Protozoan grazing of freshwater biofilms

Advances in Applied Microbiology

Volumn 54, Issue , 2004, Pages 167-196

  Parry, Jacqueline Dawn ^a  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FRESH WATER;

ALGA; AMOEBA; BACTERIUM; BIOFILM; CILIATE; FLAGELLATE; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PLANKTON; PROTOZOON; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ALGAE; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); CILIOPHORA; MASTIGOPHORA (FLAGELLATES); PROTOZOA;

EID: 3042752764     PISSN: 00652164     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0065-2164(04)54007-8     Document Type: Article

References (158)

1. Anand C.M., Skinner A.R., Malic A., Kurtz J.B. Interaction of L. pneumophila and a free living amoeba (Acanthamoeba palestinensis). J. Hyg. 91:1983;167-178
2. Anderl J.N., Zahller J., Roe F., Stewart P.S. Role of nutrient limitation and stationary-phase existence in a Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm resistance to ampibillin and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents. Ch. 47:2003;1251-1256
3. Albright L.J., Sherr E.B., Sherr F., Fallon R.D. Grazing of ciliated protozoa on free and particle-attached bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 38:1987;125-129
4. Alldredge A.L., Cohen Y. Can microscale chemical patches persist in the sea? Microelectrode study of marine snow, fecal pellets. Science. 235:1987;689-691
5. Allison D.G., Brown M.R.W., Evans D.J., Gilbert P. Possible involvement of the division cycle in dispersal of Escherichia coli from biofilms. J. Bacteriol. 172:1990;1667-1669
6. Arndt H. Rotifers as predators on components of the microbial web (bacteria, heterotrophic flagellates, ciliates) - A review. Hydrobiology. 255:1993;231-246
7. Azam F., Fenchel T., Field J.G., Gray J.S., Meyer-Reil L.A., Thingstad F. The ecological role of water column microbes in the sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 10:1983;257-263
8. Barker J., Brown M.R.W. Trojan-horses of the microbial world: Protozoa and the survival of bacterial pathogens in the environment. Microbiology. 140:1994;1253-1259
9. Barker J., Scaife H., Brown M.R.W. Intraphagotrophic growth induces an antibiotic resistant phenotype of Legionella pneumophila. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:(12):1995;2684-2688
10. Barker J., Humphrey T.J., Brown M.R.W. Survival of Escherichia coli 0157 in a soil protozoan: Implications for disease. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 173:1999;291-295
11. Battin T.J., Butturini A., Sabater F. Immobilization and metabolism of dissolved organic carbon by natural sediment biofilms in a Mediteranean and temperate stream. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 19:1999;297-305
12. Bernard C., Rassoulzadegan F. Bacteria or microflagellates as a major food source for marine ciliates: Possible implications for the microzooplankton. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 64:1991;147-155
13. Biggs B.J.F., Close M.E. Periphyton biomass dynamics in gravel bed rivers - The relative effects of flows and nutrients. Freshwater Biol. 22:1989;209-231
14. Bird D.F., Kalff J. Empirical relationships between bacterial abundance and chlorophyll concentration in fresh and marine waters. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41:1984;1015-1023
15. Blackburn N., Fenchel T., Mitchell H. Microscale nutrient patches in planktonic habitats shown by chemotactic bacteria. Science. 282:1998;2254-2256
16. Blackburn N., Fenchel T. Modelling of microscale patch encounter by chemotactic protozoa. Protist. 150:1999;337-343
17. Boenigk J., Arndt H. Comparative studies of the feeding behaviour of two heterotrophic nanoflagelates: The filter-feeding choanoflagellate Monosiga ovata and the raptorial-feeding kinetoplastid Rhynchomonas nasuta. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 22:2000a;243-249
