Fluid therapy

Equine Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 327-364

  Corley, Kevin T T ^a  

^a ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 33044498269     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-7020-2484-9.50021-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (231)

1. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE Hypernatremia. New England Journal of Medicine 2000, 342:1493-1499.
2. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE Hyponatremia. New England Journal of Medicine 2000, 342:1581-1589.
3. Allison KP, Gosling R, Jones S, et al. Randomized trial of hydroxyethyl starch versus gelatin for trauma resuscitation. Journal of Trauma 1999, 47:1114-1121.
4. Allison SP, Lobo DN Debate: albumin administration should not be avoided. Critical Care 2000, 4:147-150.
5. Allwood MC Light protection during parenteral nutrition infusion: is it really necessary?. Nutrition 2000, 16:234-235.
6. Andrews FM, Hamlin RL, Stalnaker PS Blood viscosity in horses with colic. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990, 4:183-186.
7. Angle N, Hoyt DB, Coimbra R, et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation diminishes lung injury by suppressing neutrophil activation after hemorrhagic shock. Shock 1998, 9:164-170.
8. Arden WA, Stick JA Serum and peritoneal fluid phosphate concentrations as predictors of major intestinal injury associated with equine colic. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1988, 193:927-931.
9. Armstrong CW, Mayhall CG, Miller KB, et al. Prospective study of catheter replacement and other risk factors for infection of hyperalimentation catheters. Journal of Infectious Disease 1986, 154:808-816.
10. Baron PG, lles RA, Cohen RD Effect of varying PCO 2 on intracellular pH and lactate consumption in the isolated perfused rat liver. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 1978, 55:175-181.
11. Baum TD, Wang H, Rothschild HR, et al. Mesenteric oxygen metabolism, ileal mucosal hydrogen ion concentration, and tissue edema after crystalloid or colloid resuscitation in porcine endotoxic shock: comparison of Ringer's lactate and 6% hetastarch. Circulatory Shock 1990, 30:385-397.
12. Becu T, Polledo G, Gaskin JM Immunoprophylaxis of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in foals. Veterinary Microbiology 1997, 56:193-204.
13. Belgrave RL, Hines MT, Keegan RD, et al. Effects of a polymerized ultrapurified bovine hemoglobin blood substitute administered to ponies with normovolemic anemia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2002, 16:396-403.
14. Benjamin E, Oropello JM, Abalos AM, et al. Effects of acid-base correction on hemodynamics, oxygen dynamics, and resuscitability in severe canine haemorrhagic shock. Critical Care Medicine 1994, 22:1616-1623.
15. Berrazueta JR, Poveda JJ, Ochoteco J, et al. The antiinflammatory and analgesic action of transdermal glyceryltrinitrate in the treatment of infusion-related thrombophlebitis. Postgraduate Medical Journal 1993, 69:37-40.
16. Bertone JJ, Gossett KA, Shoemaker KE, et al. Effect of hypertonic vs. isotonic saline solution on responses to sublethal Escherichia coli endotoxemia in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1990, 51:999-1007.
17. Bertone AL, van Soest PJ, Stashak TS Digestion, fecal, and blood variables associated with extensive large colon resection in the horse. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1989, 50:253-258.
18. Beyer MJ, Freestone JF, Reimer JM, et al. Idiopathic hypocalcemia in foals. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1997, 11:356-360.
19. Biesenbach G, Kaiser W, Zazgornik J Incidence of acute oligoanuric renal failure in dextran 40 treated patients with acute ischemic stroke stage III or IV. Renal Failure 1997, 19:69-75.
20. Bjerneroth G, Sammeli O, Li Y-C, et al. Effects of alkaline buffers on cytoplasmic pH in lymphocytes. Critical Care Medicine 1994, 22:1550-1556.
21. Bollaert PE, Levy B, Nace L, et al. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of rapid correction of hypophosphatemia in patients with septic shock. Chest 1995, 107:1698-1701.
22. Bonagura JD, Reef VB Cardiovascular diseases. Equine internal medicine 1998, 290-370. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. S.M. Reed, W.M. Bayly (Eds.).
23. Bonventre JV, Cheung JY Effects of metabolic acidosis on viability of cells exposed to anoxia. American Journal of Physiology 1985, 249:C149-C159.
24. Bosse U, Abel HT, Bannert N, et al. Necrotizing enterocolitis in the newborn infant. Pathogenetic risk factors in a 3 year analysis. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkrankheid 1993, 141:602-606.
25. Bowen JM, Blackmon DM, Heavner JE Effect of magnesium ions on neuromuscular transmission in the horse, steer, and dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1970, 157:164-173.
26. Brownlow MA, Hutchins DR The concept of osmolality: its use in the evaluation of dehydration in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 1982, 14:106-110.
27. Bugg NC, Jones JA Hypophosphataemia. Pathophysiology, effects and management on the intensive care unit. Anaesthesia 1998, 53:895-902.
