A review of photodetectors for sensing light-emitting reporters in biological systems

IEEE Sensors Journal

Volumn 3, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 288-303

  Yotter, Rachel A ^a   Wilson, Denise Michelle ^a  

^a University of Washington   (United States)

Author keywords

Avalanche photodetectors; Biosensors; Charge coupled devices; Complementary metal oxide semi conductor (CMOS) photodetectors; Dark current; Detectivity; Fluorescence; Integrated optical systems; Noise power; Phosphorescence; Photodetector; Photodiodes

Indexed keywords

CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES; CMOS INTEGRATED CIRCUITS; ELECTRON TRANSITIONS; ETALONS; FLUORESCENCE; LIGHTING; MOS DEVICES; OPTICAL SYSTEMS; PHOSPHORESCENCE; PHOTOCURRENTS; PHOTODETECTORS; PHOTODIODES; PHOTOMULTIPLIERS; PHOTONS; QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; SPURIOUS SIGNAL NOISE;

AVALANCHE PHOTODETECTORS; COMPLEMENTARY METAL-OXIDE-SEMICONDUCTOR (CMOS) PHOTODETECTORS; DARK CURRENT; DETECTIVITY; INTEGRATED OPTICAL SYSTEMS; NOISE BANDWIDTH; NOISE SPECTRUM; NOISE-EQUIVALENT POWER; PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBES; POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY;

BIOSENSORS;

