Proliferation and differentiation processes in the heart muscle elements in different phylogenetic groups

International Review of Cytology

Volumn 235, Issue , 2004, Pages 215-250

  Martynova, Marina G ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF CYTOLOGY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

DNA synthesis; Ecdysterone; Myogenesis; Natriuretic peptides; Stem cells

Indexed keywords

NATRIURETIC FACTOR; THYMIDINE;

ANNELID WORM; ASCIDIACEA; CELL CYCLE; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHORDATA; CRUSTACEA; DNA SYNTHESIS; ENDOCRINE FUNCTION; EPIGENETICS; HEART MUSCLE CELL; HISTOGENESIS; MOLLUSC; MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; MUSCLE REGENERATION; NONHUMAN; PHYLOGENY; POLYPLOIDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN SECRETION; REVIEW; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; VERTEBRATE;

ANIMALIA; CHORDATA; CRUSTACEA; ECDYSOZOA; LOPHOTROCHOZOA; MOLLUSCA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 3042747952     PISSN: 00747696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0074-7696(04)35005-9     Document Type: Article

References (159)

1. Aardal S., Helle K.B. Comparative aspects of the endocrine myocardium. Acta Physiol. Scand. 142:(suppl. 599):1991;31-46
2. Adler C.P. Polyploidization and augmentation of heart muscle cells during normal cardiac growth and in cardiac hypertrophy. Oberpriller J.O., Oberpriller J.C., Mauro A. "The Development and Regenerative Potential of Cardiac Muscle" 1991;227-252 Harward Academic Publ. Chur, Switzerland
3. Aizu S. Fine structure of the prawn heart muscle. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 111:1973;101-117
4. Anatskaya O.V., Vinogradov A.E., Kudryavtsev B.N. Cardiomyocyte ploidy level in birds with different growth rates. J. Exp. Zool. 289:2001;48-58
5. Anversa P., Kajstura J. Ventricular myocytes are not terminally differentiated in the adult mammalian heart. Circ. Res. 83:1998;1-14
6. Argentin S., Ardati A., Tremblay S., Lihrmann I., Robitaille L., Drouin J., Nemer M. Developmental stage-specific regulation of atrial natriuretic factor gene transcription in cardiac cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1994;777-790
7. Baccetti B., Bigliardi E. Studies on the fine structure of the dorsal vessel of arthropods. I. The "heart" of an orthopteran. Z. Zellforsch. 99:1969;13-24
8. Bachmann S., Goldschmid A. Fine structure of the axial complex of Sphaerechinus granularis (Lam.) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Cell Tiss. Res. 193:1978;107-123
9. Balser E.J., Ruppert E.E. Structure, ultrastructure, and function of the preoral heart-kidney in Saccoglossus kowalevskii (Hemichordata; Enteropneusta) including new data on the stomochord. Acta Zool. 71:1990;235-249
10. Bargmann W., Hehn G. Über das Axialorgan ("mysterious gland") von Asterias rubens L. Z. Zellforsch. 88:1968;262-277
11. Beltrami A.P., Urbanek K., Kajstura J., Yan S.M., Finato N., Bussani R., Nadal-Ginard B., Silvestri F., Leri A., Beltrami C.A., Anversa P. Evidence that human cardiac myocytes divide after myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 344:2001;1750-1757
12. Bittner R.E., Schöfer C., Weipoltschammer K., Ivanova S., Streubel B., Hauser E., Freilinger M., Höger H., Elbe-Bürger A., Wachtler F. Recruitment of bone-marrow-derived cells by skeletal and cardiac muscle in adult dystrophic mdx mice. Anat. Embryol. 199:1999;391-396
13. Boilly B., Wissocq J.-C. Présence de fibres striées transversalement dans un vaisseau contractile d'Annélide Polychète: le coeur dorsal de Magelona papillicornis. Biol. Cellulair. 28:1977;131-136
14. Brinkmann A.O. Steroid hormone receptors: Activators of gene transcription. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. 7:1994;275-282
15. Brodsky V.Y. Cell ploidy in the mammalian heart. Oberpriller J.O., Oberpriller J.C., Mauro A. "The Development and Regenerative Potential of Cardiac Muscle" 1991;253-292 Harward Academic Publ. Chur, Switzerland
16. Buckingham M. Molecular biology of muscle development. Cell. 78:1994;15-21
17. Bugaeva E.A., Bystrova O.A., Martynova M.G. Ecdysteroid receptors in the heart of Helix aspersa (Gastropoda). Tsitologiia. 41:1999;132-134
18. Bystrova O.A., Martynova M.G., Nylund A. Stem muscle cells in the molluscan heart muscle. Tsitologiia. 38:1996;440-444. (in Russian, English summary).
