메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 37, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 641-649

Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) seed dispersal in an afromontane forest: Microhabitat influences on the postdispersal fate of large seeds

Author keywords

Montane rain forest; Pan troglodytes; Postdispersal fate of large seeds; Rwanda; Seed dispersal; Seed handling; Wadging

Indexed keywords

FECES; PRIMATE; SEED DISPERSAL; ZOOCHORY;

EID: 31344443319     PISSN: 00063606     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2005.00081.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (36)

References (71)
  • 1
    • 0032792595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal by monkeys and the fate of dispersed seeds in a Peruvian rain forest
    • ANDRESEN, E. 1999. Seed dispersal by monkeys and the fate of dispersed seeds in a Peruvian rain forest. Biotropica 31: 145-158.
    • (1999) Biotropica , vol.31 , pp. 145-158
    • Andresen, E.1
  • 2
    • 1942540515 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dung and seed size on secondary dispersal, seed predation, and seedling establishment of rain forest trees
    • _, AND D. J. LEVEY. 2004. Effects of dung and seed size on secondary dispersal, seed predation, and seedling establishment of rain forest trees. Oecologica 139: 45-54.
    • (2004) Oecologica , vol.139 , pp. 45-54
    • Levey, D.J.1
  • 3
    • 0347531497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bridging the gap: Influence of seed deposition on seedling recruitment in a primate-tree interaction
    • BALCOMB, S. R., AND C. A. CHAPMAN. 2003. Bridging the gap: Influence of seed deposition on seedling recruitment in a primate-tree interaction. Ecol. Monogr. 73: 625-642.
    • (2003) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.73 , pp. 625-642
    • Balcomb, S.R.1    Chapman, C.A.2
  • 4
    • 0036747610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet composition of chimpanzees inhabiting the montane forest of Kahuzi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • BASABOSE, A. K. 2002. Diet composition of chimpanzees inhabiting the montane forest of Kahuzi, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Am. J. Prim. 58: 1-21.
    • (2002) Am. J. Prim. , vol.58 , pp. 1-21
    • Basabose, A.K.1
  • 5
    • 7544219848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fruit availability and chimpanzee party size at Kahuzi montane forest, Democratic Republic of Congo
    • _. 2004. Fruit availability and chimpanzee party size at Kahuzi montane forest, Democratic Republic of Congo. Primates 45: 211-219.
    • (2004) Primates , vol.45 , pp. 211-219
  • 6
    • 0024876935 scopus 로고
    • Primate seed dispersal: The fate of dispersed seeds
    • CHAPMAN, C. A. 1989. Primate seed dispersal: The fate of dispersed seeds. Biotropica 21: 148-154.
    • (1989) Biotropica , vol.21 , pp. 148-154
    • Chapman, C.A.1
  • 7
    • 0029660141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frugivory and the fate of dispersed and non-dispersed seeds of six African tree species
    • _. 1996. Frugivory and the fate of dispersed and non-dispersed seeds of six African tree species. J. Trop. Ecol. 12: 491-504.
    • (1996) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.12 , pp. 491-504
  • 8
    • 0028871063 scopus 로고
    • Survival without dispersers: Seedling recruitment under parents
    • _, AND L. J. CHAPMAN. 1995. Survival without dispersers: Seedling recruitment under parents. Conserv. Biol. 9: 675-678.
    • (1995) Conserv. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 675-678
    • Chapman, L.J.1
  • 9
    • 0034162743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat alteration and the conservation of African primates: Case study of Kibale National Park, Uganda
    • _, AND J. LAMBERT. 2000. Habitat alteration and the conservation of African primates: Case study of Kibale National Park, Uganda. Am. J. Prim. 50: 169-185.
    • (2000) Am. J. Prim. , vol.50 , pp. 169-185
    • Lambert, J.1
  • 10
    • 0031967601 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forests without primates: Primate/plant codependency
    • _, AND D. A. ONDERDONK. 1998. Forests without primates: Primate/plant codependency. Am. J. Prim. 45: 127-141.
