Analysis of the relationship between total cholesterol, age, body mass index among males and females in the WHO MONICA Project

International Journal of Obesity

Volumn 28, Issue 8, 2004, Pages 1082-1090

  Gostynski, M ^a   Gutzwiller, F ^a   Kuulasmaa, K ^b   Doring A ^c   Ferrario, M ^d   Grafnetter, D ^e   Pajak, A ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Finland)

^c INSTITUTE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF INSUBRIA   (Italy)

^e INSTITUTE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE   (Czech Republic)

^f JAGIELLONIAN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (Poland)

Author keywords

Age; Body mass index; Cholesterol; Gender; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL;

ADULT; AGE; BODY HEIGHT; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBESITY; POPULATION RESEARCH; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; REVIEW; RISK; SEX DIFFERENCE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ADULT; AGING; BODY MASS INDEX; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EUROPE; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK;

EID: 3242888006     PISSN: 03070565     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802714     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. La Vecchia C, Levi F, Lucchini F, Negri E. Trends in mortality from major diseases in Europe. Eur J Epidemiol 1998; 14: 1-8.
2. Tunstall-Pedoe H, Kuulasmaa K, Mähonen M, Tolonen H, Ruokokoski E, Amouyel P, for the WHO MONICA Project. Contribution of trends in survival and coronary-event rates to changes in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37 WHO MONICA Project populations. Lancet 1999; 353: 1547-1557.
3. Grundy SM. Cholesterol and coronary heart disease. The 21st century. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1177-1184.
4. Borgia M, Medici F. Perspective in the treatment of dyslipidemias in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Angiology 1998; 49: 339-348.
5. Kromhout D. Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in Europe. Public Health Nutr 2001; 4: 441-457.
6. The Lipid Reaserch Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee. Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American populations: The Lipid Reaserch Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1979; 60: 427-439.
7. Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H. The Munster Heart Study (PROCAM). Results of follow-up at 8 years. Eur Heart J 1998; 19 (Suppl A): A2-A11.
8. Verschuren WM, Boerma GJ, Kromhout D. Total and HDL-cholesterol in The Netherlands: 1987-1992. Levels and changes over time in relation to age, gender and educational level. Int J Epidemiol 1994; 23: 948-956.
9. Wenger N. Coronary risk reduction in the menopausal women. Rev Port Cardiol 1999; 18 (Suppl III): 39-47.
10. Lamon-Fava S, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ. Impact of body mass index on coronary heart disease risk factors in men and women. The Framingham Offspring Study. Arterioscler Thromb Biol 1996; 16: 1509-1515.
11. Brown C, Higgins M, Donato K, Rohde F, Garrison R, Obarzanek E, Ernst N, Horan M. Body mass index and the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia. Obes Res 2000; 8: 605-619.
12. Alexander J. Obesity and coronary heart disease. Am J Med Sci 2001; 321: 215-224.
13. Walton C, Lees B, Crook D, Worthington M, Godsland IF, Stevenson JC. Body fat distribution, rather than overall adiposity, influences serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy men independently of age. Am J Med 1995; 99: 459-464.
14. Katzel L, MJ B-W, Goldberg AP. Adverse effects of abdominal obesity on lipoprotein lipids in healthy older men. Exp Gerontol 1993; 28: 411-420.
15. Zamboni M, Armellini F, Cominacini L, Turcato E, Todesco T, Bissoli L, Micciolo R, Bergamo-Andreis I, Bosello O. Obesity and regional body-fat distribution in men: separate and joint relationships to glucose tolerance and plasma lipoproteins. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 682-687.
16. Perry AC, Applegate EB, Allison ML, Miller PC, Signorile JF. Relation between anthropometric measures of fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight pre- and postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 829-836.
17. Leiss O. Hypercholesterinämia. DMW 2001; 126: 704-705.
18. Schulte H, Cullen P, Assmann G. Obesity, mortality and cardiovascular disease in the Münster Heart Study (PROCAM). Atherosclerosis 1998; 144: 199-209.
19. WHO MONICA Project. WHO MONICA project: objectives and design. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18 (Suppl): S29-S37.
20. Anonymous. WHO MONICA Project. MONICA Manual, 1998-1999. Available: http://www.ktl.fi/publications/monica/manual/ index.htm.
21. Wolf H, Kuulasmaa K, Tolonen H, Ruokokoski E, for the WHO MONICA Project. Participations rates, quality of sampling frames and sampling fractions in the MONICA Surveys, 1998, Available: http://www.ktl.fi/publications/monica/nonres/ nonres.htm.
22. Döring A, Pajak A, Ferrario M, Grafnetter D, Kuulasmaa K, for the WHO MONICA Project. Methods of total cholesterol measurement in the baseline survey of the WHO MONICA Project. Rev Epidém et Santé Publi 1990; 38: 455-461.
23. Ferrario M, Kuulasmaa K, Grafnetter D, Molchanov V, for the WHO MONICA Project. Quality assessment of total cholesterol measurements in the WHO MONICA Project, 1999. Available: http://www.ktl.fi/publications/monica/tchol/tcholqa. htm.
24. Martin M, Hulley S, Browner W, Kuller L, Wentworth D. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and mortality: implications from a cohort of 361 662 men. Lancet 1986; 2: 933-936.
