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Volumn 168, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 67-78

Turkish accession to the European Union: Challenges and opportunities

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; TRADE AGREEMENT;

EID: 30744460130     PISSN: 00438200     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3200/WAFS.168.2.67-78     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (20)

References (95)
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    • note
    • With a population of approximately 70 million people, Turkey is almost twice as large as Poland, the largest state to join the EU in 2004. If current trends hold, Turkey would become the largest country in the EU within a generation.
  • 2
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    • 2004, the GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) was $6,700, a quarter of the EU's average and far less than the states admitted in 2004 (for example, Slovenia $19,000; Slovakia $13,300; Poland $11,100; and Latvia, $10,200). Even Romania, at $7,000 per person, fares better than Turkey. Data from CIA's World Factbook online at (accessed Jan. 25)
    • In 2004, the GDP per capita (purchasing power parity) was $6,700, a quarter of the EU's average and far less than the states admitted in 2004 (for example, Slovenia $19,000; Slovakia $13,300; Poland $11,100; and Latvia, $10,200). Even Romania, at $7,000 per person, fares better than Turkey. Data from CIA's World Factbook online at http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/ fields/2004.html (accessed Jan. 25, 2005).
    • (2005)
  • 3
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    • The EU reports that 35.4 percent of employment is in agriculture in Turkey compared with 19 percent in Poland, which had the largest agricultural sector of the ten states that joined in 2004. For data, see Commission of the European Communities, (Brussels, October 9)
    • The EU reports that 35.4 percent of employment is in agriculture in Turkey compared with 19 percent in Poland, which had the largest agricultural sector of the ten states that joined in 2004. For data, see Commission of the European Communities, 2002 Regular Report on Turkey's Progress towards Accession (Brussels, October 9, 2002), 156, http:// europa.eu.int/comm/enlargement/report2002/tu_en.pdf.
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    • "Pour on contre l'adhesion de la Turquie a l'Union europeenne"
    • Aremand Lepartmentier and Laurent Zecchini, November 8
    • Aremand Lepartmentier and Laurent Zecchini, "Pour on contre l'adhesion de la Turquie a l'Union europeenne," Le Monde, November 8, 2002.
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    • "What's Left of the Union?"
    • (July 14)
    • William Pfaff, "What's Left of the Union?" New York Review of Books 52, no. 12 (July 14, 2005): 26-29.
    • (2005) New York Review of Books , vol.52 , Issue.12 , pp. 26-29
    • Pfaff, W.1
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    • 30744446618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • All three have expressed interest in joining the EU at some point in the future. Although at present, the door to membership for all three is not open, it would be harder to maintain that position once Turkey is let into the union.
  • 7
    • 0003761807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the failure of the Muslim world, particularly the Ottomans, to engage with Europe and import liberal ideas, (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press)
    • For the failure of the Muslim world, particularly the Ottomans, to engage with Europe and import liberal ideas, see Bernard Lewis, What Went Wrong? (Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2002).
    • (2002) What Went Wrong?
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  • 8
    • 0004141157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical discussion of Turkish history can also be found in (London: I. B. Tauris)
    • critical discussion of Turkish history can also be found in Erik Zurcher, Turkey: A Modern History (London: I. B. Tauris, 2004).
    • (2004) Turkey: A Modern History
    • Zurcher, E.1
  • 9
    • 0004012982 scopus 로고
    • (New York: Vintage)
    • Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979).
    • (1979) Orientalism
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    • ed. and trans. Niyazi Berkes (New York: Columbia Univ. Press) Gokalp was careful, however, to make a distinction between civilization, which was universal in scope, and culture, which was defined locally
    • Turkish Nationalism and Western Civilization: Selected Essays of Ziya Gokalp, ed. and trans. Niyazi Berkes (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1959), 276. Gokalp was careful, however, to make a distinction between civilization, which was universal in scope, and culture, which was defined locally.