    • (1998) Am. J. Prim. , vol.45 , pp. 127-141
    • Onderdonk, D.A.1
  • 11
    • 0027140041 scopus 로고
    • Range use of the forest chimpanzees of Kibale: Implications for understanding of chimpanzee social organization
    • _, AND R. W. WRANGHAM. 1993. Range use of the forest chimpanzees of Kibale: Implications for understanding of chimpanzee social organization. Am. J. Prim. 31: 263-273.
    • (1993) Am. J. Prim. , vol.31 , pp. 263-273
    • Wrangham, R.W.1
  • 12
    • 0003128284 scopus 로고
    • On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees
    • P. J. den Boer and G. R. Gradwell (Eds.). Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands
    • CONNELL, J. H. 1971. On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and in rain forest trees. In P. J. den Boer and G. R. Gradwell (Eds.). Dynamics of populations, pp. 298-312. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
    • (1971) Dynamics of Populations , pp. 298-312
    • Connell, J.H.1
  • 13
    • 0025590761 scopus 로고
    • Alternative seed-handling strategies in primates: Seed-spitting by long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis)
    • CORLETT, R. T., AND P. W. LUCAS. 1990. Alternative seed-handling strategies in primates: Seed-spitting by long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Oecologica 82: 166-171.
    • (1990) Oecologica , vol.82 , pp. 166-171
    • Corlett, R.T.1    Lucas, P.W.2
  • 14
    • 84905924713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GPS and GIS methods in an African rain forest: Applications to tropical ecology and conservation
    • DOMINY, N. J., AND B. W. DUNCAN. 2001. GPS and GIS methods in an African rain forest: Applications to tropical ecology and conservation. Conserv. Ecol. 5: 537-549.
    • (2001) Conserv. Ecol. , vol.5 , pp. 537-549
    • Dominy, N.J.1    Duncan, B.W.2
  • 15
    • 0026351714 scopus 로고
    • Howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata), dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) and seed dispersal: Ecological interactions in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico
    • ESTRADA, A. 1991. Howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata), dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) and seed dispersal: Ecological interactions in the tropical rain forest of Los Tuxtlas, Mexico. J. Trop. Ecol. 7: 459-474.
    • (1991) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.7 , pp. 459-474
    • Estrada, A.1
  • 16
    • 0002769461 scopus 로고
    • Frugivory by howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico: Dispersal and fate of seeds
    • D. J. Levey and T. H. Fleming (Eds.). Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht
    • _, AND R. COATES-ESTRADA. 1986. Frugivory by howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata) at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico: Dispersal and fate of seeds. In D. J. Levey and T. H. Fleming (Eds.). Frugivores and seed dispersal, pp. 93-104. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.
    • (1986) Frugivores and Seed Dispersal , pp. 93-104
    • Coates-Estrada, R.1
  • 17
    • 0032901869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) on seeds dispersed by howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in the French Guianan rain forest
    • FEER, F. 1999. Effects of dung beetles (Scarabaeidae) on seeds dispersed by howler monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in the French Guianan rain forest. J. Trop. Ecol. 15: 129-142.
    • (1999) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.15 , pp. 129-142
    • Feer, F.1
  • 18
    • 0028163068 scopus 로고
    • The relative use of abandoned farm clearings and old forest habitats by primates and a forest antelope at Tiwai, Sierra Leone, West Africa
    • FIMBEL, C. 1994. The relative use of abandoned farm clearings and old forest habitats by primates and a forest antelope at Tiwai, Sierra Leone, West Africa. Biol. Conserv. 70: 277-286.
    • (1994) Biol. Conserv. , vol.70 , pp. 277-286
    • Fimbel, C.1
  • 19
    • 0001840202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns in post-dispersal seed removal by Neotropical rodents and seed fate in relation to seed size
    • D. M. Newberry, H. H. T. Prins, and N. D. Brown (Eds.). Dynamics of tropical communities, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK
    • FORGET, P.-M., T. MILLERON, AND F. FEER. 1998. Patterns in post-dispersal seed removal by Neotropical rodents and seed fate in relation to seed size. In D. M. Newberry, H. H. T. Prins, and N. D. Brown (Eds.). Dynamics of tropical communities, pp. 25-49. Symposium No. 37 of the British Ecological Society, Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.