19. Bystrova O.A., Parfenov V.N., Martynova M.G. Atrial natriuretic peptide in the granular cells of the snail heart. Tsitologiia. 44:2002;115-119
20. Canavan J.P., Holt J., Goldspink D.F. The influence of thyroid hormones on the growth of the atria and ventricles of the heart in immature rats. J. Endocrinol. 142:1994;171-179
21. Cavey K.W., Cloney R.A. Ultrastructure and differentiation of ascidian muscle. I. Caudal musculature of the larva of Diplosoma macdonaldi. Cell Tiss. Res. 174:1976;289-313
22. Chen H.H., Burnett J.C. Jr. C-type natriuretic peptide: The endothelial component of the natriuretic peptide system. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 32:(Suppl. 3):1998;22-28
23. Chen J.-N., Fishman M.C. Genetics of heart development. Trends Genet. 16:2000;383-388
24. Chien R. Signaling mechanisms for the activation of an embryonic gene program during the hypertrophy of cardiac ventricular muscle. Basic. Res. Cardiol. 87:1992;49-58
25. Cluzeaut F., Maurer-Schultze B. Proliferation of cardiomyocytes and interstitial cells in the cardiac muscle of the mouse during pre- and postnatal development. Cell Tissue Kinet. 19:1986;267-274
26. Condorelli G., Borello U., De Angelis L., Latronico M., Sirabella D., Coletta M., Galli R., Balconi G., Follenzi A., Frati G., Cusella De Angelis M.G., Gioglio L., Amuchastegui S., Adorini L., Naldini L., Vescovi A., Dejana E., Cossu G. Cardiomyocytes induce endothelial cells to trans-differentiate into cardiac muscle: Implications for myocardium regeneration. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98:2001;10733-10738
27. Dewel R.A. Colonial origin for Emetazoa: Major morphological transitions and the origin of bilaterian complexity. J. Morphol. 243:2000;35-74
28. Dilly P.N., Welsch U., Rehkämper G. Fine structure of heart, pericardium and glomerular vessel in Cephalodiscus gracilis M'Intoch, 1882 (Pterobranchia, Hemichordata). Acta Zool. 67:1986;73-179
29. Dobzhansky T. Nothing in biology makes sense, except in the light of evolution. Am. Biol. Teach. 35:1973;125-129
30. Dolmatov I.Y., Ivantey V.A. Histogenesis of longitudinal muscle bands in the holothurian Eupentacta fraudatrix. Ontogenez. 24:1993;67-72. (in Russian, English summary).