    • (1959) Turkish Nationalism and Western Civilization: Selected Essays of Ziya Gokalp , pp. 276
  • 12
    • 33646535604 scopus 로고
    • "The Origins of Kemalist Ideology"
    • ed. Jacob Landau, (Boulder, CO: Westview)
    • Paul Gentizon, quoted in Paul Dumont, "The Origins of Kemalist Ideology," in Ataturk and the Modernization of Turkey, ed. Jacob Landau, 26 (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984).
    • (1984) Ataturk and the Modernization of Turkey , pp. 26
    • Gentizon, P.1    Dumont, P.2
  • 14
    • 0035610916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Why NATO Enlargement Does Not Spread Democracy"
    • Turkey formally adopted multiparty democracy in 1950, although this would be periodically interrupted by military coups. For NATO's willingness to look askance at democratic shortcomings among its members
    • Turkey formally adopted multiparty democracy in 1950, although this would be periodically interrupted by military coups. For NATO's willingness to look askance at democratic shortcomings among its members, see Dan Reiter, "Why NATO Enlargement Does Not Spread Democracy," International Security 25, no. 1 (2001): 41-67.
    • (2001) International Security , vol.25 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-67
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  • 15
    • 30744443141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Prioritisations in the Enlargement Process: Are Some Candidates More 'European' than Others"
    • Ana Lundgren, ARENA Report no. 2, ed. Helene Sjursen, (Oslo: Centre for Advanced Research on the Europeanisation of the Nation-State)
    • Ana Lundgren, "Prioritisations in the Enlargement Process: Are Some Candidates More 'European' than Others," in Enlargement in Perspective, ARENA Report no. 2, ed. Helene Sjursen, 151-74 (Oslo: Centre for Advanced Research on the Europeanisation of the Nation-State, 2005).
    • (2005) Enlargement in Perspective , pp. 151-174
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    • 30744475107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Canin Cehenneme Avrupa"
    • The Copenhagen Criteria cover political, economic, and legal issues. Most relevant for discussions on Turkey have been the political criteria, that candidate countries achieve "stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and respect for and protection of minorities." The Turkish response to the rejection, "Europe, Go to Hell," is found December 13
    • The Copenhagen Criteria cover political, economic, and legal issues. Most relevant for discussions on Turkey have been the political criteria, that candidate countries achieve "stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and respect for and protection of minorities." The Turkish response to the rejection, "Europe, Go to Hell," is found in Tufan Terence, "Canin Cehenneme Avrupa," Hurryet, December 13, 1997.
    • (1997) Hurryet
    • Terence, T.1
  • 17
    • 30744436448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Slovakia was pointedly declared ineligible for membership, but this helped spur movement for reform in the country, resulting in the ouster of Prime Minister Vladimir Meciar's government in 1998.
  • 18
    • 0003724602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • for example, Amnesty International, (New York: Amnesty International)
    • See, for example, Amnesty International, Turkey: No Security Without Human Rights (New York: Amnesty International, 1996);
    • (1996) Turkey: No Security Without Human Rights
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    • U.S. Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office)
    • U.S. Congress Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, The Continued Use of Torture in Turkey (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997);
    • (1997) The Continued Use of Torture in Turkey
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    • 0003631687 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • and U.S. Department of State, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office) Monthly updates are available from the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey at
    • and U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2001). Monthly updates are available from the Human Rights Foundation of Turkey at http://www.tihv.org.tr/.
    • (2001) Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey
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    • "Turkey's Fault Lines and the Crisis of Kemalism"
    • January 34
    • M. Hakan Yavuz, "Turkey's Fault Lines and the Crisis of Kemalism," Current History, January 2000, 34.
    • (2000) Current History
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    • "Brussels Meeting Dims Turkey's Bid to Join EU"
    • March 11
    • Paul Kinzler, "Brussels Meeting Dims Turkey's Bid to Join EU," New York Times, March 11, 1997.