    • (1998) Symposium No. 37 of the British Ecological Society , pp. 25-49
    • Forget, P.-M.1    Milleron, T.2    Feer, F.3
  • 20
    • 0031956673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primates as seed dispersers: Ecological processes and directions for future research
    • GARBER, P. A., AND J. E. LAMBERT. 1998. Primates as seed dispersers: Ecological processes and directions for future research. Am. J. Prim. 45: 3-8.
    • (1998) Am. J. Prim. , vol.45 , pp. 3-8
    • Garber, P.A.1    Lambert, J.E.2
  • 23
    • 0003942181 scopus 로고
    • Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA
    • GOODALL, J. 1986. The chimpanzees of Gombe. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
    • (1986) The Chimpanzees of Gombe
    • Goodall, J.1
  • 25
    • 0000910183 scopus 로고
    • Population census of the chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda: Comparison between methods with nest counts
    • HASHIMOTO, C. 1995. Population census of the chimpanzees in the Kalinzu Forest, Uganda: Comparison between methods with nest counts. Primates 36: 477-488.
    • (1995) Primates , vol.36 , pp. 477-488
    • Hashimoto, C.1
  • 27
    • 0024896266 scopus 로고
    • Scatter- and clump-dispersal and seedling demography: Hypothesis and implications
    • HOWE, H. F. 1989. Scatter- and clump-dispersal and seedling demography: Hypothesis and implications. Oecologica 79: 417-426.
    • (1989) Oecologica , vol.79 , pp. 417-426
    • Howe, H.F.1
  • 28
    • 0033794714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No question: Seed dispersal matters
    • _, AND M. N. MIRITI. 2000. No question: Seed dispersal matters. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15: 433-436.
    • (2000) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.15 , pp. 433-436
    • Miriti, M.N.1
  • 29
    • 0022178720 scopus 로고
    • Early consequences of seed dispersal for a Neotropical tree (Virola surinamensis)
    • _, E. W. SCHUPP, AND W. C. WESTLEY. 1985. Early consequences of seed dispersal for a Neotropical tree (Virola surinamensis). Ecology 66: 781-791.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 781-791
    • Schupp, E.W.1    Westley, W.C.2
  • 30
    • 0020468056 scopus 로고
    • Ecology of seed dispersal
    • _, AND J. SMALLWOOD. 1982. Ecology of seed dispersal. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 13: 201-228.
    • (1982) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.13 , pp. 201-228
    • Smallwood, J.1
  • 32
    • 0001519917 scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus): A preliminary report
    • IDANI, G. 1986. Seed dispersal by pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus): A preliminary report. Primates 27: 411-447.
    • (1986) Primates , vol.27 , pp. 411-447
    • Idani, G.1
  • 33
    • 0020674238 scopus 로고
    • Adaptation of fruit morphology to dispersal agents in a Neotropical forest
    • JANSON, C. 1983. Adaptation of fruit morphology to dispersal agents in a Neotropical forest. Science 219: 187-189.
    • (1983) Science , vol.219 , pp. 187-189
    • Janson, C.1
  • 34
    • 0000344538 scopus 로고
    • Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests
    • JANZEN, D. H. 1970. Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests. Am. Nat. 104: 501-527.
    • (1970) Am. Nat. , vol.104 , pp. 501-527
    • Janzen, D.H.1
  • 35
    • 0001761772 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the arthropod community along an elevational transect in the Venezuelan Andes
    • _, M. ATAROFF, M. FARINAS, S. REYES, N. RINCON, A. SOLER, P. SORIANO, AND M. VERA. 1976. Changes in the arthropod community along an elevational transect in the Venezuelan Andes. Biotropica 8: 193-203.
    • (1976) Biotropica , vol.8 , pp. 193-203
    • Ataroff, M.1    Farinas, M.2    Reyes, S.3    Rincon, N.4    Soler, A.5    Soriano, P.6    Vera, M.7
  • 36
    • 0000691879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal by red howling monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in the tropical rain forest of French Guiana
    • JULLIOT, C. 1996. Seed dispersal by red howling monkeys (Alouatta seniculus) in the tropical rain forest of French Guiana. Int. J. Prim. 17: 239-258.
