysis of development and evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 78:409-433.
    • (2003) Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc , vol.78 , pp. 409-433
    • Hall, B.K.1
  • 40
    • 0001885301 scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of skull diversity and evolution
    • Hanken J, Hall BK, editors. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press
    • Hanken J, Hall BK. 1993. Mechanisms of skull diversity and evolution. In: Hanken J, Hall BK, editors. The skull: Vol. 3, functional and evolutionary mechanisms. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. p 1-36.
    • (1993) The Skull: Vol. 3, Functional and Evolutionary Mechanisms , vol.3 , pp. 1-36
    • Hanken, J.1    Hall, B.K.2
  • 41
    • 0031081289 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-range cell-cell signals control ectodermal patterning in the oral region of the sea urchin embryo
    • Hardin J, Armstrong N. 1997. Short-range cell-cell signals control ectodermal patterning in the oral region of the sea urchin embryo. Dev Biol 182:134-149.
    • (1997) Dev Biol , vol.182 , pp. 134-149
    • Hardin, J.1    Armstrong, N.2
  • 43
    • 0036357507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life history evolution and comparative developmental biology
    • Hart MW. 2002. Life history evolution and comparative developmental biology. Evol Dev 4:62-71.
    • (2002) Evol Dev , vol.4 , pp. 62-71
    • Hart, M.W.1
  • 44
    • 0001874943 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary ecology of larval types
    • McEdward LR, editor. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • Havenhand JN. 1995. Evolutionary ecology of larval types. In: McEdward LR, editor. Ecology of marine invertebrate larvae. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p 79-122.
    • (1995) Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae , pp. 79-122
    • Havenhand, J.N.1
  • 45
    • 0026532553 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary dissociation between cleavage, cell lineage, and embryonic axes in sea urchin embryos
    • Henry JJ, Klueg KM, Raff RA. 1992. Evolutionary dissociation between cleavage, cell lineage, and embryonic axes in sea urchin embryos. Development 114:931-938.
    • (1992) Development , vol.114 , pp. 931-938
    • Henry, J.J.1    Klueg, K.M.2    Raff, R.A.3
  • 46
    • 1842475899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heterochronic developmental shift caused by thyroid hormone in larval sand dollars and its implications for phenotypic plasticity and the evolution of nonfeeding development
    • Heyland A, Hodin J. 2004. Heterochronic developmental shift caused by thyroid hormone in larval sand dollars and its implications for phenotypic plasticity and the evolution of nonfeeding development. Evol Int J Org Evol 58:524-538.
    • (2004) Evol Int J Org Evol , vol.58 , pp. 524-538
    • Heyland, A.1    Hodin, J.2
  • 47
    • 9344267136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thyroid hormones determine developmental mode in sand dollars (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)
    • Heyland A, Reitzel AM, Hodin J. 2004. Thyroid hormones determine developmental mode in sand dollars (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Evol Dev 6:382-392.
    • (2004) Evol Dev , vol.6 , pp. 382-392
    • Heyland, A.1    Reitzel, A.M.2    Hodin, J.3
  • 48
    • 0344824373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental gene regulatory network architecture across 500 million years of echinoderm evolution
    • USA
    • Hinman VF, Nguyen AT, Cameron RA, Davidson EH. 2003. Developmental gene regulatory network architecture across 500 million years of echinoderm evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:13,356-13,361.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.100
    • Hinman, V.F.1    Nguyen, A.T.2    Cameron, R.A.3    Davidson, E.H.4
  • 49
    • 0033956204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of Tcf/Lef in establishing cell types along the animal-vegetal axis of sea urchins
    • Huang L, Li X, El-Hodiri HM, Dayal S, Wikramanayake AH, Klein WH. 1999. Involvement of Tcf/Lef in establishing cell types along the animal-vegetal axis of sea urchins. Dev Genes Evol 210:73-81.
    • (1999) Dev Genes Evol , vol.210 , pp. 73-81
    • Huang, L.1    Li, X.2    El-Hodiri, H.M.3    Dayal, S.4    Wikramanayake, A.H.5    Klein, W.H.6
  • 50
    • 0042386678 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tight regulation of SpSoxB factors is required for patterning and morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos
    • Kenny AP, Oleksyn DW, Newman LA, Angerer RC, Angerer LM. 2003. Tight regulation of SpSoxB factors is required for patterning and morphogenesis in sea urchin embryos. Dev Biol 261:412-425.