    • (1997) New York Times
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  • 24
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    • "EU Excludes Turkey from Enlargement Plans"
    • December 14
    • Nathan Ertzlan, "EU Excludes Turkey from Enlargement Plans," Turkish Daily News, December 14, 1997.
    • (1997) Turkish Daily News
    • Ertzlan, N.1
  • 25
    • 30744462470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Press Scanner"
    • December 12
    • "Press Scanner," Turkish Daily News, December 12, 1997.
    • (1997) Turkish Daily News
  • 26
    • 0036332893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "European Union Conditionality and the Acquis Communautaire"
    • For an argument that the requirements of Copenhagen and political conditionality are not so clearly defined or self-evident
    • For an argument that the requirements of Copenhagen and political conditionality are not so clearly defined or self-evident, see Heather Grabbe, "European Union Conditionality and the Acquis Communautaire," International Political Science Review 23, no. 3 (2002): 249-68.
    • (2002) International Political Science Review , vol.23 , Issue.3 , pp. 249-268
    • Grabbe, H.1
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    • "Prioritisations in the Enlargement Process"
    • Lundgren, "Prioritisations in the Enlargement Process," 2005.
    • (2005)
    • Lundgren1
  • 28
    • 30744465483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For text of this decision, (accessed February 1)
    • For text of this decision, see http://ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/ pressData/en/ec/ACFA4C.htm (accessed February 1, 2005).
    • (2005)
  • 29
    • 30744434754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Turks argued both that the EU applied double standards, overlooking Eastern European shortcomings while focusing solely on Turkey's faults, and that, as Eastern Europeans had been on the wrong side of the cold war and had less democratic experience than Turks, the postcommunist countries had illegitimately "cut" in the membership queue.
  • 31
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    • "Costs, Commitment and Compliance: The Impact of EU Democratic Conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey"
    • and Frank Schimmelfennig, Stefan Engert, and Heiko Knobel, "Costs, Commitment and Compliance: The Impact of EU Democratic Conditionality on Latvia, Slovakia and Turkey," Journal of Common Market Studies 41, no. 4 (2003): 495-517.
    • (2003) Journal of Common Market Studies , vol.41 , Issue.4 , pp. 495-517
    • Schimmelfennig, F.1    Engert, S.2    Knobel, H.3
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    • "Turkey's EU Politics: What Justifies Reform?"
    • ARENA Report no. 2, ed. Helene Sjursen
    • Gamze Avci, "Turkey's EU Politics: What Justifies Reform?" in Enlargement in Perspective, ARENA Report no. 2, ed. Helene Sjursen, 141.
    • Enlargement in Perspective , pp. 141
    • Avci, G.1
  • 33
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    • For a fuller discussion of many aspects of reform in Turkey, eds., (London: Frank Cass)
    • For a fuller discussion of many aspects of reform in Turkey, see Ali Carkoglu and Barry Rubin, eds., Turkey and the European Union (London: Frank Cass);
    • Turkey and the European Union
    • Carkoglu, A.1    Rubin, B.2
  • 34
    • 4644262420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Turkey's Dreams of Accession"
    • (September/October)
    • and David Phillips, "Turkey's Dreams of Accession," Foreign Affairs 83, no. 5 (September/October 2004): 86-97.
    • (2004) Foreign Affairs , vol.83 , Issue.5 , pp. 86-97
    • Phillips, D.1
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    • "Turkey's Dreams of Accession"
    • For the Acquis Communitaire, (Septem/October) For the Acquis Communitaire
    • For the Acquis Communitaire, see above, n. 22.
    • (2004) Foreign Affairs , vol.83 , Issue.22 , pp. 86-97
    • Phillips, D.1
  • 36
    • 4143063779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Diverse but Converging Paths to EU Membership: Poland and Turkey in Comparative Perspective"
    • Ziya Onis, "Diverse but Converging Paths to EU Membership: Poland and Turkey in Comparative Perspective," East European Politics and Societies 18, no. 3 (2004): 481-512.