18. Boenigk J., Arndt H. Particle handling during interception feeding by four species of heterotrophic nanoflagellates. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47:2000b;350-358
19. Brown M.R.W., Barker J. Unexplored reservoirs of pathogenic bacteria: Protozoa and biofilms. Trends Microbiol. 7:1999;45-50
20. Brussaard L., Kools J.P., Bouwman L.A., De Ruiter P.C. Population dynamics and nitrogen remineralisaton rates in soil as influenced by bacterial grazing nematodes and mites. Veeresch G.K., Rajagopal D., Viraktamath C.A. "Advances in Management and Conservation of Soil Fauna" 1991;517-523 Oxford and IBH Publishing Co PVT Ltd. New Delhi
21. Bryers J.D. Processes governing primary biofilm formation. Biotech. Bioeng. 24:1982;2451-2476
22. Butler H., Rogerson A. Consumption rates of six species of marine benthic naked amoebae (Gymnamoeba) from sediments in the Clyde Sea area. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 77:1997;898-997
23. Carrias J.-F., Amblard C., Bourdier G. Protistan bacterivory in an oligotrophic lake; Importance of attached ciliates and flagellates. Microb. Ecol. 31:1996;249-268
24. Caron D.A. Grazing of attached bacteria by heterotrophic microflagellates. Microb. Ecol. 13:1987;203-218
25. Christensen B.E., Characklis W.G. Physical and chemical properties of biofilms. Characklis W.G., Marshall K.C. "Biofilm" 1990;93-130 New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc
26. Chrzanowski T.H., Šimek K. Prey-size selection by freshwater flagellated protozoa. Limnol. Oceanog. 35:1990;1429-1436
27. Clarholm M. Interactions of bacteria, protozoa and plants leading to mineralization of soil nitrogen. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17:1985;181-188
28. Costerton J.W., Irvin R.T., Cheng K.-J. The bacterial glycocalyx in nature and disease. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 35:1981;299-324
29. Daggett P.-M., Nerad T.A. Axenic cultivation of Bodo edax and Bodo uncinatus and some observations on feeding rate in monoxenic culture. J. Protozool. 29:1982;290-291
30. Davidson E.A., Stark J.M., Firestone M.K. Microbial production and consumption of nitrate in an annual grassland. Ecology. 71:1990;1968-1975
31. Davies D.G., Parsek M.R., Pearson J.P., Iglewski B.H., Costerton J.W., Greenberg E.P. The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial film. Science. 280:1998;295-298
32. Davies P.G., Sieburth J. McN. Estuarine and oceanic microflagellate predation of actively growing bacteria: Estimation by frequency of dividing-divided bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 19:1984;237-246
33. Dolan J.R., Coats D.W. A study of feeding in predacious ciliates using prey ciliates labelled with fluorescent microspheres. J. Plank. Res. 13:1991;609-627
34. Donlan R.M., Costerton J.W. Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 15:2002;167-193
35. Eccleston-Parry J.D., Leadbeater B.S.C. A comparison of the growth kinetics of six marine heterotrophic nanoflagellates fed with one bacterial species. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 105:1994;167-177
36. Eccleston-Parry J.D., Leadbeater B.S.C. The regeneration of phosphorus and nitrogen by four species of heterotrophic nanoflagellates feeding on three nutritional states of a single bacterial strain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1995;1033-1038
37. Eisenmann H., Harms H., Meckenstock R., Meyer E.I., Zehnder A.J.B. Grazing of Tetrahymena sp. on attached bacteria in percolated columns monitored by in situ hybridization with fluorescent oligonucleotide probes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1998;1264-1269
