The γ-hydroxybutyrate signalling system in brain: Organization and functional implications

Progress in Neurobiology

Volumn 51, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 337-361

  Maitre, M ^a  

^a CENTRE DE NEUROCHIMIE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID B RECEPTOR; 4 HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID; NCS 382; NEUROTRANSMITTER; RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; BRAIN METABOLISM; BRAIN REGION; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM; GABAERGIC SYSTEM; NEUROTRANSMITTER RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SLEEP;

EID: 0030895783     PISSN: 03010082     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0301-0082(96)00064-0     Document Type: Article

References (236)

1. G.K. Aghajanian R.H. Roth γ-Hydroxybutyrate-induced increase in brain dopamine: localization by fluorescence microscopy J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 175 1970 131 138
2. A.A. Artru P.A. Steen J.D. Michenfelder Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: cerebral metabolic, vascular, and protective effects J. Neurochem. 35 1980 1114 1119
3. P.K. Banerjee O.C. Snead Thalamic mediodorsal and intralaminar nuclear lesions disrupt the generation of experimentally induced generalized absence-like seizures in rats Epilepsy Res. 17 1994 193 205
4. B) receptor-mediated release of GABA and glutamate (GLU) in rat thalamic ventrobasal nucleus (VB): a possible mechanism for the generation of absence-like seizures induced by GHB J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 273 1995 1534 1543
5. P.K. Banerjee O.C. Snead Thalamic NMDA receptors in the γ-hydroxybutyrate model of absence seizures: a cerebral microinjection study in rats Neuropharmacology 34 1995 43 53
6. 3H]gamma-hydroxybutyric acid binding sites in the thalamus and cortex Neuroscience 56 1993 11 21
7. S.A. Barker O.C. Snead F. Poldrugo C.C. Liu F.P. Fish R.L. Settine Identification and quantitation of 1,4-butanediol in mammalian tissues: an alternative biosynthesis pathway for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid Biochem. Pharmacol. 34 1985 1849 1852
8. L.J. Bearden O.C. Snead C.T. Healey G.V. Pegram Antagonism of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid-induced frequency shifts in the cortical EEG of rats by dipropylacetate Electroencephalog. Clin. Neurophysiol. 49 1980 181 183
9. M.A. Bedard J. Montplaisir R. Godbout O. Lapierre Nocturnal gamma-hydroxybutyrate. Effect on periodic leg movements and sleep organization of narcoleptic patients Clin. Neuropharmacol. 12 1989 29 36
10. J. Benavides J.F. Rumigny J.J. Bourguignon C. Cash C.G. Wermuth P. Mandel G. Vincendon M. Maitre High affinity binding sites for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in rat brain Life Sci. 30 1982 953 961
11. +-dependent uptake system for γ-hydroxybutyrate in membrane vesicles prepared from rat brain J. Neurochem. 38 1982 1570 1575
12. B receptors J. Neural Transm. 35 1992 155 177
13. R. Bernasconi L. Maitre P. Martin F. Raschdorf The use of inhibitors of GABA-transaminase for the determination of GABA turnover in mouse brain regions: an evaluation of aminooxyacetic acid and gabaculine J. Neurochem. 38 1982 57 66
14. S.P. Bessman W.N. Fishbein Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, a normal brain metabolite Nature 200 1963 1207 1208
15. G. Biggio M. Casu M.G. Corda F. Vernaleone G.L. Gessa Effect of muscimol, a GABA-mimetic agent, on dopamine metabolism in the mouse brain Life Sci. 21 1977 525 532
16. G. Biggio M. Cibin M. Diana F. Fadda S.D. Ferrara L. Gallimberti G.L. Gessa G.P. Mereu Z.L. Rossetti M. Serra Suppression of voluntary alcohol intake in rats and alcoholics by gamma-hydroxybutyric acid: a non-GABAergic mechanism Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 47 1992 281 288
17. M. Bloch-Tardy A. Buzenet C. Fages B. Rolland P. Gonnard Two forms of GABA-T in pig brain. Purification and properties Neurochem. Res. 5 1980 1147 1154
18. Boadle-Biber, M.C. (1982) Biosynthesis of serotonin. In: Biology of Serotonergic Transmission , pp. 63–94. ed. N.N. Osborne. Wiley: New York.
