Hybrid single-nanowire photonic crystal and microresonator structures

Nano Letters

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 11-15

  Barrelet, Carl J ^a   Bao, Jiming ^b   Lončar, Marko ^b   Park, Hong Gyu ^a   Capasso, Federico ^b   Lieber, Charles M ^a,b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CADMIUM SULFIDE (CDS); ELECTRONIC BAND GAP; MICRORESONATOR STRUCTURES; PHOTONIC CRYSTAL;

CADMIUM; CRYSTALS; LITHOGRAPHY; NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS; PHOTOLUMINESCENCE; PHOTONS; SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS;

RESONATORS;

EID: 31544438606     PISSN: 15306984     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nl0522983     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. (a) Hu, J.; Odom, T.; Lieber, C. M. Acc. Chem. Res. 1999, 32, 435.
2. (b) Lieber, C. M. MRS Bull. 2003, 28, 486.
3. (c) Yang, P. MRS Bull. 2005, 30, 85.
4. (a) Duan, X.; Huang, Y.; Cui, Y.; Wang, J.; Lieber, C. M. Nature 2001, 409, 66.
5. (b) Zhong, Z.; Qian, F.; Wang, D.; Lieber, C. M. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 343.
6. (c) Huang, Y.; Duan, X.; Lieber, C. M. Small 2005, 1, 142.
7. (a) Qian, F.; Li, Y.; Gradeèak, S.; Barrelet, C. J.; Wang, D.; Lieber, C. M. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 1975.
8. (b) Kim, H.; Cho, Y.; Lee, H.; Kim, S.; Ryu, S. R.; Kim, D. Y.; Kang, T. W.; Chung, K. S. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 1059.
9. (c) Qian, F.; Gradecak, S.; Li, Y.; Wen, C.-Y.; Lieber, C. M. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 2287.
10. (a) Huang, M. H.; Mao, S.; Feick, H.; Yan, H.; Wu, Y.; Kind, H.; Weber, E.; Russo, R.; Yang, P. Science 2001, 292, 1897.
11. (b) Johnson, J. C.; Choi, H. J.; Knutsen, K. P.; Schaller, R. D.; Yang, P.; Saykally, R. J. Nat. Mater. 2002, 1, 106.
12. Duan, X.; Huang, Y.; Agarwal, R.; Lieber, C. M. Nature 2003, 421, 241.
13. (a) Agarwal, R.; Barrelet, C. J.; Lieber, C. M. Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 917.
14. (b) Gradecak, S.; Qian, F.; Li, Y.; Park, H.-G.; Lieber, C. M. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 173111.
15. (a) Barrelet, C. J.; Greytak, A. B.; Lieber, C. M. Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 1981.
16. (b) Law, M.; Sirbuly, D. J.; Johnson, J. C.; Goldberger, J.; Saykally, R. J.; Yang, P. Science 2004, 305, 1269.
17. Greytak, A. B.; Barrelet, C. J.; Li, Y.; Lieber, C. M. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 151103.
18. (a) Vlasov, Y. A.; McNab S. J. Opt. Express 2004, 12, 1622.
19. (b) Tong, L.; Gattass, R.; Ashcom, J.; He, S.; Lou, J.; Shen, M.; Maxwell, I.; Mazur, E. Nature 2003, 426, 816.
20. Maslov, A. V.; Ning, C. Z. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2003, 83, 1237.
21. (a) Vahala, K. J. Nature 2003, 424, 839.
22. (b) Joannopolulos, J. D.; Meade, R. D.; Winn, J. N. Photonic Crystals; Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, 1995.
23. Barrelet, C. J.; Wu, Y.; Bell, D. C.; Lieber, C. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 11498.
24. A 800 nm layer of perfluorovinyl ether cyclopolymer CYTOP/CTL-809M (Asahi Glass, Tokyo Japan) with a refractive index of 1.3 was deposited on a single-crystal silicon substrate, followed by sequential deposition of a 200 nm poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) layer, CdS nanowires, and a final 200 nm PMMA layer. Electron-beam lithography (electron energy = 30 keV) followed by development for 90 s in a solution of methyl isobutyl ketone/isopropyl alcohol, 3:1, was then used to define a specific photonic crystal structure in the PMMA layers above and below an isolated nanowire. A similar procedure was used to define nanowire racetrack microresonantor hybrid structures.
25. Taflove, A.; Hagness, S. C. Computational Electrodynamics; Artech House: Boston, 2000.
26. 11b The three inputs in the simulation are (i) a computational unit cell, (ii) an initial field defined as a Dirac pulse in time, with Gausian profile in space, and (iii) a k value. The 3D unit cell consists of one periodicity of the nanowire photonic crystal and is divided into a grid where each point is given a refractive index to best map the hybrid structure; indices of 1, 1.5, and 2.8 were used for air, PMMA, and CdS, respectively. In our simulations, the initial field is located in the nanowire. The FDTD simulation then stores the time evolution of the field. The simulation results were Fourier transformed to convert the field components to the frequency domain, and the field amplitude versus frequency were plotted to determine resonance modes and their corresponding energies. The procedure was repeated for different k values until the dispersion diagram is obtained over the region of interest. The resonance modes depend on both nanowire diameter and photonic crystal periodicity. For small nanowire diameter, the evanescent field is large and consequently the overlap between the field and the photonic crystal is large. For large nanowire diameter, the evanescent field is smaller and correspondingly the overlap between the field and the photonic crystal is small. FDTD calculations provide key guidelines for the design of hybrid structures and interpretation of experiments but could be improved in the future by taking into account absorption and emission processes in the nanowire.
27. Cardona, M.; Yu, P. Y. Fundamentals of Semiconductors; Springer: New York, 2001.
28. For example, FDTD calculations made on structures with 70 and 126 nm diameter nanowires, which are smaller and larger than actual nanowire, yield calculated photonic band gaps of 430 < λ < 510 nm and 570 < λ< 590 nm, respectively, for a grating periodicity of Λ = 180 nm.
29. All nanowire structures studied were optically pumped by a doubled Ti/sapphire laser with a wavelength of 400 nm. The Gaussian laser spot was centered on the nanowire structure, and the spot size was intentionally made large enough to illuminate the entire length of the nanowire. The light emitted from the structure is collected by either a 40× or a 100× objective focused onto the entrance of a 300 mm spectrometer and either imaged or dispersed onto a cooled CCD.
30. Romanov, S. G.; Fokin, A. V.; Alperovich, V. I,; Johnson, N. P.; De La Rue, R. M. Phys. Status Solidi A 1997, 164, 169.
31. Blanco, A.; Lopez C.; Mayoral, R.; Miguez, H.; Meseguer F.; Mifsud A.; Herrero, J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1998, 73, 1781.
32. Lin, Y.; Zhang, J.; Sargent, E. H.; Kumacheva, E. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 3134.
33. The path length, L, and the refractive indices, n, are used to estimate the optical length of the racetrack resonator. The length of the PMMA in the racetrack is 64.8 μm and the length of the CdS nanowire is 11.2 μm. The index of PMMA and CdS are 1.5 and 2.8, respectively. L(PMMA) × n(PMMA) + L(CdS) × n(CdS) gives a total path length of 129 μm.
34. Agarwal, R.; Ladavac, K.; Roichman, Y.; Yu, G.; Lieber, C. M.; Grier, D. G. Opt. Express 2005, 13, 8906.
35. (a) Huang, Y.; Duan, X.; Wei, Q.; Lieber, C. M. Science 2001, 291, 630.
36. (b) Whang, D.; Jin, S.; Wu, Y.; Lieber, C. M. Nano Lett. 2003, 3, 1255.