38. Eisenmann H., Letsiou I., Feuchinger A., Beisker W., Mannweiler E., Hutzler P., Arnz P. Interception of small particles by flocculent structures, sessile ciliates, and the basic layer of a wastewater biofilm. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2001;4286-4292
39. Elliot E.T., Anderson R.V., Coleman D.C., Cole C.V. Habitable spore space and microbial trophic interactions. Oikos. 35:1980;327-335
40. English J., Pickup R., Parry J.D. The potential harbouring of coliform bacteria by protozoa in biofilms. Gilbert P., Allison D., Brading M., Verran J., Walker J. "Biofilm Community Interaction - Chance or Necessity?" 2001;271-279 Bioline, Cardiff University
41. Epstein S.S., Shiaris M.P. Rates of microbenthic and meiobenthic bacterivory in a temperate muddy tidal flat community. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:1992;2426-2431
42. Epstein S.S., Burkovsky I.V., Shiaris M.P. Ciliate grazing on bacteria, flagellates, and microalgae in a temperate zone sandy tidal flat: Ingestion rates and food niche partitioning. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 165:1992;103-123
43. Fenchel T. Ecology of heterotrophic microflagellates. I. Some important forms and their functional morphology. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 8:1982;211-223
44. Fields B.S., Shotts E.B., Feeley J.C., Gorman G.W., Martin W.T. Proliferation of Legionella pneumophila as an intracellular parasite of the ciliate protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 47:1984;467-471
45. Finlay B.J. Protozoa. Levin S. "Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, " 2001;901-915 Academic Press, San Diego
46. Francoeur S.N., Biggs B.J.F., Smith R.A., Lowe R.L. Nutrient limitation of algal biomass accrual in streams: Seasonal patterns and a comparison of methods. J. North Am. Benth. Soc. 18:(2):1999;242-260
47. Frost P.C., Elser J.J. Growth responses of littoral mayflies to the phosphorus content of their food. Ecol. Lett. 5:2002;232-240
48. Gilbert D., Mitchell E.A.D., Amblard C., Bourdier G., Francez A.J. Population dynamics and food preferences of the testate amoeba Nebela tincta major-bohemica-collaris complex (Protozoa) in Sphagnum peatland. Acta Protozool. 42:2003;99-104
49. Gilbert J.J., Jack J.D. Rotifers as predators on small ciliates. Hydrobiologia. 255:1993;247-253
50. Goldman J.C., Caron D.A., Andersen O.K., Dennett M.R. Nutrient cycling in a microflagellate foodchain. I. Nitrogen dynamics. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24:1985;231-242
51. Gray K.M. Intracellular communication and group behaviour in bacteria. Trends Microbiol. 5:1997;184-186
52. Green J. Associations of planktonic and periphytic rotifers in a tropical swamp, the Okavango Delta, Southern Africa. Hydrobiologia. 490:2003;197-209
53. Greenberg E.P. Quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria: Acylhomoserine lactone signalling and cell-cell communication. LeBlanc D.J., Lantz M.S., Switalski L.M. "Microbial Pathogenesis: Current and Emerging Issues" 1998;17-26 Indiana Universty
54. Griffiths B.S., Caul S. Migration of bacterial-feeding nematodes, but not protozoa, to decomposing grass residues. Biol. Fert. Soils. 15:1993;201-207
55. Groscop J.A., Brent M.M. The effects of selected strains of pigmented microorganisms on small free-living amoebae. Can. J. Microbiol. 10:1964;579-584
56. Haack T.K., McFeters G.A. Microbial dynamics of an epilithic mat community in a high alpine stream. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 43:1982;702-707
57. Hahn M.W., Moore E.R.B., Höfle M.G. Role of microcolony formation in the protistan grazing defence of the aquatic bacterium Pseudomonas sp. MWH1. Microb. Ecol. 39:2000;175-185
58. Harb O.S., Kwaik Y.A. Probing the microenvironment of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Microbes Infect. 1:1999;445-453
