Disease management - Constructing optimal NRTI-based combinations: Past, present, and future

MedGenMed Medscape General Medicine

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 2006, Pages

  Dieterich, Douglas T ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

3' FLUOROTHYMIDINE; 6 CHLORO 4 (2 CYCLOPROPYLVINYL) 3,4 DIHYDRO 4 TRIFLUOROMETHYL 2(1H) QUINAZOLINONE; ABACAVIR; ABACAVIR PLUS LAMIVUDINE; ABACAVIR PLUS LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; ALDOSTERONE SYNTHASE; AMDOXOVIR; AMPRENAVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CD4 ANTIGEN; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; EMTRICITABINE; EMTRICITABINE PLUS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; INDINAVIR; LAMIVUDINE; LAMIVUDINE PLUS ZIDOVUDINE; LOPINAVIR; NELFINAVIR; PROTEINASE; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; SAQUINAVIR; STAVUDINE; TENOFOVIR; UNINDEXED DRUG; VIRUS RNA; ZALCITABINE; ZIDOVUDINE;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; CELL COUNT; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG APPROVAL; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG HALF LIFE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STRUCTURE; DRUG SUBSTITUTION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; LIPOATROPHY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERIPHERAL BLOOD MONONUCLEAR CELL; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; UNITED STATES; VIROLOGY; VIRUS LOAD; VIRUS REPLICATION; DRUG COMBINATION; FORECASTING; METABOLISM; REVIEW;

ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; FORECASTING; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITORS;

EID: 32544454829     PISSN: 15310132     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-8-1-16     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Richman DD, Havlir D, Corbeil J, et al. Nevirapine resistance mutations of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 selected during therapy. J Virol. 1994;68:1660-1666. Abstract
2. US Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. October 6, 2005. Available at: http://AIDSinfo.nih.gov/guidelines Accessed December 6, 2005.
3. Fischl MA, Richman DD, Grieco MH, et al. The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1986;317:185-191.
4. Volberding PA, Lagakos SW, Koch MA, et al. Zidovudine in asymptomatic HIV infection. A controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:941-949. Abstract
5. Fischl MA, Parker CB, Pettinelli C, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a reduced daily dose of zidovudine in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med. 1990;323:1009-1014. Abstract
6. Abrams DI, Goldman AI, Launer C, et al. A comparative trial of didanosine or zalcitabine after treatment with zidovudine in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Terry Beirn Community Programs for Clinical Research on AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:657-662. Abstract
7. Torres G. Reappraising d4T. GMHC Treat Issues. 1995;9:10-12.
8. Bach MC. Failure of zidovudine to maintain remission in patients with AIDS. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:594-595.
9. Hamilton JD, Hartigan PM, Simberkoff MS, et al. A controlled trial of early versus late treatment with zidovudine in symptomatic HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:437-443. Abstract
10. [No authors listed.] Concorde: MRC/ANRS randomised double-blind controlled trial of immediate and deferred zidovudine in symptom-free HIV infection. Lancet. 1994;343:871-881. Abstract
11. Cooper DA, Gatell JM, Kroon S, et al. Zidovudine in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection and CD4 cell counts greater than 400 per cubic millimeter. The European-Australian Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:297-303. Abstract
12. Volberding PA, Lagakos SW, Grimes JM, et al. The duration of zidovudine benefit in persons with asymptomatic HIV infection. Prolonged evaluation of protocol 019 of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group. JAMA. 1994;272:437-442. Abstract
13. Kozal MJ, Kroodsma K, Winters MA, et al. Didanosine resistance in HIV-infected patients switched from zidovudine to didanosine monotherapy. Ann Intern Med. 1994;121:263-268. Abstract
14. Mcleod GX, Hammer SM. Treatment of HIV infection: the antiretroviral nucleoside analogues. Nucleoside analogues: combination therapy. Hosp Pract. 1992;27(suppl 2):14-25.