31. Doyle W.L. Vesiculated axons in haemal vessels of an holothurian: Cucumaria frondosa. Biol. Bull. 132:1967;329-336
32. Durliat M., Moriniere M., Porcheron P. Changes in ecdysteroides in Astacus leptodactylus during the molting cycle. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 89A:1988;223-229
33. Durocher D., Charron F., Warren R., Schwartz R.J., Nemer M. The cardiac transcription factor Nkx2-5 and GATA-4 are mutual cofactors. EMBO J. 16:1997;5687-5696
34. Durocher D., Grepin C., Nemer M. Regulation of gene expression in the endocrine heart. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 53:1998;7-23
35. Edwards G.A., Challice C.E. The ultrastructure of the heart of the cockroach, Blattella germanica. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 53:1960;369-383
36. El Haj A.J., Harrison P., Chang E.S. Localization of ecdysteroid receptor immunoreactivity in eyestalk and muscle tissue of the American lobster, Homarus amaricanus. J. Exp. Zool. 270:1994;343-349
37. Flink I.L. Cell cycle reentry of ventricular and atrial cardiomyocytes and cells within the epicardium following amputation of the ventricular apex in the axolotl, Amblystoma mexicanum: Confocal microscopic immunofluorescent image analysis of bromodeoxyuridine-labeled nuclei. Anat. Embryol. 205:2002;235-244
38. Flink I.L., Oana S., Maitra N., Bahl J.J., Morkin E. Changes in E2F complexes containing retinoblastoma protein family members and increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor activities during terminal differentiation of cardiomyocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 30:1998;563-578
39. Forssmann W.G., Richter R., Meyer M. The endocrine heart and natriuretic peptides: Histochemistry, cell biology, and functional aspects of the renal urodilatin system. Histochem. Cell Biol. 110:1998;335-357
40. Garcia M., Boilly Y., Blanckaert V., Gharbi J., Girault J.-P., Lafont R. Ecdysteroid metabolism in Annelids. Int. J. Invert. Reprod. Dev. 18:1990;113-114
41. Garcia M., Griffond B., Lafont R. What are origins of ecdysteroids in gastropods? Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 97:1995;76-85
42. Gerhart J. Inversion of the chordate body axis: Are there alternatives? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;4445-4448
43. Goldstein M.A., Claycomb W.C., Schwartz A. DNA synthesis and mitosis in well-differentiated mammalian cardiocytes. Science. 183:1974;212-213
44. Grounds M.D., McGeachie J.K. Myogenic cells of regenerating adult chicken muscle can fuse into myotubes after a single cell division in vivo. Exp. Cell. Res. 180:1989;429-439
45. Gupta B.L., Little C. Ultrastructure, phylogeny and Pogonophora. Z. Zool. Syst. Evol. Forsch. 1975;45-63. (Sonderheft: The Phylogeny and Systematic Position of Pogonophora), pp.
46. Hama K. The fine structure of some blood vessels of the earth worm, Eisenia foetida. J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 7:1960;717-724
47. Hegstrom C.D., Truman J.W. Steroid control of muscle remodeling during metemorphosis in Manduca sexta. J. Neurobiol. 29:1996;535-550
48. Herreid C.F. II, LaRussa V.F., DeFesi C.R. Blood vascular system of the sea cucumber, Stichopus moebii. J. Morphol. 150:1976;423-452
49. Hoffmann J.A., Charlet M. Les ecdystéroïdes chez les invertébrés. Ann. Sci. Natur. Zool. 7:1985;215-228
50. Hopkins P.M. Ecdysteroids and regeneration in the fiddler crab Uca pugilator. J. Exp. Zool. 252:1989;293-299
51. Horn D.H.D., Wilkie J.S., Thomson J.A. Isolation of β-ecdysone (20-hydroxyecdysterone) from the parasitic nematode Ascaris lumbricoides. Experientia. 30:1974;1109-1110
52. Howse H.D., Ferrans V.J., Hibbs R.G. A light and electron microscopic study of the heart of a crayfish Procambarus clarkii (Giraud.). II. Fine structure. J. Morphol. 133:1971;353-374