59. Harb O.S., Kwaik Y.A. Interaction of Legionella pneumophila with protozoa provides lesions. ASM News. 66:2000;609-616
60. Harder T., Lau S.C.K., Dahms H.U., Qian P.Y. Isolation of bacterial metabolites as natural inducers for larval settlement in the marine polychaete Hydroides elegans (Haswell). J. Chem. Ecol. 28:2002;2029-2043
61. Harmsworth G.C., Sleigh M.A. Colonisation of non-living surfaces in streams by peritrich ciliates. Eur. J. Protistol. 29:1993;294-301
62. Havens K.E., East T.L., Rodusky A.J., Sharfstein B. Littoral periphyton responses to nitrogen and phosphorus: An experimental study in a subtropical lake. Aquat. Bot. 63:1999;267-290
63. Heaton K., Drinkall J., Minett A., Hunt A.P., Parry J.D. Ameoboid grazing on surface-associated prey. Gilbert P., Allison D., Brading M., Verran J., Walker J. "Biofilm Community Interaction - Chance or Necessity?" 2001;293-301 Bioline, Cardiff University
64. Hessen D.O. The relation between bacterial carbon and dissolved humic compounds in oligotrophic lakes. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 31:1985;215-223
65. Hillebrand H., Sommer U. Response of epilithic microphytobenthos of the Western Baltic Sea to in situ experiments with nutrient enrichment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 160:1997;35-46
66. Hillebrand H., Sommer U. The nutrient stoichiometry of benthic microalgal growth: Redfield proportions are optimal. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44:1999;440-446
67. Hillebrand H., Kahlert M. Effect of grazing and nutrient supply on periphyton biomass and nutrient stoichiometry in habitats of different productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46:2001;1881-1898
68. Hondeveld B.J.M., Bak R.P.M., van Duyl F.C. Bacterivory by heterotrophic nanoflagellates in marine sediments measured by uptake of fluorescently labelled bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 89:1992;63-71
69. Hunt A.P., Parry J.D. The effect of substratum roughness and river flow rate on the development of a freshwater biofilm community. Biofouling. 12:1998;287-303
70. Hunt A.P., Parry J.D., Hamilton-Taylor J. Algal-bacterial relationships in streams with varying DOC concentration and source. Keevil C.W., Godfree A., Holt D. "Biofilms in the Aquatic Environment, " Vol. 242:1999;34-42. Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publication.
71. Hunter C., McDonald A. Seasonal changes in the sanitary bacterial quality of water draining a small upland catchment in the Yorkshire Dales. Water Res. 25:1991;447-455
72. Iriberri I., Ayo B., Santmaria E., Barcina I., Egea L. Influence of bacterial density and water temperature on the grazing activity of two freshwater ciliates. Freshwater Biol. 33:1995;223-231
73. Jackson S.M., Jones E.B.G. Interactions within biofilms: The disruption of biofilm structure by protozoa. Kieler Meeresforsh. Sonderh. 8:1991;264-268
74. Jax K. The influence of substratum age on patters of protozoan assemblages in freshwater Aufwchs-a case study. Hydrobiology. 317:1996;201-208
75. Jeppesen E., Sondergaard M., Christoffersen K., Theil-Neilsen J., Jürgens K. Cascading trophic interactions in the litterol zone: An enclosure experiment in shallow Lake Stigsholm, Denmark. Arch. Hydrobiol. 153:2002;533-555
76. Johannes R.E. Influence of marine protozoa on nutrient regeneration. Limnol. Oceanogr. 10:1965;434-442
77. Joint I., Callow M.E., Callow J.A., Clarke K.R. The attachment of Enteromorpha zoospores to a bacterial biofilm assemblage. Biofouling. 16:2000;151-158
78. Jones R.I., Salonen K. The importance of bacterial utilisation of released phytoplankton photosynthate in two humic forest lakes in southern Finland. Holarctic Ecol. 8:1985;133-140
79. Joubert L.-M., Botha A., Wolfaardt G.M. Feeding relationships in yeast-ciliate biofilms. McBain A., Allison D., Brading M., Rckard A., Verran J., Walker J. "Biofilm Communities: Order from chaos?" 2003;409-415 Bioline, Cardiff University