19. J. Brankack H. Lahtinen E. Koivisto P.J. Riekkinen Epileptogenic spikes and seizures but not high voltage spindles are induced by local frontal cortical application of gamma-hydroxybutyrate Epilepsy Res. 15 1993 91 99
20. H.J. Broxterman E.L. Noach C.F.M. Van Valkenburg A. Wijling Cross-tolerance of dopamine metabolism to baclofen, γ-butyrolactone and HA-966 in the striatum and olfactory tubercle of the rat Life Sci. 28 1981 973 981
21. G. Bustos R.H. Roth Effect of γ-hydroxybutyrate on the release of monoamines from the rat striatum Br. J. Pharmacol. 44 1972 817 820
22. G. Bustos R.H. Roth Release of monoamines from the striatum and hypothalamus: effect of γ-hydroxybutyrate Br. J. Pharmacol. 46 1972 101 115
23. C.D. Cash V. Hechler M. Mersel M. Maitre Kinetic characterisation and solubilisation of γ-hydroxybutyrate receptors from rat brain Neurosci. Lett. 209 1996 25 28
24. C.D. Cash M. Maitre P. Mandel Purification from human brain and some properties of two NADPH-linked aldhyde reductases which reduce succinic semialdehyde to 4-hydroxybutyrate J. Neurochem. 33 1979 1169 1175
25. V. Chan-Palay J.Y. Wu S.L. Palay Immunocytochemical localization of γ-aminobutyric acid transaminase at cellular and ultrastructural levels Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76 1979 2067 2071
26. Cheng, S.C. and Brunner, E.A. (1980) Is anesthesia caused by excess GABA? Molecular mechanism of anesthesia. In: Progress in Anesthesiology , Vol. 2, pp. 137–144. Ed. R. Fink. Raven Press: New York.
27. S.C. Cheng E.A. Brunner Inducing anesthesia with a GABA analog. THIP Anesthesiology 63 1985 147 151
28. A. Cheramy A. Nieoullon J. Glowinski Stimulating effects of γ-hydroxybutyrate on dopamine release from the caudate nucleus and the substantia nigra of the cat J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 202 1977 283 293
29. M.Y. Chin R.A. Kreutzer J.E. Dyer Acute poisoning from gamma-hydroxybutyrate in California Western J. Med. 156 1992 380 384
30. S.W. Cho M.S. Song G.Y. Kim W.D. Kang E.Y. Choi S.Y. Choi Kinetics and mechanism of an NADPH-dependent succinic semialdehyde reductase from bovine brain Eur. J. Biochem. 211 1993 757 762
31. G. Colombo R. Agabio J. Bourguignon F. Fadda C. Lobina M. Maitre R. Reali M. Schmitt G.L. Gessa Blockade of the discriminative stimulus effects of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) by the GHB receptor antagonist NCS-382 Physiol. Behav. 58 1995 587 590
32. G. Colombo R. Agabio C. Lobina R. Reali F. Fadda G.L. Gessa Cross-tolerance to ethanol and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid Eur. J. Pharmacol. 273 1995 235 238
33. m aldehyde reductase and aldose reductase, carbonyl reductase, and succinic semialdehyde reductase J. Neurochem. 44 1985 1485 1493
34. J.A. Cromlish C.K. Yoshimoto T.G. Flynn Purification and characterization of four NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductases from pig brain J. Neurochem. 44 1985 1477 1484
35. G. Crosby M. Ito E. Kaufman T. Nelson L. Sokoloff Naloxone pretreatment alters the local cerebral metabolic effect of γ-hydroxybutyrate in rats Brain Res. 275 1983 194 197
36. B receptors in excitation and inhibition of thalamocortical cells Trends Neurosci. 14 1991 16 21
37. M. Da Prada H.H. Keller Baclofen and γ-hydroxybutyrate: similar effects on cerebral dopamine neurones Life Sci. 19 1976 1253 1264
38. J.A. Davies The effect of gamma-butyrolactone on locomotor activity in the rat Psychopharmacology 60 1978 67 72
39. F.V. De Feudis B. Collier Conversion of γ-hydroxybutyrate to γ-aminobutyrate by mouse brain in vivo Experientia 26 1970 1072 1073