28. Bumpus SE, Haskins SC, Kass PH Effect of synthetic colloids on refractometric readings of total solids. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 1998, 8:21-26.
29. Burris D, Rhee P, Kaufmann C, et al. Controlled resuscitation for uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. Journal of Trauma 1999, 46:216-223.
30. Carcillo JA, Davis AL, Zaritsky A Role of early fluid resuscitation in pediatric septic shock. Journal of the American Medical Association 1991, 266:1242-1245.
31. Carlson GP 1999, Quantative estimation of fluid and electrolyte deficits. In: Proceedings of the Bluegrass Equine Medical and Critical Care Symposium, Lexington, KY 1999 pp.
32. Choi PT, Yip G, Quinonez LG, et al. Crystalloids vs. colloids in fluid resuscitation: a systematic review. Critical Care Medicine 1999, 27:200-210.
33. Chrusch C, Bands C, Bose D, et al. Impaired hepatic extraction and increased splanchnic production contribute to lactic acidosis in canine sepsis. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2000, 161:517-526.
34. Cochrane Injuries Group Albumin Reviewers Human albumin administration in critically ill patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal 1998, 317:235-240.
35. Cohen RD, Woods HF Disturbances of acid-base homeostasis. Oxford textbook of medicine 1996, 1533-1544. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 3rd edn. D.J. Weatherall, J.G.G. Ledingham, D.A. Warrell (Eds.).
36. Collatos C Blood and blood component therapy. Current therapy in equine medicine 1997, 290-292. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 4th edn. N.E. Robinson (Ed.).
37. Conhaim RL, Watson KE, Potenza BM, et al. Pulmonary capillary sieving of hetastarch is not altered by LPS-induced sepsis. Journal of Trauma 1999, 46:800-810.
38. Constable PD, Gohar HM, Morin DE, et al. Use of hypertonic saline-dextran solution to resuscitate hypovolemic calves with diarrhea. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1996, 57:97-104.
39. Constable PD, Hinchcliff KW, Muir WW Comparison of anion gap and strong ion gap as predictors of unmeasured strong ion concentration in plasma and serum from horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1998, 59:881-887.
40. Cooper DJ, Herbertson MJ, Werner HA, et al. Bicarbonate does not increase left ventricular contractility during L-lactic acidemia in pigs. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1993, 148:317-322.
41. Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Dodek PM, et al. Plasma ionized calcium and blood lactate concentrations are inversely associated in human lactic acidosis. Intensive Care Medicine 1992, 18:286-289.
42. Corley KTT Fluid therapy for horses with gastrointestinal diseases. Large animal internal medicine 2002, 682-694. Mosby, St Louis, MO. 3rd edn. B.P. Smith (Ed.).
43. Corley KTT, Marr CM Pathophysiology, assessment and treatment of acid-base disturbances in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education 1998, 10:255-265.
44. Costa LRR, Eades SE, Tulley RT, et al. Plasma magnesium concentrations in horses with gastrointestinal tract disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1999, 13:274.
45. Cotter SM Clinical transfusion medicine. Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 1991, 36:187-223.
46. Creteur J, Sun Q, Abid O, et al. Normovolemic hemodilution improves oxygen extraction capabilities in endotoxic shock. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001, 91:1701-1707.
47. Cudd A, Pauly TH Necrotizing enterocolitis in two equine neonates. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 1987, 9:88-92.
48. Dabareiner RM, Snyder JR, White NA, et al. Microvascular permeability and endothelial cell morphology associated with low-flow ischemia/reperfusion injury in the equine jejunum. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1995, 56:639-648.
49. Dart AJ, Snyder JR, Spier SJ, et al. Ionized calcium concentration in horses with surgically managed gastrointestinal disease: 147 cases (1988-1990). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992, 201:1244-1248.
50. Denkhaus M, van Amstel S Adverse effects following intravenous fluid therapy in the horse using non-commercial fluids: preliminary findings. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 1986, 57:105-107.
51. Didwania A, Miller J, Kassel D, et al. Effect of intravenous lactated Ringer's solution infusion on the circulating lactate concentration: Part 3. Results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine 1997, 25:1851-1854.
52. Divers TJ Diarrheal diseases: adults. Manual of equine emergencies. 1998, 217-225. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. J.A. Orsini, T.J. Divers (Eds.).
53. Downing SE, Talner NS, Gardner TH Cardiovascular responses to metabolic acidosis. American Journal of Physiology 1965, 208:237-242.
54. Dudley MA, Wykes LJ, Dudley AWJ, et al. Parenteral nutrition selectively decreases protein synthesis in the small intestine. American Journal of Physiology 1998, 274:G131-G137.
55. Durham AE Blood and plasma transfusion in the horse. Equine Veterinary Education 1996, 8:8-12.
56. Ecke P, Hodgson DR, Rose RJ Induced diarrhoea in horses. Part 2: Response to administration of an oral rehydration solution. Veterinary Journal 1998, 155:161-170.