EID: 3042823694     PISSN: 1530437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2003.814651     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. G. T. A. Kovacs, Micromachined Transducers Sourcebook. Boston, MA: WCB/McGraw-Hill, 1998.
2. Hamamatsu Corporation (USA), Hamamatsu, Inc. (2002, May). http://www.hamamatsu.com/ [Online]
3. Digi-Key Product Index: Optoelectronics, Digi-Key, Inc.. (2002, May). http://www.digikey.com/ [Online]
4. Biomedical Imaging, Hamamatsu, Inc.. (2002, May). http://www.hamamatsu. com/ [Online]
5. Life Sciences/Microscopy Cameras, Roper Scientific Photometrics. (2002, May), http://www.roperscientific.com/ [Online]
6. G. R. Price and S. Schwartz, "Fluorescence microscopy," in Cells and Tissues, G. Oster and A. W. Pollister, Eds. New York: Academic, 1956, vol. 3, Physical Techniques in Biological Research, pp. 91-111.
7. J. R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Microscopy. New York: Plenum, 1983.
8. J. L. Rosenberg, "Photochemistry and luminescence," in Optical Techniques, G. Oster and A. W. Pollister, Eds. New York: Academic, 1955, vol. 1, Physical Techniques in Biological Research, pp. 37-39.
9. P. T. Sharf, "Filters," in Light: Its Generation and Modification, R. Kingslake, Ed. New York: Academic, 1965, vol. 1, Appl. Opt. Opt. Eng., pp. 111-125.
10. H. A. Macleod, Thin-Film Optical Filters. Philadelphia, PA: IOP, 2001.
11. R. Kingslake, Lens Design Fundamentals. New York: Academic, 1978.
12. C. Clark, "Infrared spectrophotometry," in Optical Techniques, G. Oster and A. W. Pollister, Eds. New York: Academic Press, 1955, vol. 1, Physical Techniques in Biological Research, pp. 206-316.
13. B. E. A. Saleh and M. C. Teich, Fundamentals of Photonics. New York: Wiley, 1991.
14. H. Kume, Ed., Photomultiplier Tube: Principle to Application. Toyooka, Japan: Hamamatsu Photonics K. K., 1994.
15. P. Bhattacharya, Semiconductor Optoelectronic Devices. NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1997.
16. C. D. Motchenbacher and F. C. Fitchen, Low-Noise Electronic Design. New York: Wiley, 1972.
17. R. C. Jones, "The ultimate sensitivity of radiation detectors," J. Opt. Soc. Amer., vol. 37, p. 879, 1947.
18. P. W. Kruse, "The photon detection process," in Optical and Infrared Detectors, R. J. Keyes, Ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1977.
19. C. C. Enz and G. C. Temes, "Circuit techniques for reducing the effects of op-amp imperfections: autozeroing, correlated double sampling, and chopper stabilization," Proc. IEEE, vol. 84, pp. 1584-1614, Nov. 1996.
20. R. L. Bell, Negative Electron Affinity Devices. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford Univ. Press, 1973.
21. J. S. Escher, "NEA semiconductor photoemitters," in Contacts, Junctions and Emitters, R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds. New York: Academic, 1981.
22. R. Chechik, A. Breskin, G. Garty, E. Shefer, B. K. Singh, and S. Shchemelinin, "Advances in single-charge detectors and their applications," IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci., vol. 47, pp. 1812-1819, Dec. 2000.
23. M. L. Heimer, A. Gutman, and A. Del Boca, "Using a photomultiplier tube to measure weak bioluminescence," in IEEE Proc. Southeastcon, vol. 1, 1991, pp. 494-498.
24. L. Marcu, D. Cohen, J. M. I. Maarek, and W. S. Grundfest, "Characterization of type I, II, III, IV, and V collagens by time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy," Proc. SPIE, vol. 3917, pp. 93-101, 2000.
25. S.M. Sze, Physics of Semiconductor Devices. New York: Wiley, 1981.
26. G. E. Stillman and C. M. Wolfe, "Avalanche photodiodes," in Infrared Detectors II, R. K. Willardson and A. C. Beer, Eds. New York: Academic, 1977.
27. T. Kaneda, "Silicon and germanium avalanche photodiodes," in Lightwave Communications Technology, R. K. Willardson, A. C. Beer, and W. S. Tsang, Eds. New York: Academic, 1985.
28. D. Baechi, R. Buser, and J. Dual, "A high density microchannel network with integrated valves and photodiodes," Sens. Actuators A, vol. A95, no. 2-3, pp. 77-83, Jan. 2002.
29. W. F. Kosonocky, "Charge-coupled devices: an overview," in Western Electron. Show Conv. Tech. Papers, vol. 18, Sept 10-13, 1974, pp. 2/1-2/20.
30. R. J. Strain, "Properties of an idealized traveling-wave charge-coupled device," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-19, pp. 1119-1130, Oct. 1972.
31. M. F. Tompsett, "The quantitative effects of interface states on the performance of charge-coupled devices," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-20, pp. 45-55, Jan. 1973.
32. J. E. Carnes and W. F. Kosonocky, "Noise sources in charge-coupled devices," RCA Rev., vol. 33, pp. 327-343, 1972.
33. A. M. Mohsen and M. F. Tompsett, "The effects of bulk traps on the performance of bulk channel charge-coupled devices," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. ED-21, pp. 701-712, May 1974.
34. P. Seitz, "Smart image sensors: an emerging key technology for advanced optical measurement and microsystems," Proc. SPIE, vol. 2783, pp. 244-255, 1996.
35. R. H. Nixon, S. E. Kemeny, C. O. Staller, and E. R. Possum, "128 × 128 CMOS photodiode-type active pixel sensor with on-chip timing, control and signal chain electronics," Proc. SPIE, vol. 2415, pp. 505-514, 1995.
36. Q. Zhu, H. Stiebig, P. Rieve, H. Fischer, and M. Bohm, "A novel a-Si(C): H color sensor array," in Proc. MRS Spring Meet. Symp. A - Amorphous Silicon Technol., San Francisco, CA, Apr. 4-18, 1994.
37. P. Seitz, D. Leipold, J. Kramer, and J. M. Raynor, "Smart optical and image sensors fabricated with industrial CMOS/CCD semiconductor processes," Proc. SPIE, vol. 1900, pp. 21-30, 1993.
38. G. N. Lu, G. Sou, F. Devigny, and G. Guillaud, "Design and testing of a CMOS BDJ detector for integrated micro-analysis systems," Microelectron. J., vol. 32, pp. 227-234, 2001.
39. J. M. Raynor and P. Seitz, "A linear array of photodetectors with wide dynamic range and near photon quantum-noise limit," Sens. Actuators A, vol. 61, pp. 327-330, 1997.
40. J. H. Correia, G. de Graaf, S. H. Kong, M. Bartek, and R. F. Wolffenbuttel, "Single-chip CMOS optical microspectrometer," Sens. Actuators A, vol. 82, pp. 191-197, 2000.
41. M. L. Simpson, G. S. Sayler, G. Patterson, D. E. Nivens, E. K. Bolton, J. M. Rochelle, J. C. Arnott, B. M. Applegate, S. Ripp, and M. A. Guillorn, "An integrated CMOS microluminometer for low-level luminescence sensing in the bioluminescent bioreporter integrate circuit," Sens. Actuators B, vol. 72, pp. 134-140, 2001.
42. D. Cristea, F. Craciunoiu, M. Modreanu, M. Caldararu, and I. Cernica, "Photonic circuits integrated with CMOS compatible photodetectors," Opt. Mater., vol. 17, pp. 201-205, 2001.
43. U. Hilleringmann and K. Goser, "Optoelectronic system integration on silicon: waveguides, photodetectors, and VLSI CMOS circuits on one chip," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 42, pp. 841-846, May 1995.
44. A. J. Makynen, J. T. Kostamovaara, and T. E. Rahkonen, "CMOS photodetectors for industrial position sensing," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 43, pp. 489-492, June 1994.
45. A. Makynen, T. Ruotsalainen, T. Rahkonen, and J. Kostamovaara, "High performance CMOS position-sensitive photodetectors (PSDs)," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., vol. 6, 1998, pp. 610-616.
46. R. H. Nixon, S. E. Kemeny, C. O. Staller, and E. R. Fossum, "128 × 128 CMOS photodiode-type active pixel sensor with on-chip timing, control, and signal chain electronics," Proc. SPIE, vol. 2415, pp. 117-123.
47. Q. Zhu, H. Stiebig, P. Rieve, H. Fischer, and M. Bohm, "A novel a-Si(C): H color sensor array," in Proc. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp., vol. 336, 1994, pp. 843-849.
48. S. S. Konanki and F. R. Beyette Jr., "Characterization and performance evaluation of CMOS based photodetectors," in LEOS Summer Topical Meet., 2000, pp. 13-14.
49. M. F. Gourley and P. L. Gourley, "Integration of electro-optical mechanical systems and medicine: where are we and where can we go?," Proc. SPIE, vol. 2978, pp. 197-204, 1997.
50. O. Leistiko, "Integrated microfluidic-optical detection system on a chip," Proc. SPIE, vol. 2978, pp. 94-102, 1997.
51. R. Mariella, "Microtechnology for instrumentation," Proc. SPIE, vol. 3258, pp. 216-228, 1998.
52. K.-H. Brenner, "Development of modules for micro optical integration and MOEMS packaging," Proc. SPIE, vol. 4178, pp. 138-140, 2000.
53. B. Schelle, P. Dress, H. Franke, K. F. Klein, and J. Slupek, "Physical characterization of lightguide capillary cells," J. Phys. D, vol. 32, no. 24, pp. 3157-3163, Dec. 21, 1999.
54. R. Mariella, "Instrumentation for biomedical and environmental applications based on microtechnology - lessons learned," in SPIE Conf. Micro- and Nanofabricated Structures and Devices for Biomedical Envrionmental Applications II, vol. 3606, San Jose, CA, 1999, pp. 74-81.