15. Collier AC, Coombs RW, Fischl MA, et al. Combination therapy with zidovudine and didanosine compared with zidovudine alone in HIV-1 infection. Ann Intern Med. 1993;119:786-793. Abstract
16. [No authors listed.] Delta: a randomised double-blind controlled trial comparing combinations of zidovudine plus didanosine or zalcitabine with zidovudine alone in HIV-infected individuals. Delta Coordinating Committee. Lancet. 1996;348:283-291. Abstract
17. Hammer SM, Katzenstein DA, Hughes MD, et al. A trial comparing nucleoside monotherapy with combination therapy in HIV-infected adults with CD4 cell counts from 200 to 500 per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1081-1090. Abstract
18. Saravolatz LD, Winslow DL, Collins G, et al. Zidovudine alone or in combination with didanosine or zalcitabine in HIV-infected patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or fewer than 200 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1099-1106. Abstract
19. Eron JJ, Benoit SL, MacArthur RD, et al. Treatment with lamivudine, zidovudine, or both in HIV-positive patients with 200 to 500 CD4 cells per cubic millimeter. North American HIV Working Party. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1662-1669. Abstract
20. Staszewski S, Loveday C, Picazo JJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine-zidovudine combination therapy in zidovudine experienced patients. A randomized controlled comparison with zidovudine monotherapy. Lamivudine European HIV Working Group. JAMA. 1996;276:111-117. Abstract
21. Katlama C, Ingrand D, Loveday C, et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine-zidovudine combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients. A randomized controlled comparison with zidovudine monotherapy. Lamivudine European HIV Working Group. JAMA. 1996;276:118-125. Abstract
22. D'Aquila RT, Hughes MD, Johnson VA, et al. Nevirapine, zidovudine, and didanosine compared with zidovudine and didanosine in patients with HIV-1 infection. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 241 Investigators. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:1019-1030. Abstract
23. Cameron DW, Heath-Chiozzi M, Danner S, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of ritonavir in advanced HIV-1 disease. The Advanced HIV Disease Ritonavir Study Group. Lancet 1998;351:536-537. Abstract
24. Hogg RS, Rhone SA, Yip B, et al. Antiviral effect of double and triple drug combinations amongst HIV-infected adults: lessons from the implementation of viral load-driven antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 1998;12:279-284. Abstract
25. Saez-Llorens X, Nelson RP Jr, Emmanuel P, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of triple nucleoside therapy of abacavir, lamivudine, and zidovudine versus lamivudine and zidovudine in previously treated human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. The CNAA3006 Study Team. Pediatrics. 2001;107:E4.
26. Gallant JE, Staszewski S, Pozniak AL, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir DF vs stavudine in combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients: a 3-year randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292(2):191-201.
27. Cahn P. Emtricitabine: a new nucleoside analogue for once-daily antiretroviral therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;13:55-68. Abstract
28. Benson CA, van der Horst C, Lamarca A, et al. A randomized study of emtricitabine and lamivudine in stably suppressed patients with HIV. AIDS. 2004;18:2269-2276. Abstract
29. Egger M, Hirschel B, Francioli P, et al. Impact of new antiretroviral combination therapies in HIV infected patients in Switzerland: prospective multicentre study. Swiss HIV cohort study. BMJ. 1997;315:1194-1199. Abstract
30. Hammer SM, Squires KE, Hughes MD, et al. A controlled trial of two nucleoside analogues plus indinavir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection and CD4 cell counts of 200 per cubic millimeter or less. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 320 Study Team. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:725-753. Abstract
31. Mocroft A, Vella S, Benfield TL, et al. Changing patterns of mortality across Europe in patients infected with HIV-1. EuroSIDA Study Group. Lancet. 1998;352:1725-1730. Abstract
32. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1725-1730.
33. Montaner JS, Reiss P, Cooper D, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial comparing combinations of nevirapine, didanosine, and zidovudine for HIV-infected patients: the INCAS Trial. Italy, the Netherlands, Canada and Australia Study. JAMA. 1998;279:930-937. Abstract
34. Clavel F, Hance AJ. HIV drug resistance. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1023-1035. Abstract
35. Volberding PA. Initiating HIV therapy: timing is critical, controversial. Postgrad Med. 2004;115:15-26.
36. Yazdanpanah Y, Sissoko D, Egger M, et al. Clinical efficacy of antiretroviral combination therapy based on protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors: indirect comparison of controlled trials. BMJ. 2004;328:249. Epub 2004 Jan 23. Abstract
37. Phillips AN, Katlama C, Barton S, et al. Survival in 2367 zidovudine-treated patients according to use of other nucleoside analogue drugs. The EuroSIDA Study Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998;17:239-244. Abstract
38. Molina JM, Chene G, Ferchal F, et al. The ALBI trial: a randomized controlled trial comparing stavudine plus didanosine with zidovudine plus lamivudine and a regimen alternating both combinations in previously untreated patients with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 1999;180:351-358. Abstract
39. Robbins GK, De Gruttola V, Shafer RW, et al. Comparison of sequential three-drug regimens as initial therapy for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2293-2303. Abstract
40. Shafer RW, Smeaton LM, Robbins GK, et al. Comparison of four-drug regimens and pairs of sequential three-drug regimens as initial therapy for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:2304-2315. Abstract
41. Skolnik PR. Comparison of regimens as initial therapy for HIV. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1053-1054. Abstract
42. Rabaud C, Burty C, Truchetet F, et al. Tolerability of post-exposure zidovudine/lamivudine + lopinavir/ritonavir prophylaxis of HIV infection. Program and abstracts of the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 27-30, 2002; San Diego, California. Abstract H-177.