80. Jürgens K., De Mott W.R. Behavioural flexibility in prey selection by bacterivorous nanoflagellates. Limnol. Oceanogr. 40:1995;1503-1507
81. Kemp P.F. Bacterivory by benthic ciliates: Significance as a carbon source and impact on sediment bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 49:1988;163-169
82. Kilvington S., Price J. Survival of Legionella pneumophila within cysts of Acanthamoeba polyphaga following chlorine exposure. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 68:1990;519-525
83. Kleerebezem M., Quadri L.E., Kuipers O.P., de Vos W.M. Quorum sensing by peptide phermomones and two-component signal-transduction systems in Gram-positive bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 24:1997;895-904
84. Kuhlmann H.W., Heckmann K. Interspecific morphogens regulating predator-prey relationships in protozoa. Science. 227:1985;1347-1349
85. Kusch J. Predator-induced morphological changes in Euplotes (Ciliata)-Isolation of the inducing substance released from Stenostomum sphagnetorum (Tubellaria). J. Exp. Zool. 265:1993a;613-618
86. Kusch J. Behavioural and morphological changes in ciliates induced by the predator Amoeba proteus. Oecologia. 96:1993b;354-359
87. Kusuoka Y., Watanabe Y. Distinction of emigration by telotrich formation and death by predation in peritrich ciliates: SEM observations on the remaining stalk ends. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 62:1989;7-12
88. Landry M.R., Lehner-Fournier J.M., Sundstrom J.A., Fagerness V.L., Selph K.E. Discrimination between living and heat-killed prey by a marine zooflagellate Paraphysomonas imperforata (Stokes). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 146:1991;139-151
89. LaScola B., Raoult D. Survival of Coxiella burnteii within free-living amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. Clin. Microbiol. Infec. 7:2001;75-79
90. Lawrence J.R., Snyder R.A. Feeding behaviour and grazing impacts of a Euplotes sp. on attached bacteria. Can. J. Microbiol. 44:1998;623-629
91. Lawrence J.R., Scharf B., Packroff G., Neu T.R. Microscale evaluation of the effects of grazing by invertebrates with contrasting feeding modes on river biofilm architecture and composition. Microb. Ecol. 44:2002;199-207
92. Laybourn-Parry J.E.M. Energy consumption and growth in the suctorian Podophrya fixa (Protozoa: Suctoria). J. Zool. Lond. 180:1976;85-91
93. Leung K.T., So J.-S., Kostrzynska M., Lee H., Trevors J.T. Using a green fluorescent protein gene-labelled p-nitrophenol-degrading Moraxella strain to examine the protective effect of alginate encapsulation against protozoan grazing. J. Microbiol. Meth. 39:2000;205-211
94. Lindstrom E.A. The humic lake acidification experiment (HUMEX): Impacts of acid treatment on periphyton growth and nutrient in Lake Skjervatjern, Norway. Environ. Int. 22:1996;629-642
95. Maberly S.C., King L., Dent M.M., Jones R.I., Gibson C.E. Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton and periphyton growth in upland lakes. Freshwater Biol. 47:2002;2136-2152
96. Madoni P. Estimates of ciliate protozoa biomass in activated sludge and biofilm. Biores. Tech. 48:1994;245-249
97. Maki J.S., Rittschof D., Samuelsson M.-O., Szewzyk U., Yule A.B., Kjelleberg S. Effect of marine bacteria and their exopolymers on the attachment of barnacle cypris larvae. Bull. Mar. Sci. 46:1988;490-511
98. Marchant H.J., Scott F.J. Uptake of submicrometer particles and dissolved organic material be Antarctic choanoflagellates. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 92:1993;59-64
99. Martin-Cereceda M., Alverez A.M., Serrano S., Guinea A. Confocal and light microscope examination of protozoa and other microorganisms in the biofilms from a rotating biological contractor wastewater treatment plant. Acta Protozool. 40:2001;263-272