40. G. Della Pietra G. Illiano V. Capano R. Rava In vivo conversion of γ-hydroxybutyrate into γ-aminobutyrate Nature 210 1966 733 734
41. A. Depaulis J.J. Bourguignon C. Marescaux M. Vergnes M. Schmitt G. Micheletti J.M. Warter Effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and gamma-butyrolactone derivatives on spontaneous generalized non-convulsive seizures in the rat Neuropharmacology 27 1988 683 689
42. A. Depaulis O.C. Snead C. Marescaux M. Vergnes Suppressive effects of intranigral injection of muscimol in three models of generalized nonconvulsive epilepsy induced by chemical agents Brain Res. 498 1989 64 72
43. P. Devoto G. Colombo F. Cappai G.L. Gessa Naloxone antagonizes ethanol — but not gamma-hydroxybutyrate-induced sleep in mice Eur. J. Pharmacol. 252 1994 321 324
44. M. Diana G. Mereu A. Mura F. Fadda N. Passino G. Gessa Low doses of γ-hydroxybutyric acid stimulate the firing rate of dopaminergic neurons in unanesthetized rats Brain Res. 566 1991 208 211
45. M. Diana M. Pistis A. Muntoni G. Gessa Heterogeneous responses of substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons to γ-hydroxybutyric acid administration Eur. J. Pharmacol. 230 1993 363 365
46. M. Diana M. Pistis A. Muntoni G. Gessa Mesolimbic dopaminergic reduction outlasts ethanol withdrawal syndrome: evidence of protracted abstinence Neuroscience 71 1996 411 415
47. R. Dingledine L.L. Iversen E. Breuker Naloxone as a GABA antagonist: evidence from iontophoretic receptor binding and convulsant studies Eur. J. Pharmacol. 47 1978 19 27
48. P. Divry P. Baltassat M.O. Rolland J. Cotte M. Hermier M. Duran S.K. Wadman A new patient with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria, a possible defect of 4-aminobutyrate metabolism Clin. Chim. Acta 129 1983 303 309
49. 14C] butyrate by rat brain: relationship to the Krebs cycle and metabolic compartmentation of amino acids J. Neurochem. 30 1978 1305 1309
50. J.D. Doherty S.E. Hattox O.C. Snead R.H. Roth Identification of endogenous γ-hydroxybutyrate in human and bovine brain and its regional distribution in human, guinea pig and rhesus monkey brain J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 207 1978 130 139
51. J.D. Doherty O.C. Snead R.H. Roth A sensitive method for quantitation of γ-hydroxybutyric acid and γ-butyrolactone in brain by electron capture gas chromatography Anal. Biochem. 69 1975 268 277
52. 14C]γ-hydroxybutyric acid by rat brain after intraventricular injection Biochem. Pharmacol. 24 1975 469 474
53. L.E. Dyck C.W. Kazakoff Acceleration of the biosynthesis of rat striatal dopamine by incubation and by administration of γ-butyrolactone J. Neurosci. Res. 8 1982 57 65
54. 50) Mol. Pharmacol. 41 1992 1124 1129
55. J.D. Ehrhardt P. Vayer M. Maitre A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and trans -gamma-hydroxycrotonic acid in rat brain tissue by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with negative ion detection Biomed. Env.-Mass-Spectrom. 15 1988 521 524
56. M. Eli F. Cattabeni Endogenous γ-hydroxybutyrate in rat brain areas: postmortem changes and effects of drugs interfering with γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism J. Neurochem. 41 1983 524 530
57. B-receptors Naunyn-Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol. 348 1993 491 497
58. E. Entholzner L. Mielke R. Pichlmeier F. Weber H. Schneck EEG changes during sedation with gamma-hydroxybutyric acid Anaesthesist 44 1995 345 350
