Fifty years of change in northern upland forest understories: Identity and traits of "winner" and "loser" plant species

Biological Conservation

Volumn 129, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 109-123

  Wiegmann, Shannon M ^a   Waller, Donald M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

Author keywords

Community change; Functional trait; Homogenization; Invasion; Plant species loss

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL INVASION; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; COMMUNITY DYNAMICS; HOMOGENEITY; PLANT COMMUNITY;

MICHIGAN; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WISCONSIN;

ANIMALIA; CAREX; CERVIDAE; CYPERACEAE; ODOCOILEUS VIRGINIANUS; POACEAE; STREPTOPUS LANCEOLATUS;

EID: 31144451095     PISSN: 00063207     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.027     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Albert, D.A., 1995. Regional landscape ecosystems of Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin: a working map and classification. US Forest Service North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN.
2. T.D. Allison The influence of deer browsing on the reproductive biology of Canada Yew (Taxus Canadensis marsh.). I. Direct effect on pollen, ovule, and seed production Oecologia 83 1990 523 529
3. W.S. Alverson, W. Kuhlmann, and D.M. Waller Wild Forests: Conservation Biology and Public Policy 1994 Island Press
4. R.C. Anderson Height of white-flowered Trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) as an index of deer browsing intensity Ecological Applications 4 1994 104 109
5. Anderson, D.P., Rooney, T.P., Turner, M.G., Forester, J.D., Wydeven, A.P., Beyer, D.E., Wiedenhoeft, J.E., Alverson, W.S., Waller, D.M., submitted. Do wolves limit deer impacts? Tri-trophic interactions in the Great Lakes States. Ecography (in review).
6. Augustine, D.J., 1997. Grazing patterns and impacts of white-tailed deer in a fragmented forest ecosystem. Masters thesis, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
7. D.J. Augustine, and L.E. Frelich Effects of white-tailed deer on populations of an understory forb in fragmented deciduous forests Conservation Biology 12 1998 995 1004
8. C.P. Balgooyen, and D.M. Waller The use of Clintonia borealis and other indicators to gauge impacts of white-tailed deer on plant communities in northern Wisconsin Natural Areas Journal 15 1995 308 315
9. Y. Baskin Winners and losers in an unchanging world Bioscience 48 1998 788 792
10. P. Bierzychudek Life histories and demography of shade-tolerant temperate forest herbs: a review New Phytologist 90 1982 757 776
11. S.W. Beattie, and D.C. Culver The guild of myrmecochores in the herbaceous flora of West Virginia forests Ecology 62 1981 107 115
12. P.J. Bohlen, D.M. Pelletier, P.M. Groffman, T.J. Fahey, and M.C. Fisk Influence of earthworm invasion on redistribution and retention of soil carbon and nitrogen in northern temperate forests Ecosystems 7 2004 13 27
13. W.J. Bond Do mutualisms matter? Assessing the impact of pollinator and disperser disruption on plant extinction Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B: Biological Sciences 344 1994 83 90
14. J.H. Brown Patterns, modes and extents of invasions of vertebrates J. Drake Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective 1989 John Wiley and Sons 85 109
15. R.T. Brown, and J.T. Curtis The upland conifer-hardwood forests of Northern Wisconsin Ecological Monographs 22 1952 217 234
16. J.H. Brown, and A. Kodric-Brown Turnover rates in insular biogeography: effect of immigration on extinction Ecology 58 1977 445 449
17. S.L. Buchmann, and G.P. Nabhan The Forgotten Pollinators 1996 Island Press Washington DC
18. M.A.J. Callaham, P.F. Hendrix, and R.A. Phillips Occurrence of an exotic earthworm (Amynthas agrestis) in undisturbed soils of the southern Appalachian mountains, USA Pedobiologia 47 2003 466 470