53. Ivanov A.V. On evolution of the germinal layers. Zool. J. 65:1986;652-665. (in Russian, English summary).
54. Jackson K.A., Majka S.M., Wang H., Pocius J., Hartley C.J., Majesky M.W., Entman M.Z., Michael L.H., Hirschi K.K., Goodell M.A. Regeneration of ishemic cardiac muscle and vascular endothelium by adult stem cells. J. Clin. Invest. 107:2001;1395-1402
55. Jensen H. Ultrastructural studies on the hearts in Arenicola marina L. (Annelida: Polychaeta). Cell Tiss. Res. 156:1974;127-144
56. Jensen H. Ultrastructure of the dorsal hemal vessel in the sea-cucumber Parastichopus tremulus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea). Cell Tiss. Res. 160:1975;355-369
57. Jensen H., Myklebust R. Ultrastructure of the muscle cells in Siboglinum fiordicum (Pogonophora). Cell Tiss. Res. 163:1975;185-197
58. Kajstura J., Leri A., Finato N., Di Loreto C., Beltrami C.A., Anversa P. Myocyte proliferation in end-stage cardiac failure in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;8801-8805
59. Kalk M. The organization of a tunicate heart. Tissue Cell. 2:1970;99-118
60. Kang M.J., Kim J.S., Chae S.W., Koh K.N., Koh G.Y. Cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases during cardiac development. Mol. Cells. 7:1997;360-366
61. Kinugawa K., Yonekura K., Ribeiro R.C., Eto Y., Aoyagi T., Baxter J.D., Camacho S.A., Bristow M.R., Long C.S., Simpson P.C. Regulation of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms in physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Circ. Res. 89:2001;591-598
62. Kling G., Schipp R. Comparative ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of the cephalopod systemic heart and its innervation. Experientia. 43:1987;502-511
63. Komarov S.A. DNA synthesis in the nuclei of differentiating muscle fibers of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Experientia. 41:1985;746-747
64. Komarova N.I. Ultrastructure of cells of tubular heart of silkworm larvae. Tsitologiia. 38:1996;482-487. (in Russian, English summary).
65. Kompmann M., Paddags J., Sandritter W. Feulgen cytophotometric DNA determination on human hearts. Arch. Patol. 82:1966;303-308
66. Komuro T. Unusual neuromuscular junctions in the heart of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Z. Zellforsch. 105:1970;317-324
67. Koolman J., Walter J., Zahner H. Ecdysteroids in helminths. Hoffman J., Porchet M. "Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Mode of Action of Invertebrate Hormones" 1984;323-330 Springer-Verlag, Berlin
68. Korecky B., Sweet S., Rakusan K. Number of nuclei in mammalian cardiac myocytes. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 57:1979;1122-1129
69. Krumlauf R. Evolution of the vertebrate Hox homeobox genes. Bioessays. 14:1992;245-252
70. Kudryavtsev B.N., Atatskaya O.V., Nilova V.K., Komarov S.A. Interrelation between myofibrillar and mitochondrial apparatus and cardiomyocyte polyploidy and hypertrophy in mammals with different body weight. Tsitologiia. 39:1997;946-964. (in Russian, English summary).
71. Laudet V., Hanni C., Coll J., Catzeflis F., Stehelin D. Evolution of the nuclear receptor gene superfamily. EMBO J. 11:1992;1003-1013
72. Lee Y., Shioi T., Kasahara H., Jobe S.M., Wiese R.J., Markham B.E., Izumo S. The cardiac tissue-restricted homeobox protein CsxNkx2.5 physically associates with the zinc finger protein GATA4 and cooperatively activates atrial natriuretic factor gene expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 18:1998;3120-3129
73. Lester S.M. Fine structure of the heart vesicle and pericardium in the pterobranch Rhabdopleura (Hemichordata). Am. Zool. 22:1982;938
74. Lo P.C., Skeath J.B., Gajewski K., Schulz R.A., Frasch M. Homeotic genes autonomously specify the anteroposterior subdivision of the Drosophila dorsal vessel into aorta and heart. Dev. Biol. 251:2002;307-319
75. Lovato T.L., Nguyen T.P., Molina M.R., Cripps R.M. The Hox gene abdominal-A specifies heart cell fate in the Drosophila dorsal vessel. Development. 129:2002;5019-5027
76. Luedeman R., Levine R.B. Neurons and ecdysteroids promote the proliferation of myogenic cells cultured from the developing adult legs of Manduca sexta. Dev. Biol. 173:1996;51-68
77. Malouf N.N., Coleman W.B., Grisham J.W., Lininger R.A., Madden V.J., Sproul M., Anderson P.A. Adult-derived stem cells from the liver become myocytes in the heart in vivo. Am. J. Pathol. 158:2001;1929-1935
78. Manasek F.J. Sulfated extracellular matrix production in the embryonic heart and adjacent tissues. J. Exp. Zool. 174:1970;415-439
79. Manasek F.J. Some comperative aspects of cardiac and skeletal myogenesis. Coward S.J. "Developmental Regulation. Aspects of Cell Differentiation" 1973;193-218 Academic Press, New York
80. Martin A.W. Some invertebrate myogenic hearts: The hearts of worms and molluscs. Bourne G.H. "Hearts and Heart-Like Organs Vol. 1. Comparative Anatomy and Development" 1980;1-38 Academic Press, New York
81. 3H-uridine uptake in the heart cells of the crayfish Astacus astacus and the crab Portunus holsatus. Tsitologiia. 30:1988;1251-1254. (in Russian, English summary).