57. Fanconi S, Burger R, Ghelfi D, et al. Hemodynamic effects of sodium bicarbonate in critically ill neonates. Intensive Care Medicine 1993, 19:65-69.
58. Fink M Cytopathic hypoxia in sepsis. Acta Anaesthesiologic Scandinavica Supplementum 1997, 110:87-95.
59. Fisher M, Simpser E, Schneider M Hypophosphatemia secondary to oral refeeding in anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders 2000, 28:181-187.
60. Forsythe SM, Schmidt GA Sodium bicarbonate for the treatment of lactic acidosis. Chest 2000, 117:260-267.
61. Fromm RE Blood substitutes. Critical Care Medicine 2000, 28:2150-2151.
62. Furr MO, Lessard P, White NA Development of a colic severity score for predicting the outcome of equine colic. Veterinary Surgery 1995, 24:97-101.
63. Garcia-Lopez JM, Provost PJ, Rush JE, et al. Prevalence and prognostic importance of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses that have colic surgery. American Journal of Veterinary Research 2001, 62:7-12.
64. Gardner SY, Reef VB, Spencer PA Ultrasonographic evaluation of horses with thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein: 46 cases (1985-1988). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1991, 199:370-373.
65. Gennari FJ Hypokalemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1998, 339:451-458.
66. Glazier DB, Littledike ET, Evans RD Electrocardiographic changes in induced hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia in horses. Journal of Equine Medicine & Surgery 1979, 3:489-494.
67. Gossett KA, French DD, Cleghorn B, et al. Effect of acute acidemia on blood biochemical variables in healthy ponies. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1990, 51:1375-1379.
68. Gossett KA, French DD, Cleghorn B, et al. Blood biochemical response to sodium bicarbonate infusion during sublethal endotoxemia in ponies. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1990, 51:1370-1374.
69. Gow KW, Phang PT, Tebbutt-Speirs SM, et al. Effect of crystalloid administration on oxygen extraction in endotoxemic pigs. Journal of Applied Physiology 1998, 85:1667-1675.
70. Graf H, Leach W, Arieff A Evidence for a detrimental effect of bicarbonate therapy in hypoxic lactic acidosis. Science 1985, 227:754-756.
71. Greatorex JC Diagnosis and treatment of verminous aneurysm formation in the horse. Veterinary Record 1977, 101:184-187.
72. Groenendyk S, English PB, Abetz I External balance of water and electrolytes in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 1988, 20:189-193.
73. Grosenbaugh DA, Gadawski JE, Muir WW Evaluation of a portable clinical analyzer in a veterinary hospital setting. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1998, 213:691-694.
74. Gunther T Biochemical bases of the therapeutic actions of magnesium. Magnesium Bulletin 1992, 13:46-52.
75. Hall LW, Nigam JM Measurement of central venous pressure in horses. Veterinary Record 1975, 97:66-69.
76. Halperin ML, Connors HP, Relman AS, et al. Factors that control the effect of pH on glycolysis in leukocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1969, 244:384-390.
77. Hamill-Ruth RJ, McGory R Magnesium repletion and its effect on potassium homeostasis in critically ill adults: results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Critical Care Medicine 1996, 24:38-45.
78. Hansen B, DeFrancesco T Relationship between hydration estimate and body weight change after fluid therapy in critically ill dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2002, 2:235-243.
79. Harrington DD Pathological features of magnesium deficiency in young horses fed purified rations. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1974, 35:503-513.
80. Hata R, Sonoda M Clinical and hematological observations on repeated experimental blood transfusions in horses. Experimental Report of the Equine Health Laboratory 1974, 11:133-151.
81. Heath MF, Evans RJ, Hayes LJ Dextran-70 inhibits equine platelet aggregation induced by PAF but not by other agonists. Equine Veterinary Journal 1998, 30:408-411.
82. Hebert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. New England Journal of Medicine 1999, 340:409-417.
83. Henninger RW, Horst J Magnesium toxicosis in two horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1997, 211:82-85.
84. Henninger DD, Snyder JR, Pascoe JR, et al. Microvascular permeability changes in ischemia/reperfusion injury in the ascending colon of horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992, 201:1191-1196.
85. Hermann M, Bretscher R, Thiebaud G, et al. Preliminary experiences with the treatment of shock in horses with a plasma expander from a starch base. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 1990, 132:5-12.
86. Heyland DK, MacDonald S, Keefe L, et al. Total parenteral nutrition in the critically ill patient: a metaanalysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 1998, 280:2013-2019.
87. Hofbauer R, Moser D, Hornykewycz S, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch reduces the chemotaxis of white cells through endothelial cell monolayers. Transfusion 1999, 39:289-294.