    • (2003) Dev Biol , vol.261 , pp. 412-425
    • Kenny, A.P.1    Oleksyn, D.W.2    Newman, L.A.3    Angerer, R.C.4    Angerer, L.M.5
  • 51
    • 0031745394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary changes in sites and timing of actin gene expression in embryos of the direct- and indirect-developing sea urchins, Heliocidaris erythrogramma and H. tuberculata
    • Kissinger JC, Raff RA. 1998. Evolutionary changes in sites and timing of actin gene expression in embryos of the direct- and indirect-developing sea urchins, Heliocidaris erythrogramma and H. tuberculata. Dev Genes Evol 208:82-93.
    • (1998) Dev Genes Evol , vol.208 , pp. 82-93
    • Kissinger, J.C.1    Raff, R.A.2
  • 52
    • 0030925519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid evolution in a conserved gene family. Evolution of the actin gene family in the sea urchin genus Heliocidaris and related genera
    • Kissinger JC, Hahn JH, Raff RA. 1997. Rapid evolution in a conserved gene family. Evolution of the actin gene family in the sea urchin genus Heliocidaris and related genera. Mol Biol Evol 14:654-665.
    • (1997) Mol Biol Evol , vol.14 , pp. 654-665
    • Kissinger, J.C.1    Hahn, J.H.2    Raff, R.A.3
  • 53
    • 0023941717 scopus 로고
    • Determination of dorso-ventral axis in early embryos of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus
    • Kominami T. 1988. Determination of dorso-ventral axis in early embryos of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Dev Biol 127:187-196.
    • (1988) Dev Biol , vol.127 , pp. 187-196
    • Kominami, T.1
  • 54
    • 33745980214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homology in development and the development of the homology Concept
    • Laubichler MD. 2000. Homology in development and the development of the homology Concept. Am Zool 40:777-788.
    • (2000) Am Zool , vol.40 , pp. 777-788
    • Laubichler, M.D.1
  • 55
    • 0037789246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogeny, anatomy, and the problem of homology: Carl Gegenbaur and the American tradition of cell lineage studies
    • Laubichler MD, Maienschein J. 2003. Ontogeny, anatomy, and the problem of homology: Carl Gegenbaur and the American tradition of cell lineage studies. Theory Biosci 122:194-203.
    • (2003) Theory Biosci , vol.122 , pp. 194-203
    • Laubichler, M.D.1    Maienschein, J.2
  • 56
    • 0033567029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Requirement of SpOtx in cell fate decisions in the sea urchin embryo and possible role as a mediator of β-catenin signaling
    • Li X, Wikramanayake AH, Klein WH. 1999. Requirement of SpOtx in cell fate decisions in the sea urchin embryo and possible role as a mediator of β-catenin signaling. Dev Biol 212:425-439.
    • (1999) Dev Biol , vol.212 , pp. 425-439
    • Li, X.1    Wikramanayake, A.H.2    Klein, W.H.3
  • 57
    • 0029654308 scopus 로고
    • A combined morphological and molecular phylogeny for sea urchins (Echinoidea: Echinodermata)
    • Littlewood DT, Smith AB. 1995. A combined morphological and molecular phylogeny for sea urchins (Echinoidea: Echinodermata). Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci 347:213-234.
    • (1995) Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond B Biol Sci , vol.347 , pp. 213-234
    • Littlewood, D.T.1    Smith, A.B.2
  • 58
    • 0037932456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary morphology, innovation, and the synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology
    • Love AC. 2003. Evolutionary morphology, innovation, and the synthesis of evolutionary and developmental biology. Biol Philos 18:309-345.
    • (2003) Biol Philos , vol.18 , pp. 309-345
    • Love, A.C.1
  • 59
    • 0030700485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radical alterations in the roles of homeobox genes during echinoderm evolution
    • Löwe CJ, Wray GA. 1997. Radical alterations in the roles of homeobox genes during echinoderm evolution. Nature 389:718-721.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.389 , pp. 718-721
    • Löwe, C.J.1    Wray, G.A.2
  • 60
    • 0035992084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene expression and larval evolution: Changing roles of distal-less and orthodenticle in echinoderm larvae
    • Lowe CJ, Issel-Tarver L, Wray GA. 2002. Gene expression and larval evolution: changing roles of distal-less and orthodenticle in echinoderm larvae. Evol Dev 4:111-123.