59. F. Fadda G. Colombo E. Mosca G.L. Gessa Suppression by gamma-hydroxybutyric acid of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats Alcohol and Alcoholism 24 1989 447 451
60. S.D. Ferrara S. Zotti L. Tedeschi G. Frison F. Castagna L. Gallimberti G.L. Gessa P. Palatini Pharmacokinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in alcohol dependent patients after single and repeated oral doses Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 34 1992 231 235
61. W.N. Fishbein S.P. Bessman γ-Hydroxybutyrate in mammalian brain J. Biol. Chem. 239 1961 357 361
62. W.N. Fishbein S.P. Bessman Purification and properties of an enzyme in human blood and rat liver microsomes catalyzing the formation and hydrolysis of γ-lactones J. Biol. Chem. 241 1966 4835 4841
63. M. Frau G. Colombo G. Marchese E. Stefanini G.L. Gessa Different affinity of cortical GHB binding sites in sardinian alcohol-preferring (sP) and non-preferring (sNP) rats Alcohol and Alcoholism 30 1995 133 137
64. L. Gallimberti G. Canton N. Gentile M. Ferri M. Cibin S.D. Ferrara F. Fadda G.L. Gessa Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome Lancet 2 1989 787 789
65. L. Gallimberti M. Cibin P. Pagnin R. Sabbion P.P. Pani R. Pirastu S.D. Ferrara G.L. Gessa Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid for treatment of opiate withdrawal syndrome Neuropsychopharmacology 9 1993 77 81
66. L. Gallimberti M. Ferri S.D. Ferrara F. Fadda G.L. Gessa Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a double-blind study Alcohol Clin. Expl Res. 16 1992 673 676
67. L. Gallimberti F. Schifano G. Forza L. Miconi S.D. Ferrara Clinical efficacy of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in treatment of opiate withdrawal Eur. Arch. Psychiat. Clin. Neurosci. 244 1994 113 114
68. G.L. Gessa F. Crabai L. Vargiu P.F. Spano Selective increase of brain dopamine induced by γ-hydroxybutyrate: study of the mechanism of action J. Neurochem. 15 1968 377 381
69. G.L. Gessa L. Vargiu F. Crabai G.C. Boero F. Caboni R. Camba Selective increase of brain dopamine induced by gamma hydroxybutyrate Life Sci. 5 1966 1921 1930
70. K.M. Gibson C. Baumann H. Ogier E. Rossier B. Vollmer C. Jakobs Pre- and postnatal diagnosis of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency using enzyme and metabolite assays J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 17 1994 732 737
71. K.M. Gibson D.C. DeVivo C. Jakobs Vigabatrin therapy in patient with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency Lancet 2 1989 1105 1106
72. K.M. Gibson G. Hoffmann W.L. Nyhan S. Aramaki J.A. Thompson S.I. Goddman D.A. Johnson R.R. Fife 4-Hydroxybutyric aciduria in a patient without ataxia or convulsions Eur. J. Pediatr. 147 1988 529 531
73. K.M. Gibson L. Sweetman I. Jansen G.K. Brown E.A. Haan D.M. Danks W.L. Nyhan Properties of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase in cultured human lymphoblasts J. Neurogenet. 2 1985 111 122
74. K.M. Gibson L. Sweetman W.L. Nyhan D. Rating Succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency J. Neurogenet. 1 1984 213 218
75. K.M. Gibson L. Sweetman W.L. Nyhan G. Lenoir P. Divry Defective succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity in 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria Eur. J. Pediatr. 142 1984 257 259
76. Gloor, P., Avoli, M. and Kostopoulos, G. (1990) Thalamocortical relationship in generalized epilepsy with bilateral synchronous spike and wave discharges. In: Generalized Epilepsy: Neurobiological Approaches , pp. 190–212. Eds Avoli M., Gloor G., Kostopoulos G. and Naquet R. Birkhauser: Boston.
