Specific-token effects in screening tasks: Possible implications for aviation security

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 2005, Pages 1171-1185

  David Smith, J ^a,c   Redford, Joshua S ^a   Washburn, David A ^b   Taglialatela, Lauren A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

^b GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

Categorization; Familiarity; Object recognition; Security screening; Visual search

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AVIATION; HUMAN; MASS SCREENING; METHODOLOGY; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; RECOGNITION; STANDARD; VISION;

AVIATION; HUMANS; MASS SCREENING; RECOGNITION (PSYCHOLOGY); SECURITY MEASURES; VISUAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 30544433064     PISSN: 02787393     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0278-7393.31.6.1171     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Ashby, F. G., & Maddox, W. T. (1992). Complex decision rules in categorization: Contrasting novice and experienced performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 50-71.
2. Blair, M., & Homa, D. (2001). Expanding the search for a linear separability constraint on category learning. Memory & Cognition, 29, 1153-1164.
3. Borland International. (1992). Borland Pascal 7.0 [computer program]. Scotts Valley, CA: Author.
4. Brooks, L. R. (1978). Nonanalytic concept formation and memory for instances. In E. Rosch and B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 169-211). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Brooks, L. R. (2005). The blossoms and the weeds. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 62-74.
6. Duncan, J., & Humphreys, G. W. (1989). Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychological Review, 96, 433-458.
7. Eckstein, M. P., Thomas, J. P., Palmer, J., & Shimozaki, S. S. (2000). A signal detection model predicts the effects of set size on visual search accuracy for feature, conjunction, triple conjunction, and disjunction displays. Perception and Psychophysics, 62, 425-451.
8. Goldstone, R. L., & Stevyers, M. (2001). The sensitization and differentiation of dimensions during category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 116-139.
9. Homa, D., Rhoads, D., & Chambliss, D. (1979). Evolution of conceptual structure. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 11-23.
10. Homa, D., Sterling, S., & Trepel, L. (1981). Limitations of exemplar-based generalization and the abstraction of categorical information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 418-439.
11. Kemler Nelson, D. (1984). The effect of intention on what concepts are acquired. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 734-759.
12. Knowlton, B. J., & Squire, L. R. (1993, December 10). The learning of categories: Parallel brain systems for item memory and category knowledge. Science, 262, 1747-1749.
13. Kristjansson, A., Wang, D., & Nakayama, K. (2002). The role of priming in conjunctive visual search. Cognition, 85, 37-52.
14. Kruschke, J. K. (1992). ALCOVE: An exemplar-based connectionist model of category learning. Psychological Review, 99, 22-44.
15. Loftus, G. R., & Masson, M. E. J. (1994). Using confidence intervals in within-subject designs. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 1, 476-490.
16. MacMillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (1991). Detection theory: A user's guide. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
17. Maljkovic, V., & Nakayama, K. (1994). Priming of pop-out: I. Role of features. Memory & Cognition, 22, 657-672.
18. Markman, A. B., & Ross, B. H. (2003). Category use and category learning. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 592-613.
19. Masson, M. E. J., & Loftus, G. R. (2003). Using confidence intervals for graphically based data interpretation. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 57, 203-220.
20. Medin, D. L., & Schaffer, M. M. (1978). Context theory of classification learning. Psychological Review, 85, 207-238.
21. Medin, D. L., & Schwanenflugel, P. J. (1981). Linear separability in classification learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 355-368.
22. Minda, J. P., & Smith, J. D. (2001). Comparing prototype-based and exemplar-based accounts of category learning and attentional allocation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 275-292.
23. Minda, J. P., & Smith, J. D. (2002). Comparing prototype-based and exemplar-based accounts of category learning and attentional allocation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 275-292.
24. Murphy, G. L. (2003). The big book of concepts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
25. Norman, G. R. & Brooks, L. R. (1997). The non-analytical basis of clinical reasoning. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 2, 173-184.
26. Nosofsky, R. M. (1987). Attention and learning processes in the identification and categorization of integral stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 87-108.
27. Nosofsky, R. M., Palmeri, T. J., & McKinley, S. K. (1994). Rule-plus-exception model of classification learning. Psychological Review, 101, 53-79.
28. Nosofsky, R. M., & Zaki, S. R. (1998). Dissociations between categorization and recognition memory in amnesic and normal individuals: An exemplar-based interpretation. Psychological Science, 9, 247-255.
29. Palmeri, T. J., & Flanery, M. A. (1999). Learning about categories in the absence of training: Profound amnesia and the relationship between perceptual categorization and recognition memory. Psychological Science, 10, 525-530.
30. Posner, M. I., Goldsmith, R., & Welton, K. E. (1967). Perceived distance and the classification of distorted patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 73, 28-38.
31. Posner, M. I., & Keele, S. W. (1968). On the genesis of abstract ideas. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 77, 353-363.
32. Reed, S. K. (1972). Pattern recognition and categorization. Cognitive Psychology, 3, 382-407.
33. Shepard, R. (1967). Recognition memory for words, sentences, and pictures. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 6, 156-163.
34. Smith, J. D. (2002). Exemplar theory's predicted typicality gradient can be tested and discontinued. Psychological Science, 13, 437-442.
35. Smith, J. D. (2005). Wanted: A new psychology of exemplars. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 59, 47-53.
36. Smith, J. D., & Minda, J. P. (1998). Prototypes in the mist: The early epochs of category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, 1411-1436.
37. Smith, J. D., & Minda, J. P. (2000). Thirty categorization results in search of a model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 3-27.
38. Smith, J. D., & Minda, J. P. (2001). Journey to the center of the category: The dissociation in amnesia between categorization and recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27, 984-1002.
39. Smith, J. D., & Minda, J. P. (2002). Distinguishing prototype-based and exemplar-based processes in category learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 28, 800-811.
40. Smith, J. D., Murray, M. J., & Minda, J. P. (1997). Straight talk about linear separability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 659-680.
41. Smith, J. D., Redford, J. S., Gent, L., & Washburn, D. A. (2005). Visual search and the collapse of categorization. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 134, 443-460.
42. Standing, L. (1973). Learning 10,000 pictures. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 207-222.
43. Standing, L., Conezio, J., & Haber, R. N. (1970). Perception and memory for pictures: Single-trial learning of 2,500 visual stimuli. Psychonomic Science, 19, 73-74.
44. Verghese, P. (2001). Visual search and attention: A signal detection theory approach. Neuron, 31, 523-535.
45. Wolfe, J. M., Butcher, S. J., Lee, C., & Hyle, M. (2003). Changing your mind: On the contributions of top-down and bottom-up guidance in visual search for feature singletons. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 29, 483-502.
46. Wolfe, J. M., Friedman-Hill, S. R., Stewart, M. I., & O'Connell, K. M. (1992). The role of categorization in visual search for orientation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 34-49.
47. Wolfe, J. M., & Horowitz, T. S. (2004). What attributes guide the deployment of visual attention and how do they do it? Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 5, 1-7.