Body mass index and the prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidemia

Obesity Research

Volumn 8, Issue 9, 2000, Pages 605-619

  Brown, Clarice D ^a   Higgins, Millicent ^b   Donato, Karen A ^c   Rohde, Frederick C ^c   Garrison, Robert ^d   Obarzanek, Eva ^c   Ernst, Nancy D ^c   Horan, Michael ^c  

^a CODA Research ^*  (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^c NATIONAL HEART LUNG AND BLOOD INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d JACKSON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Blood cholesterol; Blood pressure; High density lipoprotein cholesterol; Obesity; Overweight

Indexed keywords

CHOLESTEROL; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LIPID;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; BLOOD; BODY MASS; CAUCASIAN; FEMALE; HISPANIC; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RISK; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGE FACTORS; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; BODY MASS INDEX; CHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERLIPIDEMIAS; HYPERTENSION; LIPIDS; MALE; MEXICAN AMERICANS; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITION SURVEYS; OBESITY; ODDS RATIO; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0034568976     PISSN: 10717323     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/oby.2000.79     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP. Obesity as an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1983;67:968-77.
2. Van Itallie T. Health implications of overweight and obesity in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103:983-8.
3. Higgins M, Kannel W, Garrison R, Pinsky J, Stokes J. Hazards of obesity: the Framingham experience. Acta Med Scand Suppl. 1988;723:23-6.
4. Pi-Sunyer FX. Health implications of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;53:1595S-1603S.
5. Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. Body weight and mortality among women. N Engl J Med. 1995;333: 677-85.
6. Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:882-9.
7. Stamler J. Epidemiologic findings on body mass and blood pressure in adults. Ann Epidemiol. 1991;1:347-62.
8. MacMahon S, Cutler J, Brittian E, Higgins M. Obesity and hypertension: epidemiological and clinical issues. Eur Heart J. 1987;8:57-70.
9. Roccella EJ, Burt V, Horan MJ, Cutler J. Changes in hypertension awareness, treatment, and control rates: 20-year trend data. Ann Epidemiol. 1993;3:547-9.
10. Witteman JC, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, et al. A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among US women. Circulation. 1989;80:1320-7.
11. Keys A, ed. Coronary heart disease in seven countries. Circulation. 1970;41(Suppl 1):1-211.
12. Gillum RF, Taylor HL, Brozek J, Polansky P, Blackburn H. Indices of obesity and blood pressure in young men followed 32 years. J Chronic Dis. 1982;35:211-9.
13. Denke MA, Sempos CT, Grundy SM. Excess body weight: an under-recognized contributor to dyslipidemia in white American women. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:401-10.
14. Denke MA, Sempos CT, Grundy SM. Excess body weight: an underrecognized contributor to high blood cholesterol levels in white American men. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1093-103.
15. Montoye HJ, Epstein FH, Kjelsberg MO. Relationship between serum cholesterol and body fatness: an epidemiological study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1966;18:397-406.
16. Jacobs DR, Burke GL, Liu K, et. al. Relationships of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with age and other factors: a cross-sectional analysis of the CARDIA Study. Am Clin Res. 1988;70:32-8.
17. Morrison JA, Payne G, Barton BA, Khoury PR, Crawford P. Mother-daughter correlations of obesity and cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white households: the NHLBI Growth and Health Study. Am J Public Health. 1994;84:1761-7.
18. Birmingham B, Dyer AR, Shekelle RB, Stamler J. Subscapular and triceps skinfold thickness, body mass index, and cardiovascular risk factors in a cohort of middle-aged employed men. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46:289-302.
19. Must A, Spadano J, Coakley EH, Field AE, Colditz G, Dietz WH. The disease burden associated with overweight and obesity. JAMA. 1999;282:1523-9.
20. Calle EE, Thun J, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez G, Heath CW Jr. Body mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1097-105.
21. Kuczmarski RJ, Flegal KM, Campbell SM, Johnson CL. Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960 to 1991. JAMA. 1994;272:205-11.
22. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA. 1999;282:1519-22.
23. National Center for Health Statistics. Health. United States. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1998.
24. Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Manson JE, Stevens J, Vanltallie TB. Annual deaths attributable to obesity in the United States. JAMA. 1999;282:1530-8.
25. Burt VL, Welton P, Roccella EJ, et al. Prevalence of hypertension in the US adult population. Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Hypertension. 1995;25:305-13.
26. Burt VL, Colter JA, Higgins M, et al. Trends in the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the adult US population. Data from the health examination surveys, 1960 to 1991. Hypertension. 1995;26:60-9.
27. Johnson CL, Rifkind BM, Sempos CT, et al. Declining serum total cholesterol levels among US adults. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. JAMA. 1993;269: 3002-8.
28. Sempos CT, Cleeman JI, Carroll MD, et al. Prevalence of high blood cholesterol among adults. An update based on guidelines from the second report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel. JAMA. 1993;269: 3009-14.
29. Troiano RP, Flegal KM, Kuczmarski RJ, et al. Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. 1963 to 1991. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1995;149:1085-91.