43. A Simplified Kaletra[R] (Lopinavir/Ritonavir)-Based Therapy Versus a Sustiva[R] (Efavirenz)-Based Standard of Care in Previously Non-Treated HIV-Infected Subjects. Available at: www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/NCT00075231?oredr=16 Accessed December 8, 2005.
44. Manfredi R, Calza L, Chiodo F. First-line efavirenz versus lopinavir-ritonavir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy for naive patients. AIDS 2004;18:2331-2333.
45. Arribas J, Staszewski S, Nelson M, et al. Three-year durability of response with an efavirenz (EFV)-containing regimen: 144-week follow-up of study 006. Program and abstracts of the 11th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases; April 1, 2001; Istanbul, Turkey. Abstract 043.
46. Gulick R, Mellors J, Havlir D, et al. Treatment with IDV ZDV and 3TC: Three year follow-up. Program and abstracts of the 6th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; January 31-February 4, 1999; Chicago, Illinois. Abstract 388.
47. Jordan J, Cahn P, Vibhagool A, for the CNA3014 Study Team. Predictors of adherence and efficacy in HIV-1-infected patients treated with abacavir/ Combivir (ABC/COM) or indinavir/Combivir (IDV/COM): Final 48-week data from CNA3014. Program and abstracts of the 9th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 24-28, 2002; Seattle, Washington. Poster 543T.
48. Feinberg J. Meeting notes from the 2nd Annual LAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment. Trizivir vs. efavirenz: results from ACTG 5095. AIDS Clin Care. 2003;15:78-79.
49. Bartlett JA, Johnson J, Herrera G, et al. Abacavir/lamivudine (ABC/3TC) in combination with efavirenz (NNRTI), amprenavir/ritonavir (PI) or stavudine (NRTI): ESS40001 (CLASS) preliminary 48 week results. Program and abstracts of the XIV International AIDS Conference; July 7-12, 2002; Barcelona, Spain. Abstract TuOrB1189.
50. Farthing C, Khanlou H, Yeh V. Early virologic failure in a pilot study evaluating the efficacy of once daily abacavir (ABC), lamivudine (3TC) and tenofovir DF (TDF) in treatment naive HIV-infected patients. Program and abstracts of the 2nd IAS Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment; July 13-16, 2003; Paris, France. Abstract 43.
51. Toole J. High Viral Failure Rate for ddI+3TC+Tenofovir: FDA Announces Dear Doctor Letter from Gilead Sciences. October 14, 2003. Available at: www.natap.org/2003/oct/101503_5.htm Accessed September 28, 2005.
52. Raffi F. Maximizing the effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy: is there a role for quadruple regimens? Adv Studies Nurs. 2002;2:827-831.
53. Gallant JE, Gerondelis PZ, Wainberg MA, et al. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors: a clinical review of antiretroviral resistance. Antivir Ther. 2003;8:489-506. Abstract
54. Nijhuis M, Schuurman R, de Jong D, et al. Lamivudine-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants (184V) require multiple amino acid changes to become co-resistant to zidovudine in vivo. J Infect Dis. 1997;176:398-405. Abstract
55. Ross L, Danehower S, Johnson M, et al. Stavudine-based combination and monotherapy selects for zidovudine resistance HIV-1 mutations in zidovudine-naive adults and in pediatric patients. Antivir Ther. 1999;4(suppl 1):79. Abstract 115.
56. Ross LL, Johnson M, Hernandez J, et al. d4T-based combination therapy selects for 'ZDV like' HIV-1 resistance mutations in ZDV-naive adult patients. Program and abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy; September 26-29, 1999; San Francisco, California. Abstract 429.
57. Kuritzkes DR, Bassett RL, Young RK, et al, for the ACTG 306 and 370 Protocol Teams. Rate of emergence of thymidine analogue resistance mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase selected by stavudine or zidovudine-based regimens in treatment-naive patients. Antivir Ther. 2002;7:S12. Abstract 14.
58. Sarmati L, Nicastro E, Parisi SG, et al. Failure of stavudine-lamivudine combination therapy in antiretroviral-naive patients with AZT-like HIV-1 resistance mutations. J Med Virol. 2001;65:631-636. Abstract
59. Ruiz L, Tural C, Holtzer C, et al. Prevalence of zidovudine and lamivudine resistance-related mutation in the absence of active zidovudine or lamivudine use in a large, multi-centered comparative trial of genotyping and standard of care - the Havanna Trial. Antivir Ther. 2000;5(suppl 3):44.
