Cataplexy associated with narcolepsy: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and management

CNS Drugs

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 43-50

  Thorpy, Michael J ^a  

^a MONTEFIORE MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATOMOXETINE; CLOMIPRAMINE; DESIPRAMINE; DEXAMPHETAMINE; FEMOXETINE; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; IMIPRAMINE; MODAFINIL; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; OXYBATE SODIUM; PAROXETINE; PHENELZINE; PROTRIPTYLINE; REBOXETINE; SELEGILINE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; VILOXAZINE; ZIMELDINE;

ANOREXIA; CATAPLEXY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFICACY; EDEMA; EJACULATION DISORDER; HEADACHE; HUMAN; IMPOTENCE; INSOMNIA; IRRITABILITY; LIBIDO DISORDER; MUSCLE TWITCH; NARCOLEPSY; NAUSEA; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESTLESSNESS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKELETAL MUSCLE; SOMNOLENCE; SWEATING; TACHYCARDIA; TREMOR; URINE RETENTION; WEIGHT GAIN; XEROSTOMIA;

CATAPLEXY; HUMANS; NARCOLEPSY; NEUROPEPTIDES; PRACTICE GUIDELINES; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS; SODIUM OXYBATE;

EID: 30344472431     PISSN: 11727047     EISSN: 11727047     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00023210-200620010-00004     Document Type: Review

References (59)