    • (2002) Evol Dev , vol.4 , pp. 111-123
    • Lowe, C.J.1    Issel-Tarver, L.2    Wray, G.A.3
  • 61
    • 0033972072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The probability of duplicate gene preservation by subfunctionalization
    • Lynch M, Force A. 2000. The probability of duplicate gene preservation by subfunctionalization. Genetics 154:459-473.
    • (2000) Genetics , vol.154 , pp. 459-473
    • Lynch, M.1    Force, A.2
  • 62
    • 0035697435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The probability of preservation of a newly arisen gene duplicate
    • Lynch M, O'Hely M, Walsh B, Force A. 2001. The probability of preservation of a newly arisen gene duplicate. Genetics 159:1789-1804.
    • (2001) Genetics , vol.159 , pp. 1789-1804
    • Lynch, M.1    O'Hely, M.2    Walsh, B.3    Force, A.4
  • 63
    • 0029941726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altering cell fates in sea urchin embryos by overexpressing SpOtx, an orthodenticle-related protein
    • Mao C-A, Wikramanayake AH, Gan L, Chuang C-K, Summers RG, Klein WH. 1996. Altering cell fates in sea urchin embryos by overexpressing SpOtx, an orthodenticle-related protein. Development 122:1489-1498.
    • (1996) Development , vol.122 , pp. 1489-1498
    • Mao, C.-A.1    Wikramanayake, A.H.2    Gan, L.3    Chuang, C.-K.4    Summers, R.G.5    Klein, W.H.6
  • 64
    • 0030738747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships among development, ecology, and morphology in the evolution of echinoderm larvae and life cycles
    • McEdward LR. 1997. Relationships among development, ecology, and morphology in the evolution of echinoderm larvae and life cycles. Biol J Linn Soc 60:381-400.
    • (1997) Biol J Linn Soc , vol.60 , pp. 381-400
    • McEdward, L.R.1
  • 65
    • 0034491506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive evolution of larvae and life cycles
    • McEdward LR. 2000. Adaptive evolution of larvae and life cycles. Semin Cell Dev Biol 11:403-409.
    • (2000) Semin Cell Dev Biol , vol.11 , pp. 403-409
    • McEdward, L.R.1
  • 66
    • 0032088662 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecules, developmental modules, and phenotypes: A combinatorial approach to homology
    • Minelli A. 1998. Molecules, developmental modules, and phenotypes: a combinatorial approach to homology. Mol Phys Evol 9:340-347.
    • (1998) Mol Phys Evol , vol.9 , pp. 340-347
    • Minelli, A.1
  • 68
    • 0036305905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern formation in a pentameral animal: Induction of early adult rudiment development in sea urchins
    • Minsuk SB, Raff RA. 2002. Pattern formation in a pentameral animal: induction of early adult rudiment development in sea urchins. Dev Biol 247:335-350.
    • (2002) Dev Biol , vol.247 , pp. 335-350
    • Minsuk, S.B.1    Raff, R.A.2
  • 69
    • 33746088825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What a new model of skeletal homologies tells us about asteroid evolution
    • Mooi R, David B. 2000. What a new model of skeletal homologies tells us about asteroid evolution. Am Zool 40:326-339.
    • (2000) Am Zool , vol.40 , pp. 326-339
    • Mooi, R.1    David, B.2
  • 70
    • 0002969950 scopus 로고
    • Echinoderm skeletal homologies: Classical morphology meets modern phylogenetics
    • David B, Guille A, Féral J-P, Roux M, editors. Rotterdam: Balkema
    • Mooi R, David B, Marchland D. 1994. Echinoderm skeletal homologies: classical morphology meets modern phylogenetics. In: David B, Guille A, Féral J-P, Roux M, editors. Echinoderms through time. Rotterdam: Balkema. p 87-95.
    • (1994) Echinoderms Through Time , pp. 87-95
    • Mooi, R.1    David, B.2    Marchland, D.3
  • 71
    • 1342344170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of an Otx gene in the adult rudiment and the developing central nervous system in the vestibula larva of the sea urchin Holopneustes purpurescens
    • Morris VB, Zhao J-T, Shearman DCA, Byrne M, Frommer M. 2004. Expression of an Otx gene in the adult rudiment and the developing central nervous system in the vestibula larva of the sea urchin Holopneustes purpurescens. Int J Dev Biol 48:17-22.