77. S. Gobaille C. Schmidt A. Cupo F. Herbrecht M. Maitre Characterization of methionine-enkephalin release in the rat striatum by in vivo dialysis: effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on cellular and extracellular methionine-enkephalin levels Neuroscience 60 1994 637 648
78. R. Godbout R.T. Pivik EEG and behavioral effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the rabbit Life Sci. 31 1982 739 748
79. R. Godbout P. Jelenic C. Labrie M. Schmitt J.J. Bourguignon Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and its antagonist NSC-382 on spontaneous cell firing in the prefrontal cortex of the rat Brain Res. 673 1995 157 160
80. M. Godschalk M.R. Dzoljic I.L. Bonta Slow wave sleep and a state resembling absence epilepsy induced in the rat by γ-hydroxybutyrate Eur. J. Pharmacol. 44 1977 105 111
81. M. Godschalk M.R. Dzolzic I.L. Bonta Antagonism of γ-hydroxybutyrate induced hypersynchronisation in the EEG of the rat by anti-petit mal drugs Neurosci. Lett. 3 1976 145 150
82. 3H]hydroxybutyric acid by rat brain J. Neurochem. 28 1977 1069 1073
83. A. Handforth T.L. Sourkes Inhibition by dopamine agonists of dopamine accumulation following hydroxybutyrate treatment Eur. J. Pharmacol. 34 1975 311 319
84. N.C. Harris C. Webb S.A. Greenfield The effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on the membrane properties of guineapig pars compacta neurons in the substantia nigra in vitro Neuroscience 31 1989 363 370
85. N. Haykal-Coates J.P. O'Callaghan J.F. Reinhard K.F. Jensen Pargyline and γ-butyrolactone enhance tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining of nigrostriatal axons Brain Res. 556 1991 353 357
86. +-dependent reductase related to the 4-aminobutyrate shunt J. Biol. Chem. 260 1985 16361 16366
87. V. Hechler J.J. Bourguignon C.G. Wermuth P. Mandel M. Maitre γ-Hydroxybutyrate uptake by rat brain striatal slices Neurochem. Res. 10 1985 387 396
88. V. Hechler S. Gobaille M. Maitre Localization studies of γ-hydroxybutyrate receptors in rat striatum and hippocampus Brain Res. Bull. 23 1989 129 135
89. V. Hechler S. Gobaille M. Maitre Selective distribution pattern of γ-hydroxybutyrate receptors in the rat forebrain and midbrain as revealed by quantitative autoradiography Brain Res. 572 1992 345 348
90. V. Hechler S. Gobaille J.J. Bourguignon M. Maitre Extracellular events induced by γ-hydroxybutyrate in striatum: a microdialysis study J. Neurochem. 56 1991 938 944
91. V. Hechler M. Mersel H. Dreyfus M. Maitre Effects of phospholipases, proteases and neuraminidase on gamma-hydroxybutyrate binding sites Mol. Cell. Biochem. 93 1990 87 94
92. V. Hechler P. Peter S. Gobaille J.J. Bourguignon M. Schmitt J.D. Ehrhardt J. Mark M. Maitre Gamma-hydroxybutyrate ligands possess antidopaminergic and neuroleptic-like activities J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 264 1993 1406 1414
93. V. Hechler M. Schmitt J.J. Bourguignon M. Maitre Trans -gamma-hydroxycrotonic acid binding sites in brain: evidence for a subpopulation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate sites Neurosci. Lett. 110 1990 204 209
94. 3H]hydroxybutyrate binding sites as determined by quantitative autoradiography J. Neurochem. 49 1987 1025 1032
95. T. Hedner P. Lundborg Effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on catecholamine synthesis and utilization in the developing rat brain J. Neural Transm. 54 1982 19 28
96. Th. Hedner P. Lundborg Effect of gammahydroxybutyric acid on serotonin synthesis, concentration and metabolism in the developing rat brain J. Neural Transm. 57 1983 39 48
97. B sites in rat brain Nature 290 1981 149 152
98. M.J. Hoes T.B. Vree P.J. Guelen Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as hypnotic. Clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid as hypnotic in man Encephale 6 1980 93 99