    • (2004) East European Politics and Societies , vol.18 , Issue.3 , pp. 481-512
    • Onis, Z.1
  • 37
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    • "The Earthquake, Civil Society, and Democratization in Turkey: An Assessment with a View toward Eastern Europe"
    • (September)
    • Paul Kubicek, "The Earthquake, Civil Society, and Democratization in Turkey: An Assessment with a View toward Eastern Europe," Political Studies 50, no. 4 (September 2002): 759-76;
    • (2002) Political Studies , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 759-776
    • Kubicek, P.1
  • 38
    • 0036637908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Entrepreneurs, Democracy, and Citizenship in Turkey"
    • and Ziya Onis and Umut Turem, "Entrepreneurs, Democracy, and Citizenship in Turkey," Comparative Politics 35, no. 4 (2002): 439-56.
    • (2002) Comparative Politics , vol.35 , Issue.4 , pp. 439-456
    • Onis, Z.1    Turem, U.2
  • 39
    • 30744452129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Juncker: I Changed My Mind over Turkey"
    • December 10
    • "Juncker: I Changed My Mind over Turkey," Turkish Daily News, December 10, 2004.
    • (2004) Turkish Daily News
  • 40
    • 30744453663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Why the EU Needs Turkey"
    • speech at Oxford University, May 28
    • R. T. Erdogan, "Why the EU Needs Turkey," speech at Oxford University, May 28, 2004, http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/areastudies/lectures/ Erdogan.pdf.
    • (2004)
    • Erdogan, R.T.1
  • 41
    • 30744478571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Turkish Rights Reforms Fall Short"
    • August 29
    • "Turkish Rights Reforms Fall Short," Turkish Probe, August 29, 2004.
    • (2004) Turkish Probe
  • 42
    • 30744462199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Turkey's Generals May Be the Real Obstacle"
    • September 18, Notably, a proposal to ensure civilian control over the budget will take effect in 2005
    • Giles Merritt, "Turkey's Generals May Be the Real Obstacle," International Herald Tribune, September 18, 2004. Notably, a proposal to ensure civilian control over the budget will take effect in 2005.
    • (2004) International Herald Tribune
    • Merritt, G.1
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    • "Domestic Politics, International Norms and Challenges to the State: Turkey-EU Relations in the post-Helsinki Era"
    • ed. Carkoglu and Rubin
    • See Ziya Onis, "Domestic Politics, International Norms and Challenges to the State: Turkey-EU Relations in the post-Helsinki Era," in Turkey and the European Union, ed. Carkoglu and Rubin, 15.
    • Turkey and the European Union , pp. 15
    • Onis, Z.1
  • 44
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    • "What Kind of Country Do We Want?"
    • July 18
    • Cuneyt Ulsever, "What Kind of Country Do We Want?" Turkish Daily News, July 18, 2000.
    • (2000) Turkish Daily News
    • Ulsever, C.1
  • 45
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    • "Introduction: The Impact of International Organizations on the Central and Eastern Europe States - Conceptual and Theoretical Issues"
    • ed. Ronald Linden, (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield)
    • Frank Schimmelfennig, "Introduction: The Impact of International Organizations on the Central and Eastern Europe States - Conceptual and Theoretical Issues," in Norms and Nannies, ed. Ronald Linden, 1-29 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002).
    • (2002) Norms and Nannies , pp. 1-29
    • Schimmelfennig, F.1
  • 46
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    • "Adultery Clouds Real Progress"
    • September 27
    • "Adultery Clouds Real Progress," Turkish Daily News, September 27, 2004.
    • (2004) Turkish Daily News
  • 47
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    • "Diverse but Converging Paths"
    • Onis, "Diverse but Converging Paths," 512.