    • (2004) Int J Dev Biol , vol.48 , pp. 17-22
    • Morris, V.B.1    Zhao, J.-T.2    Shearman, D.C.A.3    Byrne, M.4    Frommer, M.5
  • 72
    • 28444434209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homology: The evolution of morphological organization
    • Müller GB, Newman SA, editors. Cambridge, MA: A Bradford Book, The MIT Press
    • Müller GB. 2003. Homology: The evolution of morphological organization. In: Müller GB, Newman SA, editors. Origination of organismal form: beyond the gene in developmental and evolutionary biology. Cambridge, MA: A Bradford Book, The MIT Press. p 51-69.
    • (2003) Origination of Organismal Form: Beyond the Gene in Developmental and Evolutionary Biology , pp. 51-69
    • Müller, G.B.1
  • 73
    • 0032605312 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generation, integration, autonomy: Three steps in the evolution of homology
    • Bock GR, Cardew G, editors. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons
    • Müller GB, Newman SA. 1999. Generation, integration, autonomy: three steps in the evolution of homology. In: Bock GR, Cardew G, editors. Homology. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. p 65-73.
    • (1999) Homology , pp. 65-73
    • Müller, G.B.1    Newman, S.A.2
  • 74
    • 0026282736 scopus 로고
    • Novelty in evolution: Restructuring the concept
    • Müller GB, Wagner GP. 1991. Novelty in evolution: restructuring the concept. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 22:229-256.
    • (1991) Annu Rev Ecol Syst , vol.22 , pp. 229-256
    • Müller, G.B.1    Wagner, G.P.2
  • 75
    • 33746138154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homology, Hox genes and developmental integration
    • Müller GB, Wagner GP. 1996. Homology, Hox genes and developmental integration. Am Zool 36:4-13.
    • (1996) Am Zool , vol.36 , pp. 4-13
    • Müller, G.B.1    Wagner, G.P.2
  • 77
    • 1542473801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Divergent patterns of neural development in larval echinoids and asteroids
    • Nakajima Y, Kaneko H, Murray G, Burke RD. 2004. Divergent patterns of neural development in larval echinoids and asteroids. Evol Dev 6:95-104.
    • (2004) Evol Dev , vol.6 , pp. 95-104
    • Nakajima, Y.1    Kaneko, H.2    Murray, G.3    Burke, R.D.4
  • 79
    • 0033945176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel gene expression patterns in hybrid embryos between species with different modes of development
    • Nielsen MG, Wilson KA, Raff EC, Raff RA. 2000. Novel gene expression patterns in hybrid embryos between species with different modes of development. Evol Dev 2:133-144.
    • (2000) Evol Dev , vol.2 , pp. 133-144
    • Nielsen, M.G.1    Wilson, K.A.2    Raff, E.C.3    Raff, R.A.4
  • 80
    • 0037355645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary convergence in Otx expression in the pentameral adult rudiment in direct-developing sea urchins
    • Nielsen MG, Popodi EM, Minsuk S, Raff RA. 2003. Evolutionary convergence in Otx expression in the pentameral adult rudiment in direct-developing sea urchins. Dev Genes Evol 213:73-82.
    • (2003) Dev Genes Evol , vol.213 , pp. 73-82
    • Nielsen, M.G.1    Popodi, E.M.2    Minsuk, S.3    Raff, R.A.4
  • 81
    • 0001933765 scopus 로고
    • Normal development to metamorphosis
    • Czihak G, editor. Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    • Okasaki K. 1975. Normal development to metamorphosis. In: Czihak G, editor. The sea urchin embryo: biochemistry and morphogenesis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p 177-232.
    • (1975) The Sea Urchin Embryo: Biochemistry and Morphogenesis , pp. 177-232
    • Okasaki, K.1
  • 82
    • 84993843412 scopus 로고
    • Molecular analysis of heterochronic changes in the evolution of direct developing sea urchins
    • Parks AL, Parr BA, Chin J-E, Leaf DS, Raff RA. 1988. Molecular analysis of heterochronic changes in the evolution of direct developing sea urchins. J Evol Biol 1:27-44.
    • (1988) J Evol Biol , vol.1 , pp. 27-44
    • Parks, A.L.1    Parr, B.A.2    Chin, J.-E.3    Leaf, D.S.4    Raff, R.A.5
  • 83
    • 1842340575 scopus 로고
    • The Tertiary echinoids of south-eastern Australia III. Stirodonta, Aulodonta, and Camarodonta (1)
    • Philip GM. 1965. The Tertiary echinoids of south-eastern Australia III. Stirodonta, Aulodonta, and Camarodonta (1). Proc Roy Soc Victoria 78:181-196.