88. Holbeck S, Grande P-0 Effects on capillary fluid permeability and fluid exchange of albumin, dextran, gelatin, and hydroxyethyl starch in cat skeletal muscle. Critical Care Medicine 2000, 28:1089-1095.
89. Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Astiz ME Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients in sepsis. Critical Care Medicine 1999, 27:639-660.
90. Holliday M The evolution of therapy for dehydration: should deficit therapy still be taught?. Pediatrics 1996, 98:171-177.
91. Holliday MA, Friedman AL, Wassner SJ Extracellular fluid restoration in dehydration: a critique of rapid versus slow. Pediatric Nephrology 1999, 13:292-297.
92. Hurley JR, Begg AP Failure of hyperimmune plasma to prevent pneumonia caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. Australian Veterinary Journal 1995, 72:418-420.
93. Ioannides-Demos LL, Liolios L, Topliss DJ, et al. A prospective audit of total parenteral nutrition at a major teaching hospital. Medical Journal of Australia 1995, 163:233-237.
94. Issel CJ, Adams WVJ, Meek L, et al. Transmission of equine infectious anemia virus from horses without clinical signs of disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1982, 180:272-275.
95. James JH, Luchette FA, McCarter FD, et al. Lactate is an unreliable indicator of tissue hypoxia in injury or sepsis. Lancet 1999, 354:505-508.
96. Johnson PJ Electrolyte and acid-base disturbances in the horse. Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice 1995, 11:491-514.
97. Jones PA, Bain FT, Byars TD, et al. Effect of hydroxyethyl starch infusion on colloid oncotic pressure in hypoproteinemic horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 2001, 218:1130-1135.
98. Jones PA, Tomasic M, Gentry PA Oncotic, hemodilutional, and hemostatic effects of isotonic saline and hydroxyethyl starch solutions in clinically normal ponies. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1997, 58:541-548.
99. Kallfelz FA, Whitlock RH, Schultz RD Survival of 59Fe-labeled erythrocytes in cross-transfused equine blood. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1978, 39:617-620.
100. Kasari TR, Naylor JM Clinical evaluation of sodium bicarbonate, sodium L-lactate, and sodium acetate for the treatment of acidosis in diarrheic calves. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1985, 187:392-397.
101. Kellum JA Diagnosis and treatment of acid-base disturbances. Textbook of critical care 1999, 839-853. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 4th edn. A. Grenvik, S.M. Ayres, P.R. Holbrook (Eds.).
102. Khanna S, Davis D, Peterson B, et al. Use of hypertonic saline in the treatment of severe refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Critical Care Medicine 2000, 28:1144-1151.
103. Kitakaze M, Takashima S, Funaya H, et al. Temporary acidosis during reperfusion limits myocardial infarct size in dogs. American Journal of Physiology 1997, 272:H2071-H2078.
104. Koterba AM Nutritional support: enteral feeding. Equine clinical neonatology 1990, 728-746. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. A.M. Koterba, W.H. Drummond, P.C. Kosch (Eds.).
105. Krausz MM, Ravid A, Izhar U, et al. The effect of heat load and dehydration on hypertonic saline solution treatment of controlled hemorrhagic shock. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 1993, 177:583-592.
106. Krumbhaar EB Hemolysis due to intravenous injection of distilled water. Journal of the American Medical Association 1914, 62:992-993.
107. Kwun KB, Boucherit T, Wong J, et al. Treatment of metabolic alkalosis with intravenous infusion of concentrated hydrochloric acid. American Journal of Surgery 1983, 146:328-330.
108. Lakritz J, Madigan J, Carlson GP Hypovolemic hyponatremia and signs of neurological disease associated with diarrhea in a foal. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1992, 200:1114-1116.
109. Landon RA, Young EA Role of magnesium in regulation of lung function. Journal of the American Dietetic Association 1993, 93:674-677.
110. Lang RM, Fellner SK, Neumann A, et al. Left ventricular contractility varies directly with blood ionized calcium. Annals of Internal Medicine 1988, 108:524-529.
111. Lenz G, Hempel V, Junger H, et al. Effect of hydroxyethyl starch, oxypolygelatin and human albumin on the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system in healthy subjects. Anaesthesist 1986, 35:423-428.
112. Lenz K, Schimetta W, Polz W, et al. Intestinal elimination of hydroxyethyl starch?. Intensive Care Medicine 2000, 26:733-739.
113. Li PA, Shamloo M, Katsura K, et al. Critical values for plasma glucose in aggravating ischaemic brain damage: correlation to extracellular pH. Neurobiology of Disease 1995, 2:97-108.
114. Li Y-C, Wiklund L, Bjerneroth G Influence of alkaline buffers on cytoplasmic pH in myocardial cells exposed to hypoxia. Resuscitation 1997, 34:71-77.
115. Lloyd MH, Lies RA, Simpson BR, et al. The effect of simulated metabolic acidosis on intracellular pH and lactate metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine 1973, 45:543-549.