    • Onis, Z.1
  • 48
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    • "Embraceable EU"
    • December 5
    • Quoted in Robert Kagan, "Embraceable EU," Washington Post, December 5, 2004.
    • (2004) Washington Post
    • Kagan, R.1
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    • Statement by Blair on March 24, 2004, (accessed January 26)
    • Statement by Blair on March 24, 2004, http://www.eubusiness.com/afp/ 040324201934.zs7tbbvc (accessed January 26, 2005).
    • (2005)
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    • note
    • Most of these - over 2 million - live in Germany. Turks originally came to Europe in the 1950s and 1960s as "Gastarbeiter" (guest workers), but many have chosen to stay and raise families in EU countries.
  • 51
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    • "European Charter Architect Faults Chirac for Its Rejection"
    • June 15
    • Elaine Sciolino, "European Charter Architect Faults Chirac for Its Rejection," New York Times, June 15, 2005.
    • (2005) New York Times
    • Sciolino, E.1
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    • "Turkey's EU Bid: Resistance Is on the Rise"
    • February 9
    • Quoted in John Rossant and Rose Brady, "Turkey's EU Bid: Resistance Is on the Rise," Business Week, February 9, 2004, 57.
    • (2004) Business Week , pp. 57
    • Rossant, J.1    Brady, R.2
  • 53
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    • "Why Expand? The Question of Legitimacy and Justification in the EU's Enlargement Policy"
    • Helene Sjursen, "Why Expand? The Question of Legitimacy and Justification in the EU's Enlargement Policy," Journal of Common Market Studies 40, no. 3 (2002): 491-513.
    • (2002) Journal of Common Market Studies , vol.40 , Issue.3 , pp. 491-513
    • Sjursen, H.1
  • 54
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    • "Justifying Enlargement"
    • This is expanded on in the Citizenship and Democratic Legitimacy in Europe (CIDEL) project, coordinated by ARENA (Centre for Advanced Research on the Europeanisation of the Nation-State), (accessed Febraury 12)
    • This is expanded on in the Citizenship and Democratic Legitimacy in Europe (CIDEL) project, "Justifying Enlargement," coordinated by ARENA (Centre for Advanced Research on the Europeanisation of the Nation-State), http://www.arena.uio.no/cidel (accessed Febraury 12, 2005).
    • (2005)
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    • "Why Europe Needs a Constitution"
    • "Why Europe Needs a Constitution," New Left Review, no. 11 (2001): 5-26.
    • (2001) New Left Review , Issue.11 , pp. 5-26
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    • "The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union"
    • Frank Schimmelfennig, "The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union," International Organization 55, no. 1 (2001): 47-80;
    • (2001) International Organization , vol.55 , Issue.1 , pp. 47-80
    • Schimmelfennig, F.1
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    • note
    • The most enthusiastic backer of Turkish membership in the EU is the United States, which is a mixed blessing for Ankara.
  • 60
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    • "An Awkward Partnership: Turkey's Relations with the European Union in Comparative-Historical Perspective"
    • Ziya Onis, "An Awkward Partnership: Turkey's Relations with the European Union in Comparative-Historical Perspective," Journal of European Integration History 7, no. 1 (2001): 105-19;
    • (2001) Journal of European Integration History , vol.7 , Issue.1 , pp. 105-119
    • Onis, Z.1
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    • "The Impact of the European Union on Turkish Politics"
    • (June Although this obviously has a cultural tinge, one can make this point with respect to the smooth functioning of the EU institutions
    • and Meltem Muftuler-Bac, "The Impact of the European Union on Turkish Politics," East European Quarterly 34, no. 2 (June 2000): 159-79. Although this obviously has a cultural tinge, one can make this point with respect to the smooth functioning of the EU institutions.