60. Hernandez JE, Scarsella A, Kaiser J, et al. Reverse transcriptase (RT) mutation pattern from ZDV-naive subjects failing d4T-containing regimens. Program and abstracts of the XIII International AIDS Conference; July 9-14, 2000; Durban, South Africa. Abstract TuPeA3104.
61. Stone C, Ait-Khaled M, Craig C, Tisdale M. HIV-1 reverse transcriptase mutations identified by in vitro selection with tenofovir (TDF) ± abacavir and tenofovir ± lamivudine. Antivir Ther. 2002;7:S37. Abstract 44.
62. Pillay D, Walker AS, Gibb DM, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes on virologic response and emergence of drug resistance among children in the Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS (PENTA) 5 trial. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:617-625. Abstract
63. Gibb DM, Walker AS, Kaye S, et al. Evolution of antiretroviral phenotypic and genotypic drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 infected children treated with abacavir/lamivudine, zidovudine/ lamivudine or abacavir/zidovudine, with or without nelfinavir (The PENTA 5 Trial). Antivir Ther. 2002;7:293-303. Abstract
64. Joly V, Descamps D, Yeni P. NNRTI plus PI combinations in the perspective of nucleoside-sparing or nucleoside-failing antiretroviral regimens. AIDS Rev. 2002;4:128-139. Abstract
65. Joly V, Flandre P, Meiffredy V, et al. Increased risk of lipoatrophy under stavudine in HIV-1-infected patients: results of a substudy from a comparative trial. AIDS. 2002;16:2447-2454. Abstract
66. McComsey GA, Ward DJ, Hessenthaler SM, et al. Improvement in lipoatrophy associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients switched from stavudine to abacavir or zidovudine: the results of the TARHEEL study. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:263-270. Abstract
67. John M, McKinnon EJ, James IR, et al. Randomized, controlled, 48-week study of switching stavudine and/or protease inhibitors to Combivir/ abacavir to prevent or reverse lipoatrophy in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003;33:29-33. Abstract
68. Powderly W, Cahn P, Raffi F, et al. Lipid abnormalities and body habitus profile in a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial comparing emtricitabine (FTC) to stavudine (d4T) in HIV-1 ART-naive patients. Program and abstracts of the 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; February 8-11, 2004; San Francisco, California. Poster 717.
69. Peyriere H, Reynes J, Rouanet I, et al. Renal tubular dysfunction associated with tenofovir therapy: Report of 7 cases. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35:269-273. Abstract
70. Murphy MD, O'Hearn M, Chou S. Fatal lactic acidosis and acute renal failure after addition of tenofovir to an antiretroviral regimen containing didanosine. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1082-1085. Abstract
71. Karras A, Lafaurie M, Bourgarit A, et al. Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: three cases of renal failure, Fanconi syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:1070-1073. Abstract
72. Coca S, Perazella MA. Rapid communication: acute renal failure associated with tenofovir: evidence of drug-induced nephrotoxicity. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:e174-176. Abstract
73. Verhelst D, Monge M, Meynard JL, et al. Fanconi syndrome and renal failure induced by tenofovir: a first case report. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;40:1331-1333. Abstract
74. Jordan W, Jefferson R, Yemofio F, et al. Nevirapine (NVP) + efavirenz (EFV) + didanosine (ddI): a very simple, safe, and effective once-daily regimen. Program and abstracts of the XIII International AIDS Conference; July 9-14, 2000; Durban, South Africa. Abstract TuPeB3207.
75. Maggiolo F, Migliorino M, Caprioli S. Once-a-day therapy for HIV infection. Program and abstracts of the XIII International AIDS Conference; July 9-14, 2000; Durban, South Africa. Abstract TuPp1167.
76. Jordan J, Carranza-Rosenzweig J, Pathak D, Pilon T. Perceived influence of regimen characteristics on adherence. Program and abstracts of the 5th International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection; October 22-26, 2000; Glasgow, United Kingdom. Abstract 121.
77. Proenca P, Sa J, Xavier A, et al. Once daily therapy with nevirapine (Nev) / didanosine (ddI) / lamivudine (3TC) in a non adherent population. Program and abstracts of the XIII International AIDS Conference; July 9-14, 2000; Durban, South Africa. Abstract TuPeB3231.
78. Lalezari JP, Henry K, O'Hearn M, et al. Enfuvirtide, an HIV-1 fusion inhibitor, for drug-resistant HIV infection n North and South America. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2175-2185. Abstract
79. Lazzarin A, Clotet B, Cooper D, et al. Efficacy of enfuvirtide in patients infected with drug-resistant HIV-1 in Europe and Australia. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:2186-2195. Abstract