19. M.D. Collins, D.P. Vazquez, and N.J. Sanders Species area curves, homogenization and the loss of global diversity Evolutionary Ecology Research 4 2002 457 464
20. S.D. Côté, T.P. Rooney, J.P. Tremblay, C. Dussault, and D.M. Waller Ecological impacts of deer overabundance Annual Review of Ecological Evolution System 35 2004 113 147
21. J.T. Curtis The modification of mid-latitude grasslands and forests by man W.L. Thomas Man's Role in Changing the Face of the Earth 1956 University of Chicago Press Chicago 721 736
22. J.T. Curtis The Vegetation of Wisconsin 1959 University of Wisconsin Press Madison, WI
23. J.T. Curtis, and R.P. McIntosh An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin Ecology 32 1951 476 496
24. C.C. Daehler The taxonomic distribution of invasive angiosperm plants: ecological insights and comparison to agricultural weeds Biological Conservation 84 1998 167 180
25. S. Diaz, and M. Cabido Vive la difference: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 2001 646 650
26. B. Drayton, and R.B. Primack Plant species lost in an isolated conservation area in metropolitan Boston from 1894 to 1993 Conservation Biology 10 1996 30 39
27. D.C. Duffy, and A.J. Meier Do Appalachian herbaceous understories ever recover from clearcutting? Conservation Biology 6 1992 196 201
28. R.P. Duncan, and J.R. Young Determinants of plant extinction and rarity 145 years after European settlement of Auckland, New Zealand Ecology 81 2000 3048 3061
29. P.R. Ehrlich, and G.C. Daily Population extinction and saving biodiversity Ambio 22 1993 64 68
30. E.S. Euskirchen, J. Chen, and R. Bi Effects of edges on plant communities in a managed landscape in northern Wisconsin Forest Ecology and Management 148 2001 93 108
31. M.L. Fernald Gray's Manual of Botany eighth ed. 1970 D. Van Nostrand Co. New York
32. P.L. Fiedler, and J.J. Ahouse Hierarchies of cause: toward an understanding of rarity in vascular plant species P.L. Fiedler S.K. Jain Conservation Biology: The Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation and Management 1992 Chapman & Hall New York 23 47
33. M. Fischer, and J. Stöcklin Local extinctions of plants in remnants of extensively used calcareous grasslands, 1950-1985 Conservation Biology 11 1997 727 737
34. L.E. Frelich, and C.G. Lorimer Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes region Ecological Monographs 61 1991 145 164
35. K.J. Gaston Rarity 1994 Chapman and Hall New York
36. R.M.A. Gill A review of damage by mammals in north temperate forests. 3. Impact on trees and forests Forestry 65 1992 363 388
37. M.E. Gilpin, and M.E. Soule Minimum viable populations: processes of species extinctions M.E. Soule Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity 1986 Sinauer Associates Sunderland, MA 13 34
38. H.A. Gleason, and A. Cronquist Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada second ed. 1991 The New York Botanical Garden New York
39. N.J. Gotelli, and G.R. Graves Null Models in Ecology 1996 Smithsonian Institution Press Washington DC
40. M.J. Gundale Influence of exotic earthworms on soil organic horizon and the rare fern Botrychium mormo Conservation Biology 16 2002 1555 1561
41. Hale, C., 2004. Changes in cold-temperate hardwood forest understory plant communities in response to invasion by European earthworms. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
42. C.M. Hale, L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich Exotic European earthworm invasion dynamics in northern hardwood forests of Minnesota, USA Ecological Applications 15 2005 848 860
43. I. Hanski, and M. Gilpin Metapopulation dynamics: brief history and conceptual domain Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 42 1991 3 16
44. P.F. Hendrix, and P.J. Bohlen Exotic earthworm invasions in North America: ecological and policy implications Bioscience 52 2002 801 811
45. V.H. Heywood Patterns, extents and modes of invasion by terrestrial plants J.A. Drake Biological Invasions: A Global Perspective 1989 Wiley Chichester 31 60