100. Matlock M.D., Matlock M.E., Storm D.E., Smolen M.D., Hensley W.J. Limiting nutrient determination in lotic ecosystems using a quantitative nutrient enrichment periphytometer. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 34:(5):1998;1141-1147
101. Mattison R.G., Taki H., Harayama S. The bacterivorous soil flagellate Heteromita globosa reduces bacterial clogging under denitrifying conditions in sand-filled aquifer columns. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:2002;4539-4545
102. Matz C., Jürgens K. Effects of hydrophobicity and electrostatic cell surface properties of bacteria on the feeding rates of heterotrophic nanoflagellates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:2001;814-820
103. Matz C., Boenigk J., Arndt H., Jürgens K. Role of bacterial phenotypic traits in selective feeding of the heterotrophic nanoflagellate Spumella sp. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 27:2002;137-148
104. Mayes D.F., Rogerson A., Marchant H., Laybourn-Parry J. Growth and consumption rates of bacterivorous Antarctic naked marine amoebae. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 160:1997;101-108
105. McBain A.J., Bartolo R.G., Catrenich C.E., Charbonneau D., Ledder R.G., Rickard A.H., Symmons S.A., Gilbert P. Microbial characterization of biofilms in domestic drains and the establishment of stable biofilm microcosms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2003;177-185
106. McLean R.J.C., Whiteley M., Stickler D.J., Gooden D.T. Evidence of autoinducer activity in naturally occurring biofilms. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 154:1997;259-263
107. McManus G.B., Fuhrman J.A. Bacterivory in seawater studied with the use of inert fluorescent particles. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31:1986;420-426
108. Mohr S., Adrian R. Reproductive success of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus feeding on ciliates and flagellates of different trophic modes. Freshwater Biol. 47:2002;1832-1839
109. Morelli A., Ricci N., Verni F. Orthokinetic and klinokinetic reactions in the behaviour of Litonotus lamella predating on Euplotes crassus. Eur. J. Protistol. 35:1999;168-174
110. Murga R., Forster T.S., Brown E., Pruckler J.M., Fields B.S., Donlan R.M. The role of biofilms in the survival of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system. Microbiology. 147:2001;3121-3126
111. Neumeister B., Reiff G., Faigle M., Dietz K., Northoff H., Lang F. Influence of Acanthamoeba castellanii on intracellular growth of different Legionella species in human monocytes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66:2000;914-919
112. Newsome A.L., Scott T.M., Benson R.F., Fields B.S. Isolation of an amoeba naturally harbouring a distinctive Legionella species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1998;1688-1693
113. Notestein S.K., Frazer T.K., Hoyer M.V., Cranfield D.E. Nutrient limitation of periphyton in a spring-fed, coastal stream in Florida, USA. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 41:2003;57-60
114. Parry J.D., Heaton K., Drinkall J., Jones H.L.J. Feasibility of using GFP-expressing Escherichia coli, coupled with fluorimetry, to determine protozoan ingestion rates. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 35:2001;11-17
115. Pederson K. Biofilm development on stainless steel and PVC surfaces in drinking water. Water Res. 24:1990;239-243
116. Pérez-Uz B., Franco C., Martín-Cereceda M., Arregui L., Campos I., Serrano S., Guinea A., Fernández-Galiano D. Biofilm characteristics of several wastewater treatment plants with rotating biological contractors in Madrid (Spain). Wat. Sci. Tech. 37:1998;215-218