99. L. Hösli E. Hösli R. Lehmann J. Schneider M. Borner Action of γ-hydroxybutyrate and GABA on neurones of cultured rat central nervous system Neurosci. Lett. 37 1983 257 260
100. N.N. Iakhno M.S. Murmazaev Use of sodium hydroxybutyrate in the treatment of narcolepsy Zh. Neuropatol. Psikhiatr. 85 1985 1232 1235
101. K. Ishige M. Aizawa Y. Ito H. Fukuda γ-Butyrolactone-induced absence-like seizures increase nuclear CRE- and AP-1 DNA-binding activities in mouse brain Neuropharmacology 35 1996 45 55
102. B receptor in cultured cerebellar granule cells J. Neurochem. 65 1995 75 83
103. C. Jakobs M. Bojasch E. Mönch D. Rating H. Siemes F. Hanefeld Urinary excretion of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in a patient with neurological abnormalities. The probability of a new inborn error of metabolism Clin. Chim. Acta 111 1981 169 178
104. C. Jakobs L.M. Smit J. Kneer T. Michael K.M. Gibson The first adult case with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 13 1990 341 344
105. +-linked alcohol oxido-reductase which catalyzes the interconversion of γ-hydroxybutyrate and succinic semialdehyde J. Neurochem. 32 1979 699 712
106. +-dependent oxidoreductase J. Biol. Chem. 256 1981 6890 6894
107. +-dependent oxidoreductase in the catabolism of γ-hydroxybutyrate in vivo J. Neurochem. 48 1987 1935 1941
108. +-dependent oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.19 and of a mitochondrial hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase in the initial, rate-limiting step in this pathway Neurochem. Res. 16 1991 965 974
109. E.E. Kaufman T. Nelson D. Miller N. Stadlan Oxidation of γ-hydroxybutyrate to succinic semialdehyde by a mitochondrial pyridine nucleotide-independent enzyme J. Neurochem. 51 1988 1079 1084
110. E.E. Kaufman L.J. Porrino T. Nelson Pyretic action of low doses of γ-hydroxybutyrate in rats Biochem. Pharmacol. 40 1990 2637 2640
111. + oxidoreductase which functions as a γ-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase J. Neurochem. 40 1983 1639 1646
112. Y. Kawaguchi C.J. Wilson S.J. Augood P.C. Emson Striatal interneurones: chemical, physiological and morphological characterization Trends Neurosci. 18 1995 527 535
113. P.H. Kelly K.E. Moore Dopamine concentrations in the rat brain following injections into the substantia nigra of baclofen, γ-aminobutyric acid, γ-hydroxybutyric acid, apomorphine and amphetamine Neuropharmacology 17 1978 169 174
114. S.X. Kozhechkin Microiontophoretic study of the mechanism of action of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid Bull. Expl Biol. Med. 88 1980 1293 1296
115. G. Laborit C. Baron G. Topal I. Henriet Value of sodium gamma hydroxybutyrate in cerebral protection during severe hypoxia in the rat Agressologie 21 1980 189 197
116. H. Laborit Sodium 4-hydroxybutyrate Intl J. Neuropharmacol. 3 1964 433 452
117. H. Laborit Gamma-hydroxybutyrate, succinic semialdehyde and sleep Progr. Neurobiol. 1 1973 257 274
118. O. Lapierre J. Montplaisir M. Lamarre M.A. Bedard The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on nocturnal and diurnal sleep of normal subjects: further considerations on REM sleep-triggering mechanisms Sleep 13 1990 24 30
119. W. Lason B. Przewlocka R. Przewlocki The effect of gamma-hydroxybutyrate and anticonvulsants on opioid content in the rat brain Life Sci. 33 1983 599 602
120. J.T. Lettieri H.L. Fung Dose-dependent pharmacokinetics and hypnotic effects of sodium γ-hydroxybutyrate in the rat J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 208 1979 7 11
121. M.I. Levy B.M. Davis R.C. Mohs G.C. Trigos A.A. Mathe K.L. Davis Gamma hydroxybutyrate in the treatment of schizophrenia Psychiat. Res. 9 1983 1 8