82. Martynova M.G. Satellite cells in the crayfish heart muscle function as stem cells and are characterized by molt-dependent behaviour. Zool. Anz. 230:(56):1993;181-190
83. Martynova M.G. The influence of ecdysterone on DNA synthesis in heart satellite cells of the Astacus astacus. Tsitologiia. 39:1997;979-982. (in Russian, English summary).
84. Martynova M.G., Bystrova O.A. Undifferentiated cells in the snail myocardium are capable of DNA synthesis and myodifferentiation. Biol. Bull. 203:2002;104-111
85. Martynova M.G., Chaga O.Y. Ultrastructural study of the heart and its relationship with the connective tissue sheath of the stomach in Rhynchonella psittacea (Tentaculata, Brachiopoda). J. Morphol. 234:1997;69-77
86. Martynova M.G., Chaga O.Y. The heart and the peritoneal cover of the gut sinus in the polychaete Arenicola marina: An ultrastructural and autoradiographic study. J. Morphol. 254:2002;312-319
87. Martynova M.G., Khaitlina S.Yu. Attempt to stimulate regenerative processes in the heart of the crayfish Astacus astacus: An autoradiographic and electrophoretic study. Tsitologiia. 33:1991;23-28. (in Russian, English summary).
88. Martynova M.G., Nylund A. DNA-synthesizing cells in the heart of Ascidia obliqua (Tunicata). Biol. Bull. 190:1996;410-417
89. Martynova M.G., Økland S., Rumyantsev P.P., Tjønneland A. The ultrastructure of the myocardium and the myocardial satellite cells in Hyas araneus L., Carcinus maenas L., and Cancer pagurus L. (Crustacea, Decapoda). Zool. Anz. 216:(56):1986;357-366
90. Martynova M.G., Økland S., Nylund A., Rumyantsev P.P., Tjønneland A. The ultrastructure of the heart cells in Carcinus maenas and Astacus astacus (Crustacea, Decapoda). Tsitologiia. 30:1988;151-156. (in Russian, English summary).
91. Martynova M.G., Selivanova G.V., Vlasova T.D. Ploidy levels and the number of nuclei in cardiomyocytes of the lamprey and fish. Tsitologiia. 44:2002;387-391
92. Mercer J.G., Barker G.C., McCall J.W. Studies of the biosynthesis and fate of ecdysteroids in filarial nematodes. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 40:1989;429-433
93. Midsukami M. Electron microscopic studies of satellite cells in the cardiac muscle of Brachyura. Okajamas Folia Anat. Jpn. 40:1964;173-185
94. Midsukami M. The structure and distribution of satellite cells of cardiac muscles in decapod crustaceans. Cell Tiss. Res. 219:1981;69-83
95. Moller P.C., Philpott C.W. The circulatory system of Amphioxus (Branchiostoma floridae). I. Morphology of the major vessels of the pharyngeal area. J. Morphol. 139:1973;389-406
96. Moubayed P.A., Pfitzer P. DNS-Gehalt und Zahl der Kerne in den myokardialen Zellen atrophischer Herzen. Verhandl. Deutsch. Ges. Pathol. 59:1975;338-340
97. Muftic M. Metamorphosis of miracida into cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni in vitro. Parasitology. 59:1969;365-371
98. Nakao T. An electron microscopic study of the circulatory system in Nereis japonica. J. Morphol. 144:1974;217-236
99. Nehls M., Reinecke M., Lang R.E., Forssmass W.G. Biochemical and immunological evidence for a cardiodilatin-like substance in the snail neurocardiac axis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82:1985;7762-7766
100. Nolte A., Kollman J., Dorlöchter M., Straub H. Ecdysteroids in the dorsal bodies of pulmonates (Gastropoda): Synthesis and release of ecdysone. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 84A:1986;777-782