    • (2000) East European Quarterly , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 159-179
    • Muftuler-Bac, M.1
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    • "Turks Ready to Move"
    • Poll commissioned by TNS Gallup (Denmark) and reported in December 16
    • Poll commissioned by TNS Gallup (Denmark) and reported in "Turks Ready to Move," Christian Science Monitor, December 16, 2004.
    • (2004) Christian Science Monitor
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    • "Turkey's Francophiles Wounded by French EU Doubts"
    • September 12
    • "Turkey's Francophiles Wounded by French EU Doubts," Turkish Daily News, September 12, 2004.
    • (2004) Turkish Daily News
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    • 30744460785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Dutch Commissioner Again Warns on Turkish EU Bid"
    • September 8
    • "Dutch Commissioner Again Warns on Turkish EU Bid," Turkish Daily News, September 8, 2004.
    • (2004) Turkish Daily News
  • 66
    • 30744473854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "In 1683 Turkey Was the Invader; in 2004 Much of Europe Still Sees It That Way"
    • September 22
    • "In 1683 Turkey Was the Invader; in 2004 Much of Europe Still Sees It That Way," Guardian, September 22, 2004.
    • (2004) Guardian
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    • "German Conservatives Warn Schroder on Turkey"
    • December 6
    • "German Conservatives Warn Schroder on Turkey," Turkish Daily News, December 6, 2004.
    • (2004) Turkish Daily News
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    • note
    • Such is the view of 49 percent of Turks, according to a survey of 3,060 citizens in May-June 2002. The survey was commissioned by the Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation (TESEV);
  • 69
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    • see http://www.tesev.org/.
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    • "The Way Europe Sees Turkey and Turkey Sees Europe"
    • June 10, Slovenia, at 56 percent approval, ranked the highest. Respondents in Luxemburg (12 percent), Austria (14 percent), Denmark (16 percent) and Germany (18 percent) were least enthusiastic about Turkish membership. Those polled in Mediterranean countries (Spaniards [48 percent], Portuguese [45 percent], and Italians [41 percent]) were the most supportive, and Greek support was at 28 percent. More recent surveys from June 2004 in France show 61 percent disapproval of Turkish membership
    • Faruk Sen, "The Way Europe Sees Turkey and Turkey Sees Europe," Zaman (Istanbul), June 10, 2003. Slovenia, at 56 percent approval, ranked the highest. Respondents in Luxemburg (12 percent), Austria (14 percent), Denmark (16 percent) and Germany (18 percent) were least enthusiastic about Turkish membership. Those polled in Mediterranean countries (Spaniards [48 percent], Portuguese [45 percent], and Italians [41 percent]) were the most supportive, and Greek support was at 28 percent. More recent surveys from June 2004 in France show 61 percent disapproval of Turkish membership;
    • (2003) Zaman (Istanbul)
    • Sen, F.1
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    • "Misconceptions Surround EU's Membership Bid"
    • September 6, In Austria, a September 2004 Gallup poll found 76 percent opposed
    • see Robert Wieladd, "Misconceptions Surround EU's Membership Bid," Turkish Daily News, September 6, 2004. In Austria, a September 2004 Gallup poll found 76 percent opposed;
    • (2004) Turkish Daily News
    • Wieladd, R.1
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    • "Austria Seeks Open Option for Turkey"
    • December 1
    • see "Austria Seeks Open Option for Turkey," Turkish Daily News, December 1, 2004.
    • (2004) Turkish Daily News
  • 73
    • 30744441309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Unenthusiastic 'Yes' to Hungary; Resounding 'No' to Turkey: Individual, Contextual, and Historical Explanations of Citizen Attitudes to Enlargement"
    • forthcoming. In 31 percent of EU citizens surveyed favored enlargement to Turkey; 49 percent were opposed, which was the highest level of opposition for any candidate country (44 percent were opposed to Romania, which was in second place)
    • Lauren McLaren and Meltem Muftuler-Bac, "Unenthusiastic 'Yes' to Hungary; Resounding 'No' to Turkey: Individual, Contextual, and Historical Explanations of Citizen Attitudes to Enlargement," Journal of Common Market Studies, forthcoming. In 2000, 31 percent of EU citizens surveyed favored enlargement to Turkey; 49 percent were opposed, which was the highest level of opposition for any candidate country (44 percent were opposed to Romania, which was in second place).