116. Lopes MAF Physiological aspects, indications and contraindications of enteral fluid therapy. Equine Veterinary Education 2002, 14:257-262.
117. Lopes MAF, Moura GS, Filho JD 1999, Treatment of large colon impaction with enteral fluid therapy. In: Proceedings of the 45th American Association of Equine Practitioners Annual Convention, Albuquerque NM, pp. 99-102.
118. Lopes MA, Walker BL, White NA, et al. Treatments to promote colonic hydration: enteral fluid therapy versus intravenous fluid therapy and magnesium sulphate. Equine Veterinary Journal 2002, 34:505-509.
119. Lopes MA, White NA Parenteral nutrition for horses with gastrointestinal disease: a retrospective study of 79 cases. Equine Veterinary Journal 2002, 34:250-257.
120. Lorente JA, Landin L, De Pablo R, et al. Effects of blood transfusion on oxygen transport variables in severe sepsis. Critical Care Medicine 1993, 21:1312-1318.
121. Lowery BD, Cloutier CT, Carey LC Electrolyte solutions in resuscitation in human hemorrhagic shock. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 1971, 133:273-284.
122. Lupo MA, Cefalu WT, Pardridge WM Kinetics of lactate transport into rat liver in vivo. Metabolism 1990, 39:374-377.
123. Macintire DK Disorders of potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium in critical illness. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 1997, 19:41-48.
124. Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. New England Journal of Medicine 1977, 296:1305-1309.
125. Malcolm DS, Friedland M, Moore T, et al. Hypertonic saline resuscitation detrimentally affects renal function and survival in dehydrated rats. Circulatory Shock 1993, 40:69-74.
126. Malcolm DS, Zaloga GP, Holaday JW Calcium administration increases the mortality of endotoxic shock in rats. Critical Care Medicine 1989, 17:900-903.
127. Marlin DJ, Scott CM, Mills PC, et al. Rehydration following exercise: effects of administration of water versus an isotonic oral rehydration solution (ORS). Veterinary Journal 1998, 156:41-49.
128. Martin RG, McMeniman NP, Dowsett KF Milk and water intakes of foals sucking grazing mares. Equine Veterinary Journal 1992, 24:295-299.
129. Martinez-Tallo E, Claure N, Bancalari E Necrotizing enterocolitis in full-term or near-term infants: risk factors. Biology of the Neonate 1997, 71:292-298.
130. Maxson AD, Giger U, Sweeney CR, et al. Use of a bovine hemoglobin preparation in the treatment of cyclic ovarian hemorrhage in a miniature horse. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1993, 203:1308-1311.
131. Mazzoni MC, Borgstrom R, Intaglietta M, et al. Capillary narrowing in hemorrhagic shock is rectified by hyperosmotic saline-dextran reinfusion. Circulatory Shock 1990, 31:407-418.
132. McFarlane D Hetastarch: a synthetic colloid with potential in equine patients. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 1999, 21:867-877.
133. McGinness SG, Mansmann RA, Breuhaus BA Nasogastric electrolyte replacement in horses. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 1996, 18:942-951.
134. McKirnan MD, Williams RL, Limjoco U, et al. Hypertonic saline/dextran versus lactated Ringer's treatment for hemorrhage in dehydrated swine. Circulatory Shock 1994, 44:238-246.
135. Mealey RH, Carter GK, Roussel AJ, et al. Indwelling cecal catheters for fluid administration in ponies. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1995, 9:347-352.
136. Meister D, Hermann M, Mathis GA Kinetics of hydroxyethyl starch in horses. Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde 1992, 134:329-339.
137. Mills PC, Ng JC, Seawright AA, et al. Kinetics, dose response, tachyphylaxis and cross-tachyphylaxis of vascular leakage induced by endotoxin, zymosan-activated plasma and platelet-activating factor in the horse. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1995, 18:204-209.
138. Mimoz O, Pieroni L, Lawrence C, et al. Prospective, randomized trial of two antiseptic solutions for prevention of central venous or arterial catheter colonization and infection in intensive care unit patients. Critical Care Medicine 1996, 24:1818-1823.
139. Moon PF, Snyder JR, Haskins SC, et al. Effects of a highly concentrated hypertonic saline-dextran volume expander on cardie-pulmonary function in anesthetized normovolemic horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1991, 52:1611-1618.
140. Moore RM, Bertone AL, Muir WW Effect of highmolecular weight dextran macromolecules on low-flow ischemia and reperfusion of the large colon in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1996, 57:1067-1073.
141. Morris DD Thrombophlebitis in horses: The contribution of hemostatic dysfunction to pathogenesis. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 1989, 11:1386-1394.
142. Morris DD, Whitlock RH, Corbeil LB Endotoxemia in horses: protection provided by antiserum to core lipopolysaccharide. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1986, 47:544-550.