101. North R.J. The fine structure of the myofibers in the heart of the snail Helix aspersa. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 8:1963;206-218
102. Nunzi M.G., Burighel P., Schiaffino S. Muscle cell differentiation in the ascidian heart. Dev. Biol. 68:1979;371-380
103. Nylund A. The heart ultrastructure of Praunus flexuosus (Müller) and Mysis relicta (Lovén) (Crustacea, Mysidacea). J. Crustaceans Biol. 1:1981;558-566
104. Nylund A. Myocardial ultrastructure of Tanais cavolinii (Crustacea: Tanaidacea) and some phylogenetic considerations. J. Crustaceans Biol. 6:1986;199-206
105. Nylund A., Komarova N.I., Rumyantsev P.P., Tjønneland A., Økland S. Heart ultrastructure in Petrobius brevistylis (Archaeognatha: Microcoryphia). Entomol. Gen. 11:(34):1986;263-272
106. Nylund A., Ruhberg H., Tjønneland A., Meidell B. Heart ultrastructure in four species of Onychophora (Peripatopsidae and Peripatidae) and phylogenetic implications. Zool. Beitr. 32:1988;17-30
107. Oberpriller J.O., Oberpriller J.C. Response of the adult newt ventricle to injury. J. Exp. Zool. 187:1974;249-260
108. Oberpriller J.O., Oberpriller J.C., Arefyeva A.M., Mitashov V.I., Carlson B.M. Nuclear characteristics of cardiac myocytes following the proliferative response to mincing of the myocardium in the adult newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Cell Tiss. Res. 253:1988;619-624
109. O'Hanlon G.M., Cleator M., Mercer J.G., Howells R.E., Rees H.H. Metabolism and fate of ecdysteroids in the nematodes Ascaris suum and Parascaris equorum. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 47:1991;179-187
110. Okazaki R.K., Snyder M.J., Chang E.S. Ecdysteroids in nemerteans: Presence and physiological role. Hydrobiologia. 156:1988;153-160
111. Økland S. The ultrastructure of the heart complex in Patella vulgata L. (Archaeogastropoda, Prosobranchia). J. Molluscan Stud. 48:1982;331-341
112. Olivetti G., Cigola E., Maestri R., Corradi D., Lagrasta C., Gambert S.R., Anversa P. Aging, cardiac hypertrophy and ischemic cardiomyopathy do not affect the myocytes in the human heart. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 28:1996;1463-1477
113. Orlic D., Kajstura J., Chimenti S., Jakoniuk I., Anderson S.M., Li B., Pickel J., McKay R., Nadal-Ginard B., Bodine D.M., Leri A., Answersa P. Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature. 410:2001;701-705
114. Pasumarthi K.B.S., Field J. Cardiomyocyte cell cycle regulation. Circ. Res. 90:2002;1044-1054
115. Pertseva M. The evolution of hormonal signalling systems. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. 100:1991;775-787
116. Peterson K.J., Irvine S.Q., Cameron R.A., Davidson E.H. Quantitative assessment of Hox complex expression in the indirect development of the polychaete annelid Chaetopterus sp. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97:2000;4430-4433
117. Pfitzer P. Polyploide Zellkerne im Herzmuskel von Affen. Virchows Arch. B. 10:1972;268-274
118. Porchet M., Gaillet N., Sauber F., Charlet M., Hoffmann J.A. Ecdysteroids in annelids. Hoffman J., Porchet M. "Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Mode of Action of Invertebrate Hormones" 1984;346-348 Springer-Verlag, Berlin
119. Poss K.D., Wilson L.G., Keating M.T. Heart regeneration in zebrafish. Science. 298:2002;2188-2190
120. Poulos J.E., Gower W.R. Jr., Friedl F.E., Vesely D.L. Atrial natriuretic peptide gene expression within invertebrate hearts. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 100:1995;61-68