1. Overeem S, Mignot E, van Dijk JG, et al. Narcolepsy: clinical features, new pathological insights, and future perspectives. J Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 18: 78-105
2. Thorpy M. Current concepts in the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep Med 2001; 2: 5-17
3. Happe S. Excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep disturbances in patients with neurological diseases: epidemiology and management. Drugs 2003; 63 (24): 2725-37
4. Ohayan MM, Priest RG, Zully J, et al. Prevalence of narcolepsy symptomatology and diagnosis in the European general population. Neurology 2002; 58: 1826-33
5. Krahn LE, Lymp JF, Moore WR, et al. Characterizing the emotions that trigger cataplexy. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2005; 17: 45-50
6. Mayr WT, Pittock SJ, McClelland RL, et al. Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in Olmstead County, Minnesota 1985-2000. Neurology 2003; 61: 1373-7
7. Kosorok MR, Wei WH, Farrell PM. The incidence of cystic fibrosis. Stat Med 1996; 15: 449-62
8. Mignot E. Genetic and familial aspects of narcolepsy. Neurology 1998; 50 Suppl. 1: S16-22
9. Morrish E, King MA, Smith IE, et al. Factors associated with a delay in the diagnosis of narcolepsy. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 37-41
10. Bassetti C, Aldrich MS. Narcolepsy. Neurol Clin 1996; 14: 545-71
11. Chaudhary BA, Hussain I. Narcolepsy. J Fam Pract 1993; 36: 207-13
12. Broughton WA, Broughton RJ. Psychosocial impact of narcolepsy. Sleep 1994; 17 (8 Suppl.): S45-9
13. Gelb M, Guilleminault C, Kramer H, et al. Stability of cataplexy over several months: information for the design of therapeutic trials. Sleep 1994; 17: 265-73
14. Passouant P, Billiard M. The evolution of narcolepsy with age. In: Guilleminault C, Dement WC, Passouant P, editors. Narcolepsy. New York: Spectrum, 1976: 179-96
15. Vignatelli L, D'Alessandro R, Mosconi P, et al. Health-related quality of life in Italian patients with narcolepsy: the SF-36 health survey. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 467-75
16. Houghton WC, Scammell TE, Thorpy M. Pharmacotherapy for cataplexy. Sleep Med Rev 2004; 8: 355-66
17. Nishino S, Ripley B, Overeem S, et al. Hypocretin (orexin) deficiency in human narcolepsy. Lancet 2000; 355: 39-40
18. Siegel JM. Narcolepsy: a key role for hypocretins (orexins). Cell 1999; 98: 409-12
19. Thannickal TC, Moore RY, Nienhuis R, et al. Reduced number of hypocretin neurons in human narcolepsy. Neuron 2000; 27: 469-74
20. Kiyashchenko LI, Mileykovskiy BY, Maidment N, et al. Release of hypocretin (orexin) during waking and sleep states. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 5282-6
21. Sutcliffe JG, de Lecea L. The hypocretins: setting the arousal threshold. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3: 339-49
22. Siegel JM. Narcolepsy. Sci Am 2000; 282: 76-81
23. Kiyashchenko LI, Mileykovskiy BY, Lai YY, et al. Increased and decreased muscle tone with orexin (hypocretin) microinjections in the locus coeruleus and pontine inhibitory area. J Neurophysiol 2001; 85: 2008-16
24. Hublin C. Narcolepsy: current drug treatment options. CNS Drugs 1996; 5 (6): 426-36
25. Akimoto H, Honda Y, Takahashi Y. Pharmacotherapy in narcolepsy. Dis Nerv Syst 1960; 21: 704-6
26. Guilleminault C, Raynal D, Takahashi S, et al. Evaluation of short-term and long-term treatment of the narcolepsy syndrome with clomipramine hydrochloride. Acta Neurol Scand 1976; 54: 71-87
27. Winokur A, Gary KA, Rodner S, et al. Depression, sleep physiology, and antidepressant drugs. Depress Anxiety 2001; 14: 19-28
28. Hishikawa Y, Ida H, Nakai K, et al. Treatment of narcolepsy with imipramine (Tofranil) and desmethylimipramine (Pertofran). J Neurol Sci 1966; 3: 453-61
29. Guilleminault C, Wilson RA, Dement WC. A study on cataplexy. Arch Neurol 1974; 31: 255-61
30. Chen CN. The use of clomipramine as an REM sleep suppressant in narcolepsy. Postgrad Med J 1980; 56 Suppl. 1: 86-9
31. Shapiro WR. Treatment of cataplexy with clomipramine. Arch Neurol 1975; 32: 653-6
32. Chen SY, Clift SJ, Dahlitz MJ, et al. Treatment in the narcoleptic syndrome: self assessment of the action of dexamphetamine and clomipramine. J Sleep Res 1995; 4: 113-8
33. Martinez-Rodriguez J, Iranzo A, Santamaria J, et al. Status cataplecticus induced by abrupt withdrawal of clomipramine. Neurologia 2002; 17: 113-6
34. Frey J, Darbonne C. Fluoxetine suppresses human cataplexy: a pilot study. Neurology 1994; 44: 707-9
35. Langdon N, Shindler J, Parkes JD, et al. Fluoxetine in the treatment of cataplexy. Sleep 1986; 9: 371-3
36. Maitre M. The gamma-hydroxybutyrate signaling system in brain: organization and functional implications. Prog Neurobiol 1997; 51: 337-61
37. Yamada Y, Yamamoto J, Fujiki A, et al. Effect of butyrolactone and gamma-hydroxybutyrtae on the EEG and sleep cycle in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1967; 22: 558-62
38. Mamelak M, Escriu JM, Stokan O. The effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on sleep. Biol Psychiatry 1977; 12: 273-88
39. Broughton R, Mamelak M. Effects of nocturnal gamma-hydroxybutyrate on sleep/wake patterns in narcolepsy-cataplexy. Can J Neurol Sci 1980; 7: 23-31
40. US Xyrem. Multicenter Study Group. A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial comparing the effects of three doses of orally administered sodium oxybate with placebo for the treatment of narcolepsy. Sleep 2002; 25: 42-9
41. US Xyrem. Multicenter Study Group. Sodium oxybate demonstrates long-term efficacy for the treatment of cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. Sleep Med 2004; 5: 119-23
42. US Xyrem. Multicenter Study Group. The abrupt cessation of therapeutically administered sodium oxybate (GHB) does not cause withdrawal symptoms. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2003; 41: 131-5
43. Xyrem. International Study Group. Further evidence supporting the use of sodium oxybate for the treatment of cataplexy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 228 patients. Sleep Med 2005; 6: 415-21
44. Lammers GJ, Arends J, Declerck AC, et al. Gammahydroxybutyrate and narcolepsy: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Sleep 1993; 16 (3): 216-20
45. Mamelak M, Scharf MB, Woods M. Treatment of narcolepsy with gamma-hydroxybutyrate: a review of clinical and sleep laboratory findings. Sleep 1986; 9: 285-9
46. Mamelak M, Black J, Montplaisir J, et al. A pilot study on the effects of sodium oxybate on sleep architecture and daytime alertness in narcolepsy. Sleep 2004; 27: 1327-34
47. Xyrem. International Study Group. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study demonstrates the nightly administration of sodium oxybate significantly improves excessive daytime sleepiness in narcolepsy patients taking concurrent stimulant medications. J Clin Sleep Med 2005; 1: 391-7
48. Wyatt RJ, Fram DH, Buchbinder R, et al. Treatment of intractable narcolepsy with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. N Engl J Med 1971; 285: 987-91
49. Mayer G, Meier Ewert K, Hephata K. Selegeline hydrochloride treatment in narcolepsy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Neuropharmacol 1995; 18: 306-19
50. Gernaat HB, Haffmans PM, Knegtering H, et al. Tranylcypromine in narcolepsy. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995; 28: 98-100
51. Hohagen F, Mayer G, Menche A, et al. Treatment of narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome with the new selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitor brofaromine: a pilot study. J Sleep Res 1993; 2: 250-6
52. Hublin C, Partinen M, Heinonen EH, et al. Selegiline in the treatment of narcolepsy. Neurology 1994; 44: 2095-101
53. Parkes JD, Schachter M. Mazindol in the treatment of narcolepsy. Acta Neurol Scand 1979; 60: 250-4
54. Iijima S, Sugita Y, Teshima Y, et al. Therapeutic effects of mazindol on narcolepsy. Sleep 1986; 9 (1 Pt 2): 265-8
55. Smith M, Parkes JD, Dahlitz M. Venlafaxine in the treatment of the narcoleptic syndrome. J Sleep Res 1996; 5 Suppl. 1: 217
56. Schrader H, Kayed K, Bendixen Markset AC, et al. The treatment of accessory symptoms in narcolepsy: a double-blind cross-over study of a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (femoxetine) versus placebo. Acta Neurol Scand 1986; 74: 297-303
57. Larrosa O, de la Llave Y, Bario S, et al. Stimulant and anticataplectic effects of reboxetine in patients with narcolepsy: a pilot study. Sleep 2001; 24: 282-5
58. Guilleminault C, Mancuso J, Salva MA, et al. Viloxazine hydrochloride in narcolepsy: a preliminary report. Sleep 1986; 9 (1 Pt 2): 275-9
59. Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Harrington MJ, et al. Atomoxetine: a selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2003; 4: 1165-74