    • (1996) Int. J. Prim. , vol.17 , pp. 239-258
    • Julliot, C.1
  • 37
    • 0038711842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal effectiveness by Cercopithecus monkeys: Implications for seed input into degraded areas
    • D. J. Levey, W. R. Silva, and M. Galetti (Eds.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
    • KAPLIN, B. A., AND J. E. LAMBERT. 2002. Seed dispersal effectiveness by Cercopithecus monkeys: Implications for seed input into degraded areas. In D. J. Levey, W. R. Silva, and M. Galetti (Eds.). Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, evolution, and conservation, pp. 351-364. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.
    • (2002) Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation , pp. 351-364
    • Kaplin, B.A.1    Lambert, J.E.2
  • 38
    • 0031941772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in seed handling by two species of forest monkeys in Rwanda
    • _, AND T. C. MOERMOND. 1998. Variation in seed handling by two species of forest monkeys in Rwanda. Am. J. Prim. 45: 83-101.
    • (1998) Am. J. Prim. , vol.45 , pp. 83-101
    • Moermond, A.T.C.1
  • 39
    • 0031720402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of temporal changes in fruit availability on diet composition and seed handling in blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti)
    • _, V. MUNYALIGOGA, AND T. C. MOERMOND. 1998. The influence of temporal changes in fruit availability on diet composition and seed handling in blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis doggetti). Biotropica 30: 56-71.
    • (1998) Biotropica , vol.30 , pp. 56-71
    • Munyaligoga, V.1    Moermond, T.C.2
  • 40
    • 0000489784 scopus 로고
    • Distribution of palm fruits on a rainforest floor: Why white-lipped peccaries forage near objects?
    • KILTIE, R. A. 1981. Distribution of palm fruits on a rainforest floor: Why white-lipped peccaries forage near objects? Biotropica 13: 141-145.
    • (1981) Biotropica , vol.13 , pp. 141-145
    • Kiltie, R.A.1
  • 41
    • 0001249535 scopus 로고
    • Habitat patterns in a small mammal community
    • KITCHINGS, J. T., AND D. J. LEVEY. 1981. Habitat patterns in a small mammal community. J. Mamm. 62: 814-820.
    • (1981) J. Mamm. , vol.62 , pp. 814-820
    • Kitchings, J.T.1    Levey, D.J.2
  • 42
    • 0033035424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed handling in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius): Implications for understanding hominoid and cercopithecine fruit-processing strategies and seed dispersal
    • LAMBERT, J. E. 1999. Seed handling in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius): Implications for understanding hominoid and cercopithecine fruit-processing strategies and seed dispersal. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 109: 365-386.
    • (1999) Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. , vol.109 , pp. 365-386
    • Lambert, J.E.1
  • 43
    • 0035000648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius) and Strychnos mitis: Evidence for plant benefits beyond seed dispersal
    • _. 2001. Red-tailed guenons (Cercopithecus ascanius) and Strychnos mitis: Evidence for plant benefits beyond seed dispersal. Int. J. Prim. 22: 189-201.
    • (2001) Int. J. Prim. , vol.22 , pp. 189-201
  • 44
    • 0012666179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the link between animal frugivory and plant strategies: The case of primate fruit processing and post-dispersal seed fate
    • D. J. Levey, W. R. Silva, and M. Galetti (Eds.). CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
    • _. 2002. Exploring the link between animal frugivory and plant strategies: The case of primate fruit processing and post-dispersal seed fate. In D. J. Levey, W. R. Silva, and M. Galetti (Eds.). Seed dispersal and frugivory: Ecology, evolution, and conservation, pp. 365-379. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK.
    • (2002) Seed Dispersal and Frugivory: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation , pp. 365-379
  • 45
    • 0031966843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary and ecological implications of primate seed dispersal
    • _, AND P. A. GARBER. 1998. Evolutionary and ecological implications of primate seed dispersal. Am. J. Prim. 45: 9-28.