121. Rähr H. The ultrastructure of the blood vessels of Branchiostoma lanceolatum (Pallas) (Cephalochordata). I. Relations between blood vessels, epithelia, and "connective tissue." Zoomorphology. 97:1981;53-74
122. Ranganayakulu G., Elliott D.A., Harvey R.P., Olson E.N. Divergent roles for NK-2 class homeobox genes in cardiogenesis in flies and mice. Development. 125:1998;3037-3048
123. Reed C.G., Cloney R.A. Brachiopod tentacles: Ultrastructure and functional significance of the connective tissue and myoepithelial cells in Terebratalia. Cell Tiss. Res. 185:1977;17-42
124. Rees H.H., Mercer J.G. Occurrence and fate of parasitic helminth ecdysteroids. Porchet M., Andriès J.-C., Dhainaut A. "Advances in Invertebrate Reproduction" Vol. 4:1986;173-186 Elsevier, Amsterdam
125. Reiss K., Cheng W., Giorando A., De Luca A., Li B., Kajstura J., Anversa P. Myocardial infarction is coupled with activation of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases in myocytes. Exp. Cell. Res. 225:1996;44-54
126. Roldan C., Pardos F., Benito J., Aguirre A. The musculature of the lophophore of Phoronis australis (abstract). Cienc. Biol. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14:1989;151
127. Romer F. Ecdysteroids in snails. Naturwissenschaften. 66:1979;471-472
128. Rumyantsev P.P. Morphology of the cardiac myocytes in different periods of normal and "reactive" mitotic cycle according to the data of electron microscopic analysis and submicroscopic radioautograpfy. Arch. Anat. Histol. Embryol. 65:1973a;15-21. (in Russian, English summary).
129. Rumyantsev P.P. Post-injury DNA synthesis, mitosis and ultrastructural reorganization of adult frog cardiac myocytes. Z. Zellforsch. 139:1973b;431-450
130. Rumyantsev P.P. Carlson B.M. "Growth and Hyperplasia of Cardiac Muscle Cells" 1991;Harwood Academic Publ. Chur, Switzerland
131. Rumyantsev P.P., Krylova M.I. Ultrastructure of myofibers and cells synthesizing DNA in the developing and regenerating lymph-heart muscle. Int. Rev. Cytol. 120:1990;1-52
132. Ryu H., Cho K.W., Kim S.H., Oh S.H., Hwang Y.H., Lee G.Y. Frog lymph heart syntheses and stores immunoreactive atrial natriuretic peptide. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 87:1992;171-177
133. Sanger J., McCann F. Ultrastructure of the myocardium of the moth Hyalophora cecropia. J. Insect Physiol. 14:1968;1105-1111
134. Sasaki R., Morishita T., Yamagata S. Autoradiographic studies on heart muscle cells in normal rats. Tohuku J. Exp. Med. 100:1970;1-13
135. Seale P., Rudnicki M.A. A new look at the origin, function, and "stem-cell" status of muscle satellite cells. Dev. Biol. 218:2000;115-124
136. Searcy R.D., Yutzey K.E. Analysis of Hox gene expression during early avian heart development. Dev. Dyn. 213:1998;82-91
137. Seidman C.E., Wong D.W., Jarcho J.A., Bloch K.D., Seidman J.G. Cis-acting sequences that modulate atrial natriuretic factor gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;4104-4108
138. Slack J.M.W., Holland P.W.H., Graham C.F. The zootype and the phylotypic stage. Nature. 361:1993;490-492
139. Snow M.H. Myogenic cell formation in regenerating rat skeletal muscle injured by mincing. II. An autoradiographic study. Anat. Rec. 188:1977;201-218
140. Soonpaa M.H., Field L.J. Assessment of cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis in normal and injured adult mouse hearts. Am. J. Physiol. 272:(1 Pt. 2):1997;H220-H226
141. Soonpaa M.H., Field L.J. Survey of studies examining mammalian cardiomyocyte DNA synthesis. Circ. Res. 83:1998;15-26