143. Moursi M, Rising CL, Zelenock GB, et al. Dextrose administration exacerbates acute renal ischemic damage in anesthetized dogs. Archives of Surgery 1987, 122:790-794.
144. Muylle E, Nuytten J, Van den Hende C, et al. Determination of red blood cell potassium content in horses with diarrhoea: a practical approach for therapy. Equine Veterinary Journal 1984, 16:450-452.
145. Nakashima K, Yamashita T, Kashiwagi S, et al. The effect of sodium bicarbonate on CBF and intracellular pH in man: stable Xe-CT and 31P-MRS. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica Supplementum 1996, 166:96-98.
146. Nearman HS, Herman ML Toxic effects of colloids in the intensive care unit. Critical Care Clinics 1991, 7:713-723.
147. Nohe B, Dieterich H-J, Eichner M, et al. Certain batches of albumin solutions influence the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Intensive Care Medicine 1999, 25:1381-1385.
148. Oftedal OT, Hintz HF, Schryver HF Lactation in the horse: milk composition and intake by foals. Journal of Nutrition 1983, 113:2096-2106.
149. O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Pediatrics 2002, 110:e51.
150. Okada Y, Klein NJ, van Saene HKF, et al. Bactericidal activity against coagulase-negative staphylococci is impaired in infants receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. Annals of Surgery 2000, 231:276-281.
151. Olerich MA, Rude RK Should we supplement magnesium in critically ill patients?. New Horizons 1994, 2:186-192.
152. Onarheim H Fluid shifts following 7% hypertonic saline (2400 mosmol/l) infusion. Shock 1995, 3:350-354.
153. Park YK, Monaco MH, Donovan SM Enteral insulinlike growth factor-1 augments intestinal disaccharidase activity in piglets receiving total parenteral nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 1999, 29:198-206.
154. Peano S, Reiner G, Carbonatto M, et al. Determination of the clearance factor for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agents during the manufacturing process of polygeline. Intensive Care Medicine 2000, 26:608-612.
155. Pedrick TP, Moon PF, Ludders JW, et al. The effects of equivalent doses of tromethamine or sodium bicarbonate in healthy horses. Veterinary Surgery 1998, 27:284-291.
156. Perkins GA, Divers TJ Polymerized hemoglobin therapy in a foal with neonatal isoerythrolysis. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2001, 11:141-146.
157. Perkins G, Valberg SJ, Madigan JM, et al. Electrolyte disturbances in foals with severe rhabdomyolysis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1998, 12:173-177.
158. Peterson B, Khanna S, Fisher B, et al. Prolonged hypernatremia controls elevated intracranial pressure in head-injured pediatric patients. Critical Care Medicine 2000, 28:1136-1143.
159. Poole-Wilson PA, Langer GA Effect of pH on ionic exchange and function in rat and rabbit myocardium. American Journal of Physiology 1975, 229:570-581.
160. Pulimood TB, Park GR Debate: albumin administration should be avoided in the critically ill. Critical Care 2000, 4:151-155.
161. Rackow EC, Astiz ME, Schumer W, et al. Lung and muscle water after crystalloid and colloid infusion in septic rats: effect on oxygen delivery and metabolism. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1989, 113:184-189.
162. Rackow EC, Weil MH, Macneil AR, et al. Effects of crystalloid and colloid fluids on extravascular lung water in hypoproteinemic dogs. Journal of Applied Physiology 1987, 62:2421-2425.
163. Ralston SL Clinical nutrition of adult horses. Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice 1990, 6:339-354.
164. Reifen R, Khoshoo V, Dinari G Effect of parenteral nutrition on oral intake. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 1999, 12:203-205.
165. Ring J, Messmer K Incidence and severity of anaphylactoid reactions to colloid volume substitutes. Lancet 1977, i:466-469.
166. Roberts JS, Bratton SL Colloid volume expanders. Problems, pitfalls and possibilities. Drugs 1998, 55:621-630.
167. Rose BD Introduction to disorders of potassium balance. Clinical physiology of acid-base and electrolyte disorders 1994, 763-775. McGraw Hill, New York. 4th edn. B.D. Rose (Ed.).
168. Rose RJ A physiological approach to fluid and electrolyte therapy in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 1981, 13:7-14.
169. Rothe KF, Schimek F Necrotic skin lesion following therapy of severe metabolic alkalosis. A case report. Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 1986, 37:137-139.
170. Rumbaugh GE, Carlson GO, Harrold D Clinicopathologic effects of rapid infusion of 5% sodium bicarbonate in 5% dextrose in the horse. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1981, 178:267-271.
171. Runk DT, Madigan JE, Rahal CJ, et al. Measurement of plasma colloid osmotic pressure in normal thoroughbred neonatal foals. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2000, 14:475-478.
172. Salem M, Munoz R, Chernow B Hypomagnesemia in critical illness. A common and clinically important problem. Critical Care Clinics 1991, 7:225-252.