122. C.C. Liu O.C. Snead M. Vergnes A. Depaulis C. Marescaux Intrathalamic injections of γ-hydroxybutyric acid increase genetic absence seizures in rats Neurosci. Lett. 125 1991 19 21
123. B neurotransmission in the control of absence seizures in the rat Neuroscience 48 1992 87 93
124. P. Lundborg T. Hedner J. Engel Catecholamine concentration in the developing rat brain after gamma-hydroxybutyric acid J. Neurochem. 35 1980 425 429
125. M. Maitre P. Mandel Libération de γ-hydroxybutyrate calcium-dépendante après dépolarisation de coupes de cerveau de rat C.r. Acad. Sci. Paris 295 1982 741 743
126. M. Maitre C. Cash D. Weissmann-Nanopoulos P. Mandel Depolarization-evoked release of γ-hydroxybutyrate from rat brain slices J. Neurochem. 41 1983 287 290
127. Maitre, M., Hechler, V., Vayer, P., Gobaille, S., Cash, C.D., Schmitt, M. and Bourguignon, J.J. (1990) A specific gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor ligand possesses both antagonistic and anticonvulsant properties. 255, 657–663
128. 3H]γ-hydroxybutyrate binding by benzamide neuroleptics and prochlorperazine but not by other antipsychotics Eur. J. Pharmacol. 256 1994 211 214
129. M. Maitre J.F. Rumigny J. Benavides J.J. Bourguignon C.G. Wermuth C. Cash P. Mandel High affinity binding site for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in rat brain Adv. Biochem. Psychopharmacol. 37 1983 441 453
130. M. Maitre J.F. Rumigny C. Cash P. Mandel Subcellular distribution of γ-hydroxybutyrate binding sites in rat brain. Principal localization in the synaptosomal fraction Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 110 1983 262 265
131. V.V. Malyshev L.I. Treshchuk N.G. Belykh Evaluation of the protective effect of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in stress Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 91 1981 537 539
132. M. Mamelak Gammahydroxybutyrate: an endogenous regulator of energy metabolism Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 13 1989 187 198
133. M. Mamelak P. Webster Treatment of narcolepsy and sleep apnea with gammahydroxybutyrate: a clinical and polysomnographic case study Sleep 4 1981 105 111
134. M. Mamelak J.M. Escriu O. Stokan The effects of γ-hydroxybutyrate on sleep Biol. Psychiat. 12 1977 273 278
135. M. Mamelak M.B. Scharf M. Woods Treatment of narcolepsy with gamma-hydroxybutyrate. A review of clinical and sleep laboratory findings Sleep 9 1986 285 289
136. M. Manier D.N. Abrons C. Feuerstein M. Le Moal J.P. Herman Increase in methionin-enkephalin content following lesion of nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in adult rats and reversal following the implantation of embryonic dopaminergic neurons: a quantitative immunohistochemical analysis Neuroscience 42 1991 427 439
137. R.K. Margolis The effect of γ-hydroxybutyric acid on amino-acid levels in brain Biochem. Pharmacol. 18 1969 1243 1246
138. M. Matsuda M. Hoshino Natural occurrence of succinic semialdehyde in mouse brain Jikeikai Med. J. 24 1977 33 36
139. R. Maxwell R.H. Roth Conversion of 1,4-butanediol to γ-hydroxybutyric acid in rat brain and in peripheral tissue Biochem. Pharmacol. 21 1972 1521 1533
140. O. McGuire B.E. Leonard Adaptive changes in dopamine turnover in mouse brain following the chronic administration of sulpiride, pimozide and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid IRCS Med. Sci. 12 1984 254 255
141. D.R. Metcalf R.N. Emde J.T. Stripe An EEG-behavioral study of sodium hydroxybutyrate in humans Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 20 1966 506 512
142. Micheletti, G., Marescaux, C., Vergnes, M., Rumbach, L. and Warter, J.M. (1985) Effects of GABAmimetics and GABA antagonists on spontaneous nonconvulsive seizures in Wistar rats. In: L.E.R.S. Vol. 3, pp. 129–137. Ed. G. Bartholini et al. Raven Press: New York.