30. Dittus KL, Beerman KA, Schneckenburger CA. A comparison of three anthropometric measurement classifications for assessing body weight. Top Clin Nutr. 1995;10:58-66.
31. Weigley ES. The body mass index in clinical practice. Top Clin Nutr. 1994;9:70-5.
32. National Institutes of Health. Clinical Guidelines on the Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults: Evidence Report. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 1998, Publication no. 98-4083.
33. Ezzati TM, Massey JT, Waksburg J, Chu A, Maurer KR. Sample design: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Vital Health Stat 2. 1992;113:1-35.
34. National Center for Health Statistics. Plan and operation of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Series 1: programs and collection procedures. Vital Health Stat 1. 1994;32:1-407.
35. World Health Organization. Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of the WHO Consultation on Obesity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1998.
36. National Research Council. Committee on Diet and Health. Implications for Reducing Chronic Disease Risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1989.
37. World Health Organization. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Geneva: World Health Organization, Technical Report Series; 1995;854:1-452.
38. United States Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Information Center. Nutrition and Your Health: Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office; 1995.
39. Sichieri R, Everhart JE, Hubbard VS. Relative weight classifications in the assessment of underweight and overweight in the United States. Int J Obes. 1992;16:303-12.
40. National High Blood Pressure Education Program. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health; 1997, Publication no. 98-4080.
41. National Cholesterol Education Program. Second Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. (Adult Treatment Panel II). Circulation. 1994;89:1333-445.
42. National Center for Health Statistics. Analytic and reporting guidelines. In: NHANES III. Reference Manuals and Reports. [CD-ROM]. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 1996.
43. Shah BV, Barnwell BG, Hunt PN, Nileen P, LaVange LM. SUDAAN User's Manual, Release 5.50. Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute; 1991.
44. Albanes D, Jones Y, Micozzi MS, Mattson ME. Associations between smoking and body weight in the US population: analysis of NHANES II. Am J Public Health. 1987;77: 439-44.
45. Garrison RJ, Kannel WB, Feinleib M, Castelli WP, McNamara PM, Padgett SJ. Cigarette smoking and HDL cholesterol: the Framingham offspring study. Atherosclerosis. 1978;30:17-25.
46. Willett WC, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, et al. Weight, weight change, and coronary heart disease in women: risk within the "normal" weight range. JAMA. 1995;273:461-5.
47. Cutler J. Randomized clinical trials of weight reduction in nonhypertensive persons. Ann Epidemiol. 1991;1:363-70.
48. Trials of Hypertension Prevention Collaborative Group. The effects of nonpharmacologic interventions on blood pressure of persons with high normal levels. Results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, Phase I. JAMA. 1992;267: 1213-20.
49. Davis BR, Blauxfox MD, Oberman A, et al. Reduction in long-term antihypertensive medication requirements. Effects of weight reduction by dietary intervention in overweight persons with hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153: 1773-82.
50. Applegate WB, Miller ST, Zelam JT, et al. Nonpharmacologic intervention to reduce blood pressure in older patients with mild hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1162-6.
51. Grundy SM, Denke MA. Dietary influences on serum lipids and lipoproteins. J Lipid Res. 1990;31:1149-72.
52. Caggiula AW, Christakis G, Farrand M, et al. The multiple risk intervention trial (MRFIT). IV. Intervention on blood lipids. Prev Med. 1981;10:443-75.
53. Dattilo AM, Kris-Etherton PM. Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992;56:320-8.
54. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Williams PT, Haskell WL. The effects on plasma lipoproteins of a prudent weight-reducing diet with or without exercise, in overweight men and women. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:461-6.
55. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Dreon DM, et al. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1173-9.
56. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Daily dietary fat and total food-energy intakes: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1994;43:116-7.
57. Ernst ND, Sempos CT, Briefel RR, Clark MB. Consistency between US dietary fat intake and serum total cholesterol concentrations: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(Suppl 4):965S-72S.
58. Schucker B, Wittes JT, Santanello NC, et al. Change in cholesterol awareness and action. Results from national and public surveys. Arch Intern Med. 1991;151:666-73.
59. Briefel RR, McDowell MA, Alaimo K, et al. Total energy intake of the US population: the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1991. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995:62(Suppl 4):1072S-80S.
60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of sedentary lifestyle: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993;42:576-9.
61. Ernst ND, Obarzanek E, Clark MB, Briefel RR, Brown CD, Donato K. Cardiovascular health risks related to overweight. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97:S47-51.
62. Williamson DF, Madans J, Anda RF, Kleinman JC, Gavin GA, Byers T. Smoking cessation and severity of weight gain in a national cohort. N Engl J Med. 1991;324: 739-45.
63. Flegal KM, Troiano R, Pamuck E, Kuczmarski R, Campbell S. The influence of smoking cessation on the prevalence of overweight in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1995;333:1165-70.
64. Bjorntorp P. Visceral obesity: a "civilization syndrome." Obes Res. 1993;1:206-22.
65. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122:481-6.