173. Schaer M Disorders of serum potassium, sodium, magnesium and chloride. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 1999, 9:209-217.
174. Schierhout G, Roberts I Fluid resuscitation with colloid or crystalloid solutions in critically ill patients: a systematic review of randomised trials. British Medical Journal 1998, 316:961-964.
175. Schortgen F, Lacherade JC, Bruneel F, et al. Effects of hydroxyethylstarch and gelatin on renal function in severe sepsis: a multicentre randomised study. Lancet 2001, 357:911-916.
176. Schryver HF, Craig PH, Hintz HF, et al. The site of calcium absorption in the horse. Journal of Nutrition 1970, 100:1127-1131.
177. Seahorn TL, Cornick-Seahorn J Fluid therapy. Veterinary Clinics of North America Equine Practice 1994, 10:517-525.
178. Seldinger S Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography. Acta Radiologica 1953, 39:368-376.
179. Sestoft L, Bartels PD, Folke M Pathophysiology of metabolic acidosis: effect of low pH on the hepatic uptake of lactate, pyruvate and alanine. Clinical Physiology 1982, 2:51-58.
180. Sestoft L, Marshall MO Hepatic lactate uptake is enhanced by low pH at low lactate concentrations in perfused rat liver. Clinical Science 1986, 70:19-22.
181. Shoemaker WC Comparison of the relative effectiveness of whole blood transfusions and various types of fluid therapy in resuscitation. Critical Care Medicine 1976, 4:71-78.
182. Simma B, Burger R, Falk M, et al. A prospective, randomized, and controlled study of fluid management in children with severe head injury: lactated Ringer's solution versus hypertonic saline. Critical Care Medicine 1998, 26:1265-1270.
183. Sirtl C, Laubenthal H, Zumtobel V, et al. Tissue deposits of hydroxyethyl starch (HES): dose-dependent and time-related. British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999, 82:510-515.
184. Smale K, Anderson LS, Butler PJ An algorithm to describe the oxygen equilibrium curve for the thoroughbred racehorse. Equine Veterinary Journal 1994, 26:500-502.
185. Smith JE, Dever M, Smith J, et al. Post-transfusion survival of 50Cr-labeled erythrocytes in neonatal foals. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992, 6:183-185.
186. So KW, Fok TF, Ng PC, et al. Randomised controlled trial of colloid or crystalloid in hypotensive preterm infants. Archive of Diseases in Childhood 1997, 76:F43-F46.
187. Sosa León LA, Davie AJ, Hodgson DR, et al. The effects of tonicity, glucose concentration and temperature of an oral rehydration solution on its absorption and elimination. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 1995, 20:140-146.
188. Sosa León LA, Hodgson DR, Carlson GP, et al. Effects of concentrated electrolytes administered via a paste on fluid, electrolyte, and acid base balance in horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research 1998, 59:898-903.
189. Soucy DM, Rudé M, Hsia WC, et al. The effects of varying fluid volume and rate of resuscitation during uncontrolled hemorrhage. Journal of Trauma 1999, 46:209-215.
190. Spalding HK, Goodwin SR Fluid and electrolyte disorders in the critically ill. Seminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain 1999, 18:15-26.
191. Spier SJ, Lavoie JP, Cullor JS, et al. Protection against clinical endotoxemia in horses by using plasma containing antibody to an Rc mutant E coli (J5). Circulatory Shock 1989, 28:235-248.
192. Spuriock SL, Furr M Fluid therapy. Equine clinical neonatology 1990, 671-700. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. A.M. Koterba, W.H. Drummond, P.C. Kosch (Eds.).
193. Spuriock SL, Spuriock GH, Parker G Long-term jugular vein catheterization in horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1990, 196:425-430.
194. Spuriock SL, Ward MV Parenteral nutrition in equine patients: principles and theory. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian 1991, 13:461-490.
195. Starling EH On the absorption of fluids from the connective tissue spaces. Journal of Physiology 1896, 19:312-326.
196. Stone HO, Thompson HKJ, Schmidt-Nielsen K Influence of erythrocytes on blood viscosity. American Journal of Physiology 1968, 214:913-918.
197. Sutters M, Gaboury CL, Bennett WM Severe hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia: a dilemma inpatient management. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 1996, 7:2056-2061.
198. Svendsen CK, Hjortkjaer RK, Hesselholt M Colic in the horse. A clinical and clinical chemical study of 42 cases. Nordisk Veterinaermedicin 1979, 31:1-32. (suppl).
199. Swanson JT, Aldrete JA Thrombophlebitis after intravenous infusion. Factors affecting its incidence. Rocky Mountain Medical Journal 1989, 66:48-51.
200. Tasker JB Fluid and electrolyte studies in the horse III. Intake and output of water, sodium and potassium in normal horses. Cornell Veterinarian 1967, 57:649-657.