142. Stevenson J.D., Amstrong P.W., Chang E.S., O'Connor J.D. Ecdysone titers during the molt cycle of the crayfish Orconectes sanborni. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 39:1979;20-25
143. Storch V., Welsch U. Electronenmikroskopische und enzymhistochemische Untersuchungen über Lophophor und Tentakeln von Lingula unguis L. (Brachiopoda). Zool. Jb. Anat. 96:1976;225-237
144. Studzinski G.P., Harrison L.E. Differentiation-related changes in the cell cycle traverse. Int. Rev. Cytol. 189:1999;1-58
145. Takei Y. Structural and functional evolution of the natriuretic peptide system in vertebrates. Int. Rev. Cytol. 194:2000;1-66
146. Talbot W.S., Swyryd E.A., Hogness D.S. Drosophila tissues with different metamorphic responses to ecdysone express different ecdysone receptor isoforms. Cell. 73:1993;1323-1337
147. Tanaka M., Kasahara H., Bartunkova S., Schinke M., Komuro I., Inagaki H., Lee Y., Lyons G.E., Izuma S. Vertebrate homologs of tinman and bagpipe: Roles of the homeobox genes in cardiovascular development. Dev. Genet. 22:1998;239-249
148. Tomanek R.J., Butters C.A., Zimmerman M.B. Initiation of cardiac hypertrophy in response to thyroxine is not limited by age. Am. J. Physiol. 264:(4 Pt. 2):1993;H1041-H1047
149. Uhrik B., Rýdlová K., Zacharová D. The role of haemocytes during degeneration and regeneration of crayfish muscle fibers. Cell Tiss. Res. 255:1989;443-449
150. van Gansen P. Plexus sanguin du lombricien Eisenia foetida: étude au microscope électronique de ses constituants conjonctif et musculaire. J. Microsc. 1:1962;363-376
151. Veraksa A., Del Campo M., McGinnis W. Developmental pattering genes and their conserved functions: From model organisms to humans. Mol. Genet. Metab. 69:2000;85-100
152. Vesely D.L., Giordano A.T. The most primitive heart in the animal kingdom contains the atrial natriuretic hormonal system. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C. 101:1992;325-329
153. Vesely M.D., Vesely D.L. Environmental upregulation of atrial natriuretic peptide gene in the living fossil, Limulus polyphemus. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 254:1999;751-756
154. Watts J.A., Koch R.A., Greenberg M.J., Pierce S.K. Ultrastructure of the heart of the marine mussel, Geukensia demissa. J. Morphol. 170:1981;301-319
155. Weinstein R.B., Hay E.D. Deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and mitosis in differentiated cardiac muscle cells of chick embryos. J. Cell Biol. 47:1970;310-316
156. White P., Burton K.A., Fowden A.L., Dauncey M.J. Developmental expression analysis of thyroid hormone receptor isoforms reveals new insights into their essential functions in cardiac and skeletal muscles. FASEB J. 15:2001;1367-1376
157. Whitehead D.L., Sellheyer K. The identification of ecdysterone (20-hydroxyecdysone) in 3 species of molluscs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Experientia. 38:1982;1249-1251
158. Wiens D., Sullins M., Spooner B.S. Precardiac mesoderm differentiation in vitro. Actin-isotype synthetic transitions, myofibrillogenesis, initiation of heartbeat, and the possible involvement of collagen. Differentiation. 28:1984;62-72
159. Yoshizumi M., Lee W.S., Hsieh C.M., Tsai J.C., Li J., Perrella M.A., Patterson C., Endege W.O., Schlegel R., Lee M.E. Disappearance of cyclin A correlates with permanent withdrawal of cardiomyocytes from the cell cycle in human and rat hearts. J. Clin. Invest. 95:1995;2275-2280