    • (1998) Am. J. Prim. , vol.45 , pp. 9-28
    • Garber, P.A.1
  • 46
    • 0001756372 scopus 로고
    • A new instrument for measuring forest overstory density
    • LEMMON, P. E. 1957. A new instrument for measuring forest overstory density. J. For. 55: 667-668.
    • (1957) J. For. , vol.55 , pp. 667-668
    • Lemmon, P.E.1
  • 47
    • 0842301552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The community-level consequences of seed dispersal patterns
    • LEVINE, J. M., AND D. J. MURRELL. 2003. The community-level consequences of seed dispersal patterns. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 34: 549-574.
    • (2003) Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.34 , pp. 549-574
    • Levine, J.M.1    Murrell, D.J.2
  • 48
    • 0002675801 scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal by baboons in the Shai Hills, Ghana
    • LIEBERMAN, D., J. B. HALL, M. D. SWAINE, AND M. LIEBERMAN. 1979. Seed dispersal by baboons in the Shai Hills, Ghana. Ecology 60: 65-75.
    • (1979) Ecology , vol.60 , pp. 65-75
    • Lieberman, D.1    Hall, J.B.2    Swaine, M.D.3    Lieberman, M.4
  • 49
    • 0033832235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Primary seed shadow generated by gibbons in the rain forest of Barito Ulu, Central Borneo
    • MCCONKEY, K. R. 2000. Primary seed shadow generated by gibbons in the rain forest of Barito Ulu, Central Borneo. Am. J. Prim. 52: 13-29.
    • (2000) Am. J. Prim. , vol.52 , pp. 13-29
    • McConkey, K.R.1
  • 51
    • 0032699121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Biological surveys and conservation, with an emphasis on Grauer's gorilla and birds endemic to the Albertine Rift
    • OMARI, I., J. A. HART, T. M. BUTYNSKI, N. R. BIRHASHIRWA, A. UPOKI, Y. M'KEYO, F. BENGANA, M. BASHONGA, AND N. BAGURUBUMWE. 1999. The Itombwe Massif, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Biological surveys and conservation, with an emphasis on Grauer's gorilla and birds endemic to the Albertine Rift. Oryx 33: 301-322.
    • (1999) Oryx , vol.33 , pp. 301-322
    • Omari, I.1    Hart, J.A.2    Butynski, T.M.3    Birhashirwa, N.R.4    Upoki, A.5    M'Keyo, Y.6    Bengana, F.7    Bashonga, M.8    Bagurubumwe, N.9
  • 53
    • 0028163887 scopus 로고
    • The effect of selective logging on the primate populations in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda
    • PLUMPTRE, A. J., AND V. REYNOLDS. 1994. The effect of selective logging on the primate populations in the Budongo Forest Reserve, Uganda. J. App. Ecol. 31: 631-641.
    • (1994) J. App. Ecol. , vol.31 , pp. 631-641
    • Plumptre, A.J.1    Reynolds, V.2
  • 55
    • 0003134063 scopus 로고
    • The empty forest
    • REDFORD, K. H. 1992. The empty forest. Bioscience 42: 412-422.
    • (1992) Bioscience , vol.42 , pp. 412-422
    • Redford, K.H.1
  • 57
  • 58
    • 0023738066 scopus 로고
    • Seed and early seedling predation in the forest understory and in treefall gaps
    • SCHUPP, E. W. 1988. Seed and early seedling predation in the forest understory and in treefall gaps. Oikos 51: 71-78.
    • (1988) Oikos , vol.51 , pp. 71-78
    • Schupp, E.W.1
  • 59
    • 0027798621 scopus 로고
    • Quantity, quality and the effectiveness of seed dispersal by animals
    • _. 1993. Quantity, quality and the effectiveness of seed dispersal by animals. Vegetatio 107/108: 15-29.
    • (1993) Vegetatio , vol.107-108 , pp. 15-29
  • 60
    • 0001390318 scopus 로고
    • Arrival and survival in tropical treefall gaps
    • _, H. F. HOWE, C. K. AUGSPURGER, AND D. J. LEVEY. 1989. Arrival and survival in tropical treefall gaps. Ecology 70: 562-564.