    • (1965) Proc Roy Soc Victoria , vol.78 , pp. 181-196
    • Philip, G.M.1
  • 85
    • 0026846785 scopus 로고
    • Direct-developing sea urchins and the evolutionary reorganization of early development
    • Raff RA. 1992. Direct-developing sea urchins and the evolutionary reorganization of early development. BioEssays 14:211-218.
    • (1992) BioEssays , vol.14 , pp. 211-218
    • Raff, R.A.1
  • 87
    • 0032613161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Larval homologies and radical evolutionary changes in early development
    • Bock GR, Cardew G, editors. Chicester: John Wiley & Sons
    • Raff RA. 1999a. Larval homologies and radical evolutionary changes in early development. In: Bock GR, Cardew G, editors. Homology. Chicester: John Wiley & Sons. p 110-124.
    • (1999) Homology , pp. 110-124
    • Raff, R.A.1
  • 88
    • 0002507903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell lineage in larval development and evolution of echinoderms
    • Hall BK, Wake MH, editors. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Raff RA. 1999b. Cell lineage in larval development and evolution of echinoderms. In: Hall BK, Wake MH, editors. The origin and evolution of larval forms. San Diego: Academic Press. p 255-273.
    • (1999) The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms , pp. 255-273
    • Raff, R.A.1
  • 89
    • 0033946438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modularity and dissociation in the evolution of gene expression territories in development
    • Raff RA, Sly BJ. 2000. Modularity and dissociation in the evolution of gene expression territories in development. Evol Dev 2:102-113.
    • (2000) Evol Dev , vol.2 , pp. 102-113
    • Raff, R.A.1    Sly, B.J.2
  • 90
    • 0024938991 scopus 로고
    • Heterochrony: Developmental mechanisms and evolutionary results
    • Raff RA, Wray GA. 1989. Heterochrony: developmental mechanisms and evolutionary results. J Evol Biol 2:409-434.
    • (1989) J Evol Biol , vol.2 , pp. 409-434
    • Raff, R.A.1    Wray, G.A.2
  • 91
    • 0025523828 scopus 로고
    • Heterochrony and other mechanisms of radical evolutionary change in early development
    • Nitecki MH, editor. Chicago: University of Chicago Press
    • Raff RA, Parr B, Parks A, Wray G. 1990. Heterochrony and other mechanisms of radical evolutionary change in early development. In: Nitecki MH, editor. Evolutionary innovations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 71-98.
    • (1990) Evolutionary Innovations , pp. 71-98
    • Raff, R.A.1    Parr, B.2    Parks, A.3    Wray, G.4
  • 92
    • 0033011362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel ontogenetic pathway in hybrid embryos between species with different modes of development
    • Raff EC, Popodi EM, Sly BJ, Turner FR, Villinski JT, Raff RA. 1999. A novel ontogenetic pathway in hybrid embryos between species with different modes of development. Development 126:1937-1945.
    • (1999) Development , vol.126 , pp. 1937-1945
    • Raff, E.C.1    Popodi, E.M.2    Sly, B.J.3    Turner, F.R.4    Villinski, J.T.5    Raff, R.A.6
  • 93
    • 0141454674 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulatory punctuated equilibrium and convergence in the evolution of developmental pathways in direct-developing sea urchins
    • Raff EC, Popodi EM, Kauffman JS, Sly BJ, Turner FR, Morris VB, Raff RA. 2003. Regulatory punctuated equilibrium and convergence in the evolution of developmental pathways in direct-developing sea urchins. Evol Dev 5:478-493.
    • (2003) Evol Dev , vol.5 , pp. 478-493
    • Raff, E.C.1    Popodi, E.M.2    Kauffman, J.S.3    Sly, B.J.4    Turner, F.R.5    Morris, V.B.6    Raff, R.A.7
  • 94
    • 0030840930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disruption of gastrulation and oral-aboral ectoderm differentiation in the Lytechinus pictus embryo by a dominant/negative PDGF receptor
    • Ramachandran RK, Wikramanayake AH, Uzman JA, Govindarajan V, Tomlinson CR. 1997. Disruption of gastrulation and oral-aboral ectoderm differentiation in the Lytechinus pictus embryo by a dominant/negative PDGF receptor. Development 124:2355-2364.
    • (1997) Development , vol.124 , pp. 2355-2364
    • Ramachandran, R.K.1    Wikramanayake, A.H.2    Uzman, J.A.3    Govindarajan, V.4    Tomlinson, C.R.5
  • 98
    • 0026269683 scopus 로고
    • Homology and hierarchies: Problems solved and unresolved
    • Roth VL. 1991. Homology and hierarchies: problems solved and unresolved. J Evol Biol 4:167-194.