117. Pernthaler J., Sattler B., Šimek K., Szhwarzenbacher A., Psenner R. Top-down effects on the size-biomass distribution of a freshwater bacterioplankton community. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 10:1996;255-263
118. Pratt J.R., Lang B.Z., Kaesler R.L., Cairns J. Effect of seasonal changes on protozans inhabiting artificial substrates in a small pond. Arch. Protistenkd. 131:1986;45-57
119. Ricki N., Morelli A., Verni F. The predation of Litonotus on Euplotes: A two step cell-cell recognition process. Acta Protozool. 35:1996;201-208
120. Robbins E.I., Rodgers T.M., Alpers C.N., Normstrom D.K. Ecogeochemistry of the subsurface food web at pH 0-2.5 in Iron Mountain, California, USA. Hydrobiologia. 433:(1-3):2000;15-23
121. Rogerson A. Generation times and reproductive rates of Amoeba proteus (Leidy) as influenced by temperature and food concentration. Can. J. Zool. 58:1980;543-548
122. Rogerson A., Laybourn-Parry J. Aggregate dwelling protozooplankton communities in estuaries. Arch. Hydrobiol. 125:1992;411-422
123. Rogerson A., Hannah F., Gothe G. The grazing potential of some unusual marine benthic amoebae feeding on bacteria. Europ. J. Protistol. 32:1996;271-279
124. Rowbotham T.J. Preliminary report on the pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila for freshwater and soil amoebae. J. Clin. Pathol. 33:1980;1179-1183
125. Sala M.M., Güde H. Role of protozoans on the microbial ectoenzymatic activity during the degradation of macrophytes. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 20:1999;75-82
126. Sanders R.W., Porter K.G., Bennett S.J., DeBaise A.E. Seasonal patterns of bacterivory by flagellates, ciliates, rotifers, and cladocerans in a freshwater planktonic community. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34:1989;673-687
127. Schlimme W., Marchiani M., Hanselmann K., Jenni B. Gene transfer between bacteria within digestive vacuoles of protozoa. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 23:1997;239-247
128. Segal G., Shuman H.A. Legionella pneumophila utilizes the same genes to multiply within Acanthamoeba castellanii and human macrophages. Infect. Immun. 67:1999;2117-2124
129. Seravin L.N., Orlovskaja E.E. Feeding behaviour of unicellular animals. I. The main role of chemoreception in the food choices of carnivorous protozoa. Acta Protozool. 16:1977;309-332
130. Sherr B.F., Sherr E.B., Berman T. Grazing, growth, and ammonium excretion rates of a heterotrophic microflagellate fed with four species of bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45:1983;1196-1201
131. Sherr B.F., Sherr E.B., Fallon R.D. Use of monodispersed, fluorescently labelled bacteria to estimate in situ protozoan bacterivory. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53:1987;958-965
132. Sherr E.B. Direct use of high molecular weight polysaccharides by heterotrophic flagellates. Nature. 335:1988;348-351
133. Sherr E.B., Sherr B.F. High rates of consumption of bacteria by pelagic ciliates. Nature. 325:1987;710-711
134. Sibbald M.J., Albright L.J. Aggregate and free bacteria as food sources for heterotrophic microflagellates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:1988;613-616
135. Sibbald M.J., Sibbald P.R., Albright L.J. How advantageous is a sensory prey detection mechanism to predatory microflagellates? J. Plankton. Res. 10:1988;455-464
136. Snyder R.A. Chemoattraction of a bacterivorous ciliate to bacteria surface-compounds. Hydrobiologia. 215:1991;205-213
137. Starink M., Krylova I.N., Bär-Gilissen M.-J., Back R.P.M., Cappenberg T.E. Rates of benthic protozoan grazing on free and attached sediment bacteria measured with fluorescently stained sediment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1994;2259-2264
138. Stock M.S., Ward A.K. Establishment of a bedrock epilithic community in a small stream - microbial (algal and bacterial) metabolism and physical structure. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46:1989;1874-1883