25. Molarius A, Kuulasmaa K, Sans S, Virman-Ojanen T, for the WHO MONICA Project. Quality assessment of weight and height measurements in the WHO MONICA Project, 1997. Available: http://www.ktl.fi/publications/monica/bmi/bmiqa20.htm.
26. WHO Expert Committee. Physical status: the use and interpretation of anthropometry, Geneva. WHO Technical Report Series no. 854; 1995.
27. Kuulasmaa K, Tolonen H, Ferrario M, Ruokokoski E, for the WHO MONICA Project. Age, Date of Examination and Survey Periods in the MONICA Surveys, 1998, Available: http://www.ktl.fi/ publications/monica/age/ageqa.htm.
28. SPSS. Base 9.0 Reference Guide. 9th edn. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.; 1999.
29. Zamboni M, Armellini F, Harris T, Turcato E, Micciolo R, Bergamo AI, Bosello O. Effects of age on body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in women. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 111-115.
30. Wietlisbach V, Paccaud F, Rickenbach M, Gutzwiller F. Trends in Cardiovascular Risk Factors (1984-1993) in a Swiss Region: Results of the Three Population Surveys. Prev Med 1997; 26: 523-533.
31. Grundy S, Vega G, Bilheimer D. Kinetic mechanism determining variability in low density lipoprotein levels and rise with age. Arteriosclerosis 1985; 5: 623-630.
32. Werner G, Sareen D. Serum cholesterol levels in the population of Punjab in north west India. Am J Clin Nutr 1978; 31: 1479-1483.
33. Mendez J, Tejada C, Flores M. Serum lipid levels among rural Guatamalan Indians. Am J Clin Nutr 1962; 10: 403-409.
34. McMurry M, Connor W, Cerqueira M. Dietary cholesterol and the plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Tarahumara Indians: a people habituated to a low cholesterol diet after weaning. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 35: 741-744.
35. Jousilahti P, Vartiainen E, Tuomilehto J, Puska P. Twenty-year dynamics of serum cholesterol levels in the middle-aged population of Eastern Finland. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 713-722.
36. Wolf C, Tanner M. Obesity. WJM 2002; 176: 23-28.
37. Hu D, Hannah R, Gray S, Jablonski K, Herderson J, Robbins D, Lee E, Welty T, Howard B. Effects of obesity and body fat distribution on lipids and lipoproteins in nondiabetic American Indians: The Strong Heart Study. Obes Res 2000; 8: 411-421.
38. Kromhout D, Menotti A, Kesteloot H, Sans S. Prevention of coronary heart disease by diet and lifestyle. Evidence from prospective cross-cultural, cohort and intervention studies. Circulation 2002; 105: 893-898.
39. Paragh G, Balogh Z, Szabolcs M, Szabo J, Csapo K, Foris G. Disturbed regulation of cholesterol synthesis in monocytes of obese patients with hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism 2003; 52: 1-6.
40. Diraison F, Dusserre E, Vidai H, Sothier M, Beylot M. Increased hepatic lipogenesis but decreased expression of lipogenic gene in adipose tissue in human obesity. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 282: E46-E51.
41. Dietz W. Health consequences of obesity in youth: childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics 1998; 101: 518-525.
42. Eberle E, Döring A, Keil U. Weight change and change of total cholesterol and high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Results of the MONICA Augsburg Cohort Study. Ann Epidemiol 1991; 1: 487-492.
43. Tanaka K, Kodama H, Sasazuki S, Yoshimasu K, Liu Y, Washio M, Tokunaga S, Kono S, Arai H, Koyanagi S, Hiyamuta K, Doi Y, Kawano T, Nakagaki O, Takada K, Nii T, Shirai K, Ideishi M, Arakawa K, Mohri M, Takeshita A. Obesity, body fat distribution and coronary atherosclerosis among Japanese men and women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 191-197.
44. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogren/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA 1995; 273: 199-208.
45. Stevenson J, Crook D, Godsland I. Influence of age and menopause on serum lipids and lipoproteins in healthy women. Atherosclerosis 1993; 98: 83-90.
46. Ley C, Lees B, Stevenson J. Sex- and menopause-associated changes in body-fat distribution. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 950-954.
47. Blümel J, Castelo-Branco C, Rocangliolo M, Bifa L, Tacla X, Mamani L. Changes in body mass index around menopause: a population study of Chilean woman. Menopause 2001; 8: 239-244.
48. Trémollières F, Pouilles J, Cauneille C, Ribot C. Coronary heart disease risk factors and menopause: a study in 1684 French women. Atherosclerosis 1999; 142: 415-423.
49. Denke M. Connections between obesity and dyslipidaemia. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001; 12: 625-628.
50. Oshaug A, Bugge K, Bjonnes C, Ryg M. Use of anthropometric measurements in assessing risk for coronary heart disease: useful tool in worksite health screening? Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1995; 67: 359-366.
51. Kissebach A, Krakower G. Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 761-811.
52. Bjorntorp P. The associations between obesity, adipose tissue distribution and disease. Acta Med Scand 1988; 723 (Suppl): 121-134.
53. Jakicic JM, Donnelly JE, Jawad AF, Jacobsen DJ, Gunderson SC, Pascale R. Association between blood lipids and different measures of body fat distribution: effects of BM1 and age. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1993; 17: 131-137.
54. Molarius A, Seidell J, Sans S, Tuomiletho J, Kuulasmaa K, for the WHO MONICA Project. Waist and hip circumferences, and waist-hip ratio in 19 populations of the WHO MONICA Project. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 116-125.