    • (1991) J Evol Biol , vol.4 , pp. 167-194
    • Roth, V.L.1
  • 99
    • 0942269760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution to the extreme: Origins of the highly modified apical system in pourtalesiid echinoids
    • Saucede T, Mooi R, David B. 2004. Evolution to the extreme: origins of the highly modified apical system in pourtalesiid echinoids. Zool J Linn Soc 140:137-155.
    • (2004) Zool J Linn Soc , vol.140 , pp. 137-155
    • Saucede, T.1    Mooi, R.2    David, B.3
  • 100
    • 0004319914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schlosser G, Wagner GP, editors. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press
    • Schlosser G, Wagner GP, editors. 2004. Modularity in development and evolution. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
    • (2004) Modularity in Development and Evolution
  • 103
    • 0036001150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of gene expression in the developing adult sea urchin central nervous system reveal multiple domains and deep-seated neural pentamery
    • Sly BJ, Hazel JC, Popodi EM, Raff RA, 2002. Patterns of gene expression in the developing adult sea urchin central nervous system reveal multiple domains and deep-seated neural pentamery. Evol Dev 4:189-204.
    • (2002) Evol Dev , vol.4 , pp. 189-204
    • Sly, B.J.1    Hazel, J.C.2    Popodi, E.M.3    Raff, R.A.4
  • 104
    • 1242270890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who came first - Larvae or adults? Origins of bilaterian metazoan larvae
    • Sly BJ, Snoke MS, Raff RA. 2003. Who came first - larvae or adults? Origins of bilaterian metazoan larvae. Int J Dev Biol 47:623-632.
    • (2003) Int J Dev Biol , vol.47 , pp. 623-632
    • Sly, B.J.1    Snoke, M.S.2    Raff, R.A.3
  • 105
    • 0001051373 scopus 로고
    • Phylogenetic relationship, divergence times, and rates of molecular evolution for camarodont sea urchins
    • Smith AB. 1988. Phylogenetic relationship, divergence times, and rates of molecular evolution for camarodont sea urchins. Mol Biol Evol 5:345-365.
    • (1988) Mol Biol Evol , vol.5 , pp. 345-365
    • Smith, A.B.1
  • 106
    • 84983551581 scopus 로고
    • RNA sequence data in phylogenetic reconstruction: Testing the limits of resolution
    • Smith AB. 1989. RNA sequence data in phylogenetic reconstruction: testing the limits of resolution. Cladistics 5:321-344.
    • (1989) Cladistics , vol.5 , pp. 321-344
    • Smith, A.B.1
  • 107
    • 0036018079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sequence heterochrony and the evolution of development
    • Smith KK. 2002. Sequence heterochrony and the evolution of development. J Morphol 252:82-97.
    • (2002) J Morphol , vol.252 , pp. 82-97
    • Smith, K.K.1
  • 108
    • 0001095073 scopus 로고
    • The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages of marine invertebrates
    • Strathmann RR. 1978. The evolution and loss of feeding larval stages of marine invertebrates. Evol Int J Org Evol 32(4):894-906.
    • (1978) Evol Int J Org Evol , vol.32 , Issue.4 , pp. 894-906
    • Strathmann, R.R.1
  • 109
    • 0022167566 scopus 로고
    • Feeding and nonfeeding larval development and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates
    • Strathmann RR. 1985. Feeding and nonfeeding larval development and life-history evolution in marine invertebrates. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 16:339-361.
    • (1985) Annu Rev Ecol Syst , vol.16 , pp. 339-361
    • Strathmann, R.R.1
  • 110
    • 0027333469 scopus 로고
    • Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae
    • Strathmann RR. 1993. Hypotheses on the origins of marine larvae. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 24:89-117.
    • (1993) Annu Rev Ecol Syst , vol.24 , pp. 89-117
    • Strathmann, R.R.1
  • 111
    • 0034493722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional design in the evolution of embryos and larvae
    • Strathmann RR. 2000. Functional design in the evolution of embryos and larvae. Semin Cell Dev Biol 11:395-402.
    • (2000) Semin Cell Dev Biol , vol.11 , pp. 395-402
    • Strathmann, R.R.1
  • 112
    • 0031615256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stepping into the same river twice: Homologues as recurring attractors in epigenetic landscapes
    • Striedter GF. 1998. Stepping into the same river twice: homologues as recurring attractors in epigenetic landscapes. Brain Behav Evol 52:218-231.