46. R.J. Hobbs Can we use plant functional types to describe and predict responses to environmental change? T.M. Smith F.I. Woodward Plant Functional Types: Their Relevance to Ecosystem Properties and Environmental Change 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 66 90
47. R.J. Hobbs, and S.E. Humphries An integrated approach to the ecology and management of plant invasions Conservation Biology 9 1995 761 770
48. R.J. Hobbs, and H.A. Mooney Broadening the extinction debate: population deletions and additions in California and western Australia Conservation Biology 12 1998 271 283
49. S. Holm A simple sequentially repetitive multiple test procedure Scand. J. Stat. 6 1979 65 70
50. S.P. Hubbell The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography 2001 Princeton University Press Princeton
51. C.A. Kearns, and D.W. Inouye Pollinators, flowering plants, and conservation biology Bioscience 47 1997 297 307
52. P.S. Kourtev, W.Z. Huang, and J.G. Ehrenfeld Differences in earthworm densities and nitrogen dynamics in soils under exotic and native plant species Biological Invasions 1 1999 237 245
53. A.J. Kwiatkowska Changes in the species richness, spatial pattern, and species frequency associated with the decline of oak forest Vegetatio 112 1994 171 180
54. B.B. Lamont, P.G.L. Klinkhamer, and E.T.F. Witkowski Population fragmentation may reduce fertility to zero in Banksia goodii - a demonstration of the Allee effect Oecologia 94 1993 446 450
55. M. Leach, and T.J. Givnish Ecological determinants of species loss in remnant prairies Science 273 1996 1555 1558
56. A. Leopold, L.K. Sowis, and D.L. Spencer A survey of overpopulated deer ranges in the United States Journal of Wildlife Management 11 1947 162 167
57. J.L. Lockwood, T.M. Brooks, and M.L. McKinney Taxonomic homogenization of global avifauna Animal Conservation 3 2000 27 35
58. J.J. Magnuson The invisible present Bioscience 40 1990 495 501
59. G.R. Matlock Plant species migration in a mixed-history forest landscape in Eastern North America Ecology 75 1994 1491 1502
60. R.E. McCabe, and T.R. McCabe Of slings and arrows: an historical retrospective L.K. Halls White-tailed Deer: Ecology and Management 1984 Stackpole Books Harrisburg, PA
61. K.R. McCaffery, R.J. Tranetzki, and J. Piechura Summer foods of deer in northern Wisconsin Journal of Wildlife Management 38 1974 215 219
62. M.L. McKinney Do human activities raise species richness? Contrasting patterns in United States plants and fishes Global Ecology and Biogeography 11 2002 343 348
63. M.L. McKinney Measuring floristic homogenization by non-native plants in North America Global Ecology and Biogeography 13 2004 47 53
64. M.L. McKinney, and J.L. Lockwood Biotic homogenization: a few winners replacing many losers in the next mass extinction Trends in Ecology and Evolution 14 1999 450 453
65. K.L. McKinney, and J.L. Lockwood Biotic homogenization: a sequential and selective process J.L. Lockwood M.L. McKinney Biotic Homogenization 2001 Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers New York 1 17
66. A.J. Meier, S.P. Bratton, and D.C. Duffy Possible ecological mechanisms for loss of vernal-herb diversity in logged eastern deciduous forests Ecological Applications 5 1995 935 946
67. S.G. Miller, S.P. Bratton, and J. Hadidian Impacts of white-tailed deer on endangered plants Natural Areas Journal 12 1992 67 74
68. J.D. Olden, and N.L. Poff Toward a mechanistic understanding and prediction of biotic homogenization American Naturalist 162 2003 442 460
69. J.D. Olden, and N.L. Poff Ecological processes driving biotic homogenization: testing a mechanistic model using fish faunas Ecology 85 2004 1867 1875
70. Olden, J.D., Rooney, T.P., 2006. On defining and quantifying biotic homogenization. Global Ecology and Biogeography, in press.