    • (2000) Journal of Common Market Studies
    • McLaren, L.1    Muftuler-Bac, M.2
  • 74
    • 30744470017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Wariness over Turkey's EU Bid"
    • October 6
    • Peter Ford, "Wariness over Turkey's EU Bid," Christian Science Monitor, October 6, 2004.
    • (2004) Christian Science Monitor
    • Ford, P.1
  • 75
    • 30744459265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The Door Creaks Open"
    • November 17
    • "The Door Creaks Open," Economist, November 17, 2001, 47.
    • (2001) Economist , pp. 47
  • 76
    • 30744453663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Why the EU Needs Turkey"
    • speech at Oxford University, May 28
    • Erdogan, "Why the EU Needs Turkey," speech at Oxford University, May 28, 2004.
    • (2004)
    • Erdogan, R.T.1
  • 77
    • 30744444824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introductory remarks for Prime Minister Erdogan at Oxford University, May 28
    • Introductory remarks for Prime Minister Erdogan at Oxford University, May 28, 2004, http://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/areastudies/ SEESP-newsletter2004.pdf.
    • (2004)
  • 78
    • 84917393887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Creating the Democratic Tradition of European Integration"
    • ARENA Report no. 7, ed. Helene Sjursen, 98 (Oslo: Advanced Research on the Europeanisation of the Nation-State, 2002). This relates to what Schimmelfennig in "Community Trap" calls "rhetorical entrapment"
    • Suzannah Verney, "Creating the Democratic Tradition of European Integration," in Enlargement and the Finality of the European Union, ARENA Report no. 7, ed. Helene Sjursen, 98 (Oslo: Advanced Research on the Europeanisation of the Nation-State, 2002). This relates to what Schimmelfennig in "Community Trap" (2001), calls "rhetorical entrapment"
    • (2001) Enlargement and the Finality of the European Union
    • Verney, S.1
  • 80
    • 30744445886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Straw: Turkey is EU 'Acid Test'"
    • March 23
    • Tom Happold, "Straw: Turkey is EU 'Acid Test,'" Guardian, March 23, 2004.
    • (2004) Guardian
    • Happold, T.1
  • 81
    • 30744462954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "A Bridge Too Far?"
    • November 14
    • Timothy Garton Ash, "A Bridge Too Far?" Guardian, November 14, 2002.
    • (2002) Guardian
    • Ash, T.G.1
  • 82
    • 1942448688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "How to Interpret Turkey's Accession Process with the European Union? A Clash of Discourses"
    • (December 2002-February)
    • H. Tarik Oguzlu, "How to Interpret Turkey's Accession Process with the European Union? A Clash of Discourses," Perceptions 7, no. 4 (December 2002-February 2003): 51-83.
    • (2003) Perceptions , vol.7 , Issue.4 , pp. 51-83
    • Oguzlu, H.T.1
  • 83
    • 30744445081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The Neglected Aspect of Turkish Accession"
    • August 29, It is worth noting that some, in particular the French, may see Turkey as too pro-American and, thus, its inclusion would work against France's own designs to construct a strong European foreign policy that would be independent of the wishes of Washington
    • Faruk Sen, "The Neglected Aspect of Turkish Accession," Turkish Probe, August 29, 2004. It is worth noting that some, in particular the French, may see Turkey as too pro-American and, thus, its inclusion would work against France's own designs to construct a strong European foreign policy that would be independent of the wishes of Washington.