    • (1998) Brain Behav Evol , vol.52 , pp. 218-231
    • Striedter, G.F.1
  • 113
    • 1842816462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expression of an NK2 homeodomain gene in the apical ectoderm defines a new territory in the early sea urchin embryo
    • Takacs CM, Amore G, Oliveri P, Poustka AJ, Wang D, Burke RD, Peterson KJ. 2004. Expression of an NK2 homeodomain gene in the apical ectoderm defines a new territory in the early sea urchin embryo. Dev Biol 269:152-164.
    • (2004) Dev Biol , vol.269 , pp. 152-164
    • Takacs, C.M.1    Amore, G.2    Oliveri, P.3    Poustka, A.J.4    Wang, D.5    Burke, R.D.6    Peterson, K.J.7
  • 114
    • 0036439421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene co-option in physiological and morphological evolution
    • True JR, Carroll SB. 2002. Gene co-option in physiological and morphological evolution. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 18:53-80.
    • (2002) Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol , vol.18 , pp. 53-80
    • True, J.R.1    Carroll, S.B.2
  • 115
    • 0024870633 scopus 로고
    • The biological homology concept
    • Wagner GP. 1989a. The biological homology concept. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 20:51-69.
    • (1989) Annu Rev Ecol Syst , vol.20 , pp. 51-69
    • Wagner, G.P.1
  • 116
    • 0001076372 scopus 로고
    • The origin of morphological characters and the biological basis of homology
    • Wagner GP. 1989b. The origin of morphological characters and the biological basis of homology. Evol Int J Org Evol 43:1157-1171.
    • (1989) Evol Int J Org Evol , vol.43 , pp. 1157-1171
    • Wagner, G.P.1
  • 117
    • 4243773720 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homologues, natural kinds and the evolution of modularity
    • Wagner GP. 1996. Homologues, natural kinds and the evolution of modularity. Am Zool 36:36-43.
    • (1996) Am Zool , vol.36 , pp. 36-43
    • Wagner, G.P.1
  • 118
    • 0034663609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the promise of developmental evolution? Part I: Why is developmental biology necessary to explain evolutionary innovations?
    • Wagner GP. 2000. What is the promise of developmental evolution? Part I: why is developmental biology necessary to explain evolutionary innovations? J Exp Zool Part B: Mol Dev Evol 288:95-98.
    • (2000) J Exp Zool Part B: Mol Dev Evol , vol.288 , pp. 95-98
    • Wagner, G.P.1
  • 119
    • 0029661332 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspective: Complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability
    • Wagner GP, Altenberg L. 1996. Perspective: complex adaptations and the evolution of evolvability. Evol Int J Org Evol 50:967-976.
    • (1996) Evol Int J Org Evol , vol.50 , pp. 967-976
    • Wagner, G.P.1    Altenberg, L.2
  • 120
    • 84993632176 scopus 로고
    • How can a character be developmentally constrained despite variation in developmental pathways?
    • Wagner GP, Misof BY. 1993. How can a character be developmentally constrained despite variation in developmental pathways? J Evol Biol 6:449-455.
    • (1993) J Evol Biol , vol.6 , pp. 449-455
    • Wagner, G.P.1    Misof, B.Y.2
  • 121
    • 0344736730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hox cluster duplications and the opportunity for evolutionary novelties
    • USA
    • Wagner GP, Amemiya C, Ruddle F. 2003. Hox cluster duplications and the opportunity for evolutionary novelties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:14,603-14,606.
    • (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci , vol.100
    • Wagner, G.P.1    Amemiya, C.2    Ruddle, F.3
  • 122
    • 4243609506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Otx, β-catenin, and the specification of ectodermal cell fates in the sea urchin embryo
    • Moody SA, editor. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Wikramanayake AH, Klein WH. 1999. Otx, β-catenin, and the specification of ectodermal cell fates in the sea urchin embryo. In: Moody SA, editor. Cell lineage and fate determination. San Diego: Academic Press. p 25-39.
    • (1999) Cell Lineage and Fate Determination , pp. 25-39
    • Wikramanayake, A.H.1    Klein, W.H.2
  • 123
    • 0029041351 scopus 로고
    • Autonomous and non-autonomous differentiation of ectoderm in different sea urchin species
    • Wikramanayake AH, Brandhorst BP, Klein WH. 1995. Autonomous and non-autonomous differentiation of ectoderm in different sea urchin species. Development 121:1497-1505.
