Apoptosis: Escaping strategies in human skin cancer (Review)

Oncology Reports

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 401-405

  Giannetti, Luca ^a   Consolo, Ugo ^a   Magnoni, Cristina ^b   Lo Muzio, Lorenzo ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Apoptosis; bcl 2; IAP; PTCH1 gene; Skin cancers; TP53

Indexed keywords

APOPTOSIS; DISEASE COURSE; GENETICS; HUMAN; MUTATION; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; SKIN TUMOR; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

APOPTOSIS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; GENES, P53; HUMANS; MUTATION; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 3242813156     PISSN: 1021335X     EISSN: 17912431     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3892/or.11.2.401     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH and Currie AR: Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26: 239-257, 1972.
2. Wyllie AH, Kerr JF and Currie AR: Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 68: 251-306, 1980. (Pubitemid 11219226)
3. Nagata S: Apoptosis: telling cells their time is up. Curr Biol 6: 1241-1243, 1996.
4. Hanahan D and Weinberg RA: The hallmarks of cancer. Cell 100: 57-70, 2000. (Pubitemid 30046295)
5. Bagheri MM and Safai B: Cutaneous malignancies of keratinocytic origin. Clin Dermatol 19: 244-252, 2001. (Pubitemid 32672889)
6. Asada M, Schaart FM, De Almeida HL Jr, et al: Solid basal cell epithelioma (BCE) possibly originates from the outer root sheath of the hair follicle. Acta Derm Venereol 73: 286-292, 1993. (Pubitemid 23282976)
7. Jemal A, Devesa SS, Hartge P and Tucker MA: Recent trends in cutaneous melanoma incidence among whites in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 93: 678-683, 2001. (Pubitemid 32492808)
8. Kricker A, Armstrong BK, English DR and Heenan PJ: Does intermittent sun exposure cause basal cell carcinoma? A case-control study in Western Australia. Int J Cancer 60: 489-494, 1995.
9. De Gruijl FR, van Kranen HJ and Mullenders LH: UV-induced DNA damage, repair, mutations and oncogenic pathways in skin cancer. J Photochem Photobiol B 63: 19-27, 2001. (Pubitemid 33040719)
10. Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B and Harris CC: p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 253: 49-53, 1991. (Pubitemid 21917115)
11. Brash DE: Sunlight and the onset of skin cancer. Trends Genet 13: 410-414, 1997. (Pubitemid 27431763)
12. Ortonne JP: From actinic keratosis to squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 146 (Suppl 61): 20-23, 2002.
13. Dlugosz A, Merlino G and Yuspa SH: Progress in cutaneous cancer research. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 7: 17-26, 2002. (Pubitemid 36151090)
14. Soengas MS, Capodieci P, Polsky D, et al: Inactivation of the apoptosis effector Apaf-1 in malignant melanoma. Nature 409: 207-211, 2001. (Pubitemid 32144287)
15. Lane DP and Benchimol S: p53: oncogene or anti-oncogene? Genes Dev 4: 1-8, 1990.
16. Dulic V, Kaufmann WK, Wilson SJ, et al: p53-dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activities in human fibroblasts during radiation-induced G1 arrest. Cell 76: 1013-1023, 1994. (Pubitemid 24106382)
17. El-Deiry WS, Harper JW, O'Connor PM, et al: WAF1/CIP1 is induced in p53-mediated G1 arrest and apoptosis. Cancer Res 54: 1169-1174, 1994. (Pubitemid 24108052)
18. De Caprio JA, Furukawa Y, Ajchenbaum F, Griffin JD and Livingston DM: The retinoblastoma-susceptibility gene product becomes phosphorylated in multiple stages during cell cycle entry and prosression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 1795-1798, 1992.
19. Miyashita T and Reed JC: Tumor suppressor p53 is a direct transcriptional activator of the human bax gene. Cell 80: 293-299, 1995.
20. Delehedde M, Cho SH, Sarkiss M, et al: Altered expression of bcl-2 family member proteins in non-melanoma skin cancer. Cancer 85: 1514-1522, 1999. (Pubitemid 29152823)
21. Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL and Korsmeyer SJ: Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74: 609-619, 1993. (Pubitemid 23259742)
22. Verhaegh ME, Sanders CJ, Arends JW and Neumann HA: Expression of the apoptosis-suppressing protein Bcl-2 in non-melanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 132: 740-744, 1995.
23. Morales-Ducret CR, van de Rijn M, Le Brun DP and Smoller BR: bcl-2 expression in primary malignancies of the skin. Arch Dermatol 131: 909-912, 1995.