71. J.D. Olden, N.L. Poff, M.R. Douglas, M.E. Douglas, and K.D. Fausch Ecological and evolutionary consequences of biotic homogenization - beyond a simple focus on biodiversity loss Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19 2004 18 24
72. P. Pysek Is there a taxonomic pattern to plant invasions? Oikos 82 1998 282 294
73. D. Rabinowitz, S. Cairns, and T. Dillon Seven forms of rarity and their frequency in the flora of the British Isles M. Soulé Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity 1986 Sinauer Associates Sunderland, MA 182 204
74. F.J. Rahel Homogenization of fish faunas across the United States Science 288 2000 854 856
75. F.J. Rahel Homogenization of freshwater faunas Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33 2002 291 315
76. G.R. Robinson, M.E. Yurlina, and S.N. Handel A century of change in Staten Island flora: ecological correlates of species loses and invasions Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 124 1994 119 129
77. T.P. Rooney Deer impacts on forest ecosystems: a North American perspective Forestry 74 2001 201 208
78. T.P. Rooney, and W.J. Dress Species loss over 66 years in the ground-layer vegetation of Heart's Content, an old growth forest in Pennsylvania, USA Natural Areas Journal 17 1997 297 305
79. T.P. Rooney, S.M. Wiegmann, D.A. Rogers, and D.M. Waller Biotic impoverishment and homogenization in unfragmented forest understory communities Conservation Biology 18 2004 787 798
80. J.A. Ruben, D.T. Bolger, D.R. Peart, and M.P. Ayres Understory herb assemblages 25 and 60 years after clearcutting of a northern hardwood forest, USA Biological Conservation 90 1999 203 215
81. A.K. Sakai, F.W. Allendorf, J.S. Holt, D.M. Lodge, J. Molofsky, K.A. With, S. Baughman, R.J. Cabin, J.E. Cohen, N.C. Ellstrand, D.E. McCauley, P. O'Neil, I.M. Parker, J.N. Thompson, and S.G. Weller The ecology of invasive species Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 32 2001 305 332
82. M. Sankaran, and S.J. McNaughton Determinants of biodiversity regulate compositional stability of communities Nature 401 1999 691 693
83. R.R. Sokal, and J.F. Rohlf Biometry: the principles and practice of statistics second ed. 1981 W.H. Freeman and Company San Francisco
84. T.P. Spira Plant-pollinator interactions: a threatened mutualism with implications for the ecology and management of rare plants Natural Areas Journal 21 2001 78 88
85. J.J. Stachowicz, H. Fried, R.W. Osman, and R.B. Whitlatch Biodiversity, invasion resistance, and marine ecosystem function: reconciling pattern and process Ecology 83 2002 2575 2590
86. V.L. Trumbull, E.J. Zielinski, and E.C. Aharrah The impact of deer browsing on the Allegheny forest type Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 6 1989 162 165
87. E.G. Voss Michigan Flora 1996 University of Michigan Ann Arbor
88. D.M. Waller, and W.S. Alverson The white-tailed deer: a keystone herbivore Wildlife Society Bulletin 25 1997 217 226
89. D.M. Waller, and T.P. Rooney Nature is changing in more ways than one Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19 2004 6 7
90. EF. Weber The alien flora of Europe: a taxonomic and biogeographic review Journal of Vegetation Science 8 1997 565 572
91. C.R. Webster, M.A. Jenkins, and J.H. Rock Long-term response of spring flora to chronic deer herbivory and deer exclusion in Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA Biological Conservation 125 2005 297 307
92. Wetter, M., Cochrane, T., 2001. Wisflora, Wisconsin State Herbarium. Available from: http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wisflora/.
93. G.G. Whitney From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain 1994 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
94. Wisconsin DNR, 2003. Wolf data. Available from: http://www.dnr.state.wi. us/org/land/er/factsheets/mammals/wolf.htm.
95. Wisconsin DNR, 2005. Deer abundance records. Available from: http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/wildlife/hunt/deer/.