139. Stoecker D.K., Evans G.T. Effects of protozoan herbivory and carnivory in a microplankton food web. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK. 25:1985;159-167
140. Stoecker D.K., Cucci T.L., Hurlbert E.M., Yentsch C.M. Selective feeding by Balanion sp. (Ciliata: Balanionidae) on phytoplankton that best support its growth. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 95:1986;113-130
141. Strüder-Kype M.C. Periphyton and sphagnicolous protests of dystrophic bog lakes (Brandenberg, Germany). Limnologica. 29:1999;393-406
142. Sturgill-Koszycki S., Schlesinger P.H., Chakraborty P., Haddix P.L., Collins H.L., Fok A.K., Gluck S.L., Heuser J., Russel D.G. Lack of acidification in Mycobacterium phagosomes produced by exclusion of the vesicular protein-ATPase. Science. 263:1994;678-681
143. Szewzyk U., Manz W., Amann R., Schleifer K.-H., Stenstrom T.-A. Growth and in situ detection of a pathogenic Escherichia coli in biofilms of a heterotrophic water-bacterium by use of 16s- and 23s-rRNA-direct fluorescent oligonuceotide probes. FEMS Microb. Lett. 13:1994;169-176
144. Tank J.L., Dodds W.K. Nutrient limitation of epilithic and epixylic biofilms in ten North American streams. Freshwater Biol. 48:2003;1031-1049
145. Thomas R.W.S.P., Allsopp D. The effects of certain periphytic marine bacteria upon the settlement and growth of Enteromorpha, a fouling alga. Oxley T.A., Barry S. "Biodeterioration 5" 1983;348-357 John Wiley and Sons, London
146. Tranvik L. Bacterioplankton growth, grazing mortality and quantitative relationship to primary production in a humic and clearwater lake. J. Plankton. Res. 11:1989;985-1000
147. Tranvik L., Sherr E.B., Sherr B.F. Uptake and utilisation of colloidal DOM by heterotrophic flagellates in seawater. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 92:1993;301-309
148. Tso S.F., Taghon G.L. Factors affecting predation by Cyclidium sp. and Euplotes sp. on PAH-degrading and non-degrading bacteria. Microb. Ecol. 37:1999;3-12
149. Vadstein O., Harkjerr B.O., Jensen A., Olsen Y., Reinertsen H. Cycling of organic carbon in the photic zone of a eutrophic lake with special reference to the heterotrophic bacteria. Limnol. Oceanogr. 34:1989;840-855
150. Wiackowski K., Starońska A. The effect of predator and prey density on the induced defence of a ciliate. Functional Ecol. 13:1999;59-65
151. Wingender J., Neu T., Flemming H.-C. What are extracellular polymeric substance? Wingender J., Neu T., Flemming H.-C. "Microbial Extracellular Polymeric Substances" 1999;1-19 Springer, Heidelberg, Berlin, and New York
152. Wolfaardt G.M., Lawrence J.R., Robarts R.D., Caldwell D.E. The role of interactions, sessile growth, and nutrient amendments on the degradative efficiency of a microbial consortium. Can. J. Microbiol. 40:1994;331-340
153. Woods L.E., Cole C.V., Elliot E.T., Anderson R.V., Coleman D.C. Nitrogen transformations in soil as affected by bacterial-microfaunal interactions. Soil Biol. Biochem. 14:1982;93-99
154. Zhang X., Bishop P.L. Biodegradability of biofilm extracellular polymeric substances. Chemosphere. 50:2003;63-69
155. Zimmermann-Timm H. Characteristics, dynamics, and importance of aggregates in rivers-An invited review. Internat. Rev. Hydrobiol. 87:2002;197-240
156. Zubkov M.V., Sleigh M.A. Growth of amoebae and flagellates on bacteria deposited on filters. Microb. Ecol. 37:1999a;107-115
157. Zubkov M.V., Sleigh M.A. Protozoan feeding on natural and cultured bacteria deposited on inert polymeric and mineral membrane filters. Biofouling. 14:1999b;25-35
158. Zubkov M.V., Sleigh M.A. Comparison of growth efficiencies of protozoa growing on bacteria deposited on surfaces and suspension. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 47:2000;62-69