    • (2004) Turkish Probe
    • Sen, F.1
  • 84
    • 30744453663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Why the EU Needs Turkey"
    • speech at Oxford University, May 28
    • Erdogan, "Why the EU Needs Turkey," speech at Oxford University, May 28, 2004.
    • (2004)
    • Erdogan, R.T.1
  • 85
    • 30744444317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Misconceptions Surround Turkey's EU Membership"
    • Report of several European leaders, including former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari, former French Prime Minister Michel Rocard, and former Spanish Foreign Minister Marcelina Oreja, September 8
    • Report of several European leaders, including former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari, former French Prime Minister Michel Rocard, and former Spanish Foreign Minister Marcelina Oreja, in Robert Wielaad, "Misconceptions Surround Turkey's EU Membership," Turkish Daily News, September 8, 2004.
    • (2004) Turkish Daily News
    • Wielaad, R.1
  • 86
    • 30744435983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • May 15, One might retort, of course, that the Islamic role in much of European history was that of invader, so invocations of history may not be wholly convincing to many Europeans
    • Zaman, May 15, 2003. One might retort, of course, that the Islamic role in much of European history was that of invader, so invocations of history may not be wholly convincing to many Europeans.
    • (2003) Zaman
  • 87
    • 29144457754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Community Trap"
    • For more on this notion as applied in earlier expansions
    • For more on this notion as applied in earlier expansions, see Schimmelfenning, "Community Trap," 2001.
    • (2001)
    • Schimmelfenning, F.1
  • 88
    • 30744463802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example of particularly harsh rhetoric, in which Erdogan is called a "jihadist thug" and in which one writer asks, "what communion hath light with darkness," (accessed January 28)
    • For example of particularly harsh rhetoric, in which Erdogan is called a "jihadist thug" and in which one writer asks, "what communion hath light with darkness," see http://www.jihadwatch.org/ dhimmiwatch/archives/014275.php (accessed January 28, 2005).
    • (2005)
  • 89
    • 30744467052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "The Decision on Turkish EU Accession in December 2002: The Logic of Anarchy, Collection Action Problems, and Rhetorical Action"
    • Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, working paper 57, March
    • Jesper Bejer, "The Decision on Turkish EU Accession in December 2002: The Logic of Anarchy, Collection Action Problems, and Rhetorical Action," Observatory of European Foreign Policy, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, working paper 57, March 2004.
    • (2004) Observatory of European Foreign Policy
    • Bejer, J.1
  • 90
    • 30744438475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Turkiye buyuk sorun"
    • July 5
    • "Turkiye buyuk sorun" [Turkey is a big problem], Radikal (Istanbul), July 5, 2004.
    • (2004) Radikal (Istanbul)
  • 91
    • 30744449141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • October 2004 Chirac proposed amending the French Constitution so that voters would have a say over future EU expansion. He was quick to assure people, however, that this was not directed at Turkey. (accessed January 26)
    • In October 2004, Chirac proposed amending the French Constitution so that voters would have a say over future EU expansion. He was quick to assure people, however, that this was not directed at Turkey. See http:// www.eubusiness.com/afp/041001014432.5r/tzusl (accessed January 26, 2005).
    • (2005)
  • 92
    • 30744460282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For text on the conclusions of the December 2004 European Council meeting, (accessed February 2)
    • For text on the conclusions of the December 2004 European Council meeting, see http://ue.eu.int/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/ec/ 83201.pdf (accessed February 2, 2005).
    • (2005)
  • 93
    • 30744469260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Developments in Ukraine at the end of 2004 open up the question of another expansion to a large country, but one could imagine that the EU will, on historical-cultural grounds, balk (or at least have great difficulty) in incorporating a post-Soviet state, lest this encourage a slew of applications from others. Croatia is already in the membership queue, and Macedonia has applied for membership.
  • 95
    • 30744459505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "A Bridge Too Far"
    • Ash, "A Bridge Too Far," 2002.
    • (2002)
    • Ash, T.G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.