24. Miyashita T and Reed JC: Bcl-2 oncoprotein blocks chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in a human leukemia cell line. Blood 81: 151-157, 1993. (Pubitemid 23013689)
25. Hahn H, Wicking C, Zaphiropoulous PG, et al: Mutations of the human homolog of Drosophila patched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Cell 85: 841-851, 1996. (Pubitemid 26192135)
26. Dahmane N, Lee J, Robins P, Heller P and Ruiz i Altaba A: Activation of the transcription factor Gli1 and the Sonic hedgehog signalling pathway in skin tumours. Nature 389: 876-881, 1997. (Pubitemid 27462984)
27. Fan H, Oro AE, Scott MP and Khavari PA: Induction of basal cell carcinoma features in transgenic human skin expressing Sonic Hedgehog. Nat Med 3: 788-792, 1997.
28. Vorechovsky I, Unden AB, Sandstedt B, Toftgard R and Stahle-Backdahl M: Trichoepitheliomas contain somatic mutations in the overexpressed PTCH gene: support for a gatekeeper mechanism in skin tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 57: 4677-4681, 1997. (Pubitemid 27468965)
29. Xin H, Matt D, Qin JZ, Burg G and Boni R: The sebaceous nevus: a nevus with deletions of the PTCH gene. Cancer Res 59: 1834-1836, 1999. (Pubitemid 29186152)
30. Deveraux QL and Reed JC: IAP family proteins - suppressors of apoptosis. Genes Dev 13: 239-252, 1999. (Pubitemid 29095796)
31. La Casse EC, Baird S, Korneluk RG and MacKenzie AE: The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) and their emerging role in cancer. Oncogene 17: 3247-3259, 1998. (Pubitemid 29043977)
32. Thornberry NA and Lazebnik Y: Caspases: enemies within. Science 281: 1312-1316, 1998. (Pubitemid 28406817)
33. Verhagen AM, Ekert PG, Pakusch M, et al: Identification of DIABLO, a mammalian protein that promotes apoptosis by binding to and antagonizing IAP proteins. Cell 102: 43-53, 2000.
34. Ambrosini G, Adida C and Altieri DC: A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma. Nat Med 3: 917-921, 1997. (Pubitemid 27353455)
35. Grossman D, McNiff JM, Li F and Altieri DC: Expression and targeting of the apoptosis inhibitor, survivin, in human melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 113: 1076-1081, 1999. (Pubitemid 30013356)
36. Kasof GM and Gomes BC: Livin, a novel inhibitor of apoptosis protein family member. J Biol Chem 276: 3238-3246, 2001.
37. Grossman D, Kim PJ, Blanc-Brude OP, et al: Transgenic expression of survivin in keratinocytes counteracts UVB-induced apoptosis and cooperates with loss of p53. J Clin Invest 108: 991-999, 2001. (Pubitemid 32946073)
38. Grossman D, McNiff JM, Li F and Altieri DC: Expression of the apoptosis inhibitor, survivin, in non-melanoma skin cancer and gene targeting in a keratinocyte cell line. Lab Invest 79: 1121-1126, 1999. (Pubitemid 29444543)
39. Chiodino C, Cesinaro AM, Ottani D, et al: Communication: expression of the novel inhibitor of apoptosis survivin in normal and neoplastic skin. J Invest Dermatol 113: 415-418, 1999. (Pubitemid 29449083)
40. Lo Muzio L, Staibano S, Pannone G, et al: Expression of the apoptosis inhibitor survivin in aggressive squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 70: 249-254, 2001. (Pubitemid 32607197)
41. Allen SM, Florell SR, Hanks AN, et al: Survivin expression in mouse skin prevents papilloma regression and promotes chemical-induced tumor progression. Cancer Res 63: 567-572, 2003. (Pubitemid 36158132)
42. Altieri DC: The molecular basis and potential role of survivin in cancer diagnosis and therapy. Trends Mol Med 7: 542-547, 2001.
43. Li F, Ambrosini G, Chu EY, et al: Control of apoptosis and mitotic spindle checkpoint by survivin. Nature 396: 580-584, 1998. (Pubitemid 28563719)
44. Mirza A, McGuirk M, Hockenberry TN, et al: Human survivin is negatively regulated by wild-type p53 and participates in p53-dependent apoptotic pathway. Oncogene 21: 2613-2622, 2002. (Pubitemid 34478319)
45. Zhou M, Gu L, Li F, Zhu Y, Woods WG and Findley HW: DNA damage induces a novel p53-survivin signaling pathway regulating cell cycle and apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303: 124-131, 2002.
46. Hoffman WH, Biade S, Zilfou JT, Chen J and Murphy M: Transcriptional repression of the anti-apoptotic survivin gene by wild-type p53. J Biol Chem 277: 3247-3257, 2002. (Pubitemid 34953189)
47. Reed JC: Dysregulation of apoptosis in cancer. J Clin Oncol 17: 2941-2953, 1999.
48. Nicholson DW: From bench to clinic with apoptosis-based therapeutic agents. Nature 407: 810-816, 2000.
49. Altieri DC: Validating survivin as a cancer therapeutic target. Nat Rev Cancer 3: 46-54, 2003.