143. I. Miguez M. Aldegunde R. Duran J.A. Veira Effect of low doses of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on serotonin, noradrenaline, and dopamine concentrations in rat brain areas Neurochem. Res. 13 1988 531 533
144. B receptors and the effects of baclofen in the mammalian central nervous system Progr. Neurobiol. 46 1995 423 462
145. M.M. Mitler R. Hajdukovic Relative efficacy of drugs for the treatment of sleepiness in narcolepsy Sleep 14 1991 218 220
146. Ch. Mitoma S.E. Neubauer Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and sleep Experientia 24 1968 12 13
147. H. Möhler A.J. Patel R. Balazs Gamma-hydroxybutyrate degradation in the brain in vivo : negligible direct conversion to GABA J. Neurochem. 27 1976 253 258
148. J. Montplaisir M. Barbezieux Sodium gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the treatment of essential hypersomnia Can. J. Psychiat. 26 1981 162 166
149. J. Montplaisir R. Godbout Nocturnal sleep of narcoleptic patients: revisited Sleep 9 1986 159 161
150. V.H. Morgenroth J.R. Walters R.H. Roth Dopaminergic neurons — alteration in the kinetic properties of tyrosine hydroxylase after cessation of impulse flow Biochem. Pharmacol. 25 1975 655 661
151. L.M. Neckers J.L. Meeck Measurement of 5-HT turnover rate in discrete nuclei of rat brain Life Sci. 19 1976 1579 1584
152. T. Nelson E.E. Kaufman Developmental time courses in the brain and kidney of two enzymes that oxidize gamma-hydroxybutyrate Develop. Neurosci. 16 1994 352 358
153. T. Nelson E. Kaufman J. Kline L. Sokoloff The extraneural distribution of γ-hydroxybutyrate J. Neurochem. 37 1981 1345 1348
154. H. Nissbrandt A. Elverfors G. Engberg Pharmacologically induced cessation of burst activity in nigral dopamine neurons: significance for the terminal dopamine efflux Synapse 17 1994 217 224
155. T. Niwa K. Maeda H. Asada M. Shibata T. Ohki A. Saito H. Furukawa Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of organic acids in renal tissue biopsy: identification of 4-hydroxybutyric acid and 4-hydroxy-2-butenoic acid J. Chromatogr. 230 1982 1 6
156. H.R. Olpe W.P. Koella Inhibition of nigral and neocortical cells by γ-hydroxybutyrate: a microiontophoretic investigation Eur. J. Pharmacol. 53 1979 359 364
157. 14C]succinic semialdehyde in cultured human lymphoblasts: measurement of residual succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase activity in 11 patients with 4-hydroxybutyric aciduria Pediatr. Res. 24 1988 455 460
158. D. Pericic J.R. Walters Dopamine in substantia nigra and cortex after γ-butyrolactone treatment J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 28 1976 527 530
159. F. Poldrugo O.C. Snead 1,4-Butanediol, γ-hydroxybutyric acid and ethanol relationships and interactions Neuropharmacology 23 1984 109 113
160. F. Poldrugo O.C. Snead Effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in rat brain and liver Subst. Alcohol Actions Misuse 5 1984 263 271
161. F. Poldrugo O.C. Snead 1,4-Butanediol and ethanol compete for degradation in rat brain and liver in vitro Alcohol 3 1986 167 170
162. P.A. Price M. Schachter S.J. Smith R.C. Baxter J.D. Parkes Gamma-hydroxybutyrate in narcolepsy Ann. Neurol. 9 1981 198
163. Z. Rahbeeni P.T. Ozand M. Rashed G.G. Gascon M. Al Nasser A. Al Odaib M. Amoudi M. Nester S. Al Garawi J. Brismar 4-Hydroxybutyric aciduria Brain Dev. 16 1994 64 71
164. D. Rating F. Hanefeld H. Siemes J. Kneer C. Jakobs M. Hermier P. Divry 4-Hydroxybutyric aciduria: a new inborn error of metabolism. I. Clinical review J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 7 1984 90 92
165. C. Ratomponirina Y. Hodé V. Hechler M. Maitre γ-Hydroxybutyrate receptor binding in rat brain is inhibited by guanyl nucleotides and pertussis toxin Neurosci. Lett. 189 1995 51 53
166. A.J. Rivett K.F. Tipton Kinetic studies of the reduction of succinic semialdehyde by rat brain aldehyde reductase Eur. J. Biochem. 118 1981 635 639
167. A.J. Rivett I.L. Smith K.F. Tipton The enzymes catalysing succinic semialdehyde reduction in rat brain Biochem. Pharmacol. 30 1981 741 747
168. R.H. Roth Formation and regional distribution of γ-hydroxybutyric acid in mammalian brain Biochem. Pharmacol. 19 1970 3013 3019
169. R.H. Roth J. Giarman Natural occurrence of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in mammalian brain Biochem. Pharmacol. 19 1970 1087 1093
170. R.H. Roth N.J. Giarman Conversion in vivo of γ-aminobutyric to γ-hydroxybutyric acid in the rat Biochem. Pharmacol. 18 1968 247 250
171. R.H. Roth Y. Suhr Mechanism of the γ-hydroxybutyrate-induced increase in brain dopamine and its relationship to