201. Taylor P Heat stroke, exhaustion and synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF). A guide to the management of emergencies at equine competitions. Equine Veterinary Journal (A British Equine Veterinary Association Manual) 1996, 102-113. Newmarket, UK. S. Dyson (Ed.).
202. Taylor PM Endocrine and metabolic responses to plasma volume expansion during halothane anesthesia in ponies. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1998, 21:485-490.
203. Tennant B, Lowe JE, Tasker JB Hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia in ponies following bilateral nephrectomy. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1981, 167:365-368.
204. Thomas NJ, Carcillo JA Hypovolemic shock in pediatric patients. New Horizons 1998, 6:120-129.
205. Thomas WP, Madigan JE, Backus KQ, et al. Systemic and pulmonary haemodynamics in normal neonatal foals. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility Supplement 1987, 35:623-628.
206. Thompson WL, Fukushima T, Rutherford Ft B, et al. Intravascular persistence, tissue storage, and excretion of hydroxyethyl starch. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics 1970, 131:965-972.
207. Todd JC, Mollitt DL Effect of sepsis on erythrocyte intracellular calcium homeostasis. Critical Care Medicine 1995, 23:459-465.
208. Traub-Dargatz JL, Dargatz DA A retrospective study of vein thrombosis in horses treated with intravenous fluids in a veterinary teaching hospital. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1994, 8:264-266.
209. Treib J, Baron JF, Grauer MT, et al. An international view of hydroxyethyl starches. Intensive Care Medicine 1999, 25:258-268.
210. Trotter GW, Miller D, Parks A, et al. Type II renal tubular acidosis in a mare. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1986, 188:1050-1051.
211. Tso EL, Barish RA Magnesium: clinical considerations. Journal of Emergency Medicine 1992, 10:735-745.
212. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. New England Journal of Medicine 2001, 345:1359-1367.
213. van der Poll T, Levi M, Braxton CC Parenteral nutrition facilitates activation of coagulation but not of fibrinolysis during human endotoxemia. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1998, 177:793-795.
214. Vaupshas HJ, Levy M Distribution of saline following acute volume loading: postural effects. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 1990, 13:165-177.
215. Velanovich V Crystalloid versus colloid fluid resuscitation: a meta-analysis of mortality. Surgery 1989, 105:65-71.
216. Vukmir RB, Bircher NG, Radovsky A, et al. Sodium bicarbonate may improve outcome in dogs with brief or prolonged cardiac arrest. Critical Care Medicine 1995, 23:515-522.
217. Walton RJ Effect of intravenous sodium lactate on renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate in man. Clinical Science 1979, 57:125-127.
218. Waterman A A review of the diagnosis and treatment of fluid and electrolyte disorders in the horse. Equine Veterinary Journal 1977, 9:43-48.
219. Webb AR Fluid management in intensive care: avoiding hypovolaemia. British Journal of Intensive Care 1997, 7:59-64.
220. Webb AR Crystalloid or colloid for resuscitation. Are we any the wiser?. Critical Care 1999, 3:R25-R28.
221. Webb AR, Moss RF, Tighe D, et al. A narrow range, medium molecular weight pentastarch reduces structural organ damage in a hyperdynamic porcine model of sepsis. Intensive Care Medicine 1992, 18:348-355.
222. Whitehair KJ, Haskins SC, Whitehair JG, et al. Clinical applications of quantitative acid-base chemistry. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1995, 9:1-11.
223. Wilkes MM, Navickis RJ Patient survival after human albumin administration. A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Annals of Internal Medicine 2001, 135:149-164.
224. Worthley L Hyperosmolar coma treated with intravenous sterile water. A study of three cases. Archives of Internal Medicine 1986, 146:945-947.
225. Yatani A, Fujino T, Kinoshita K, et al. Excess lactate modulates ionic currents and tension components in frog atrial muscle. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 1981, 13:147-161.
226. Yu M, Hasaniya NW, Takanishi DM, et al. High-volume vs. standard fluid therapy in a septic pig model. Impact on pulmonary function. Archives of Surgery 1997, 132:1111-1115.
227. Zadrobilek E, Hackl W, Sporn P, et al. Effect of large volume replacement with balanced electrolyte solutions on extravascular lung water in surgical patients with sepsis syndrome. Intensive Care Medicine 1989, 15:505-510.
228. Zaloga GP, Sager A, Black KW, et al. Low dose calcium administration increases mortality during septic peritonitis in rats. Circulatory Shock 1992, 37:226-229.
229. Ziemer EL, Parker HR, Carlson GP, et al. Clinical features and treatment of renal tubular acidosis in two horses. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1987, 190:294-296.
230. Zikria BA, King TC, Stanford J, et al. A biophysical approach to capillary permeability. Surgery 1989, 105:625-631.
231. Zikria BA, Subbarao C, Oz MC, et al. Macromolecules reduce abnormal microvascular permeability in rat limb ischemia-reperfusion injury. Critical Care Medicine 1989, 17:1306-1309.