    • (1995) Development , vol.121 , pp. 1497-1505
    • Wikramanayake, A.H.1    Brandhorst, B.P.2    Klein, W.H.3
  • 124
    • 84970599987 scopus 로고
    • The reproductive system, embryonic development, larval development and metamorphosis of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Val.) (Echinoidea: Echinometridae)
    • Williams DHC, Anderson DT. 1975. The reproductive system, embryonic development, larval development and metamorphosis of the sea urchin Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Val.) (Echinoidea: Echinometridae). Aust J Zool 23:371-403.
    • (1975) Aust J Zool , vol.23 , pp. 371-403
    • Williams, D.H.C.1    Anderson, D.T.2
  • 127
    • 0035881388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Varieties of modules: Kinds, levels, origins, and behaviors
    • Winther RG. 2001. Varieties of modules: kinds, levels, origins, and behaviors. J Exp Zool Part B: Mol Dev Evol 291:116-129.
    • (2001) J Exp Zool Part B: Mol Dev Evol , vol.291 , pp. 116-129
    • Winther, R.G.1
  • 128
    • 0002664908 scopus 로고
    • Introduction to cilia and flagella
    • Bloodgood RA, editor. New York: Plenum Press
    • Witman GB. 1990. Introduction to cilia and flagella. In: Bloodgood RA, editor. Ciliary and flagellar membranes. New York: Plenum Press. p 1-30.
    • (1990) Ciliary and Flagellar Membranes , pp. 1-30
    • Witman, G.B.1
  • 129
    • 0030313331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parallel evolution of nonfeeding larvae in echinoids
    • Wray GA. 1996. Parallel evolution of nonfeeding larvae in echinoids. Syst Biol 45:308-322.
    • (1996) Syst Biol , vol.45 , pp. 308-322
    • Wray, G.A.1
  • 130
    • 0032611229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary dissociations between homologous genes and homologous structures
    • Bock GR, Cardew G, editors. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
    • Wray GA. 1999a. Evolutionary dissociations between homologous genes and homologous structures. In: Bock GR, Cardew G, editors. Homology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p 189-206.
    • (1999) Homology , pp. 189-206
    • Wray, G.A.1
  • 131
    • 4244051389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduction to sea urchins
    • Moody SA, editor. San Diego: Academic Press
    • Wray GA. 1999b. Introduction to sea urchins. In: Moody SA, editor. Cell lineage and fate determination. San Diego: Academic Press. p 3-9.
    • (1999) Cell Lineage and Fate Determination , pp. 3-9
    • Wray, G.A.1
  • 132
    • 0034491463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of embryonic patterning mechanisms in animals
    • Wray GA. 2000. The evolution of embryonic patterning mechanisms in animals. Semin Cell Dev Biol 11:385-393.
    • (2000) Semin Cell Dev Biol , vol.11 , pp. 385-393
    • Wray, G.A.1
  • 133
    • 0034350363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental regulatory genes and echinoderm evolution
    • Wray GA, Lowe CJ. 2000. Developmental regulatory genes and echinoderm evolution. Syst Biol 49:28-51.
    • (2000) Syst Biol , vol.49 , pp. 28-51
    • Wray, G.A.1    Lowe, C.J.2
  • 134
    • 0346344053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of OTP-independent larval skeletal patterning in the direct-developing sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma
    • Zhou N, Wilson KA, Kauffman JS, Raff RA. 2003. Evolution of OTP-independent larval skeletal patterning in the direct-developing sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma. J Exp Zool Part B: Mol Dev Evol 300B:58-71.
    • (2003) J Exp Zool Part B: Mol Dev Evol , vol.300 B , pp. 58-71
    • Zhou, N.1    Wilson, K.A.2    Kauffman, J.S.3    Raff, R.A.4
  • 135
    • 0242583898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive evolution of bindin in the genus Heliocidaris is correlated with the shift to direct development
    • Zigler KS, Raff EC, Popodi EM, Raff RA, Lessios HA. 2003. Adaptive evolution of bindin in the genus Heliocidaris is correlated with the shift to direct development. Evol Int J Org Evol 57:2293-2302.
    • (2003) Evol Int J Org Evol , vol.57 , pp. 2293-2302
    • Zigler, K.S.1    Raff, E.C.2    Popodi, E.M.3    Raff, R.A.4    Lessios, H.A.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.