    • (1989) Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 562-564
    • Howe, H.F.1    Augspurger, C.K.2    Levey, D.J.3
  • 62
    • 0000569185 scopus 로고
    • The big things that run the world - A sequel to E.O. Wilson
    • TERBORGH, J. 1988. The big things that run the world - A sequel to E.O. Wilson. Conserv. Biol. 2: 402-403.
    • (1988) Conserv. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 402-403
    • Terborgh, J.1
  • 63
  • 64
    • 31344458350 scopus 로고
    • Burundi and Rwanda
    • J. A. Sayer, C. S. Harcourt, and N. M. Collins (Eds.). IUCN and Simon and Schuster, NYC, New York
    • VEDDER, A., J. HALL, A. HARCOURT, A. MONFORT, AND R. WILSON. 1992. Burundi and Rwanda. In J. A. Sayer, C. S. Harcourt, and N. M. Collins (Eds.). The conservation atlas of tropical forests: Africa, pp. 102-109. IUCN and Simon and Schuster, NYC, New York.
    • (1992) The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Africa , pp. 102-109
    • Vedder, A.1    Hall, J.2    Harcourt, A.3    Monfort, A.4    Wilson, R.5
  • 65
    • 0032976428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gorillas and seed dispersal in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. II: Survival and growth of seedlings
    • VOYSEY, B. C., K. E. MCDONALD, M. E. ROGERS, C. E. G. TUTIN, AND R. J. PARNELL. 1999a. Gorillas and seed dispersal in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. II: Survival and growth of seedlings. J. Trop. Ecol. 15: 39-60.
    • (1999) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.15 , pp. 39-60
    • Voysey, B.C.1    McDonald, K.E.2    Rogers, M.E.3    Tutin, C.E.G.4    Parnell, R.J.5
  • 66
    • 0033052725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gorillas and seed dispersal in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. I: Gorilla acquisition by trees
    • _. 1999b. Gorillas and seed dispersal in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. I: Gorilla acquisition by trees. J. Trop. Ecol. 15: 23-38.
    • (1999) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.15 , pp. 23-38
  • 67
    • 0033815373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal, seed predation, and seedling recruitment of a Neotropical montane tree
    • WENNY, D. G. 2000. Seed dispersal, seed predation, and seedling recruitment of a Neotropical montane tree. Ecol. Monogr. 70: 331-351.
    • (2000) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.70 , pp. 331-351
    • Wenny, D.G.1
  • 68
    • 0002581978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advantages of seed dispersal: A re-evaluation of directed dispersal
    • _. 2001. Advantages of seed dispersal: A re-evaluation of directed dispersal. Evol. Ecol. Res. 3: 51-74.
    • (2001) Evol. Ecol. Res. , vol.3 , pp. 51-74
  • 69
    • 16544372277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for assessing the status of animal populations
    • L. White and A. Edwards (Eds.). The Wildlife Conservation Society, NYC, NY
    • WHITE, L., AND A. EDWARDS. 2000. Methods for assessing the status of animal populations. In L. White and A. Edwards (Eds.). Conservation research in the African rain forests: A technical handbook, pp. 225-276. The Wildlife Conservation Society, NYC, NY.
    • (2000) Conservation Research in the African Rain Forests: A Technical Handbook , pp. 225-276
    • White, L.1    Edwards, A.2
  • 70
    • 0028160039 scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal by forest chimpanzees in Uganda
    • WRANGHAM, R. W., C. A. CHAPMAN, AND L. J. CHAPMAN. 1994. Seed dispersal by forest chimpanzees in Uganda. J. Trop. Ecol. 10: 355-368.
    • (1994) J. Trop. Ecol. , vol.10 , pp. 355-368
    • Wrangham, R.W.1    Chapman, C.A.2    Chapman, L.J.3
  • 71
    • 0031684906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cheek-pouch dispersal of seeds by Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yaushima Island, Japan
    • YUMOTO, T., N. NOMA, AND T. MARUHASHI. 1998. Cheek-pouch dispersal of seeds by Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata yakui) on Yaushima Island, Japan. Primates 39: 325-338.
    • (1998) Primates , vol.39 , pp. 325-338
    • Yumoto, T.1    Noma, N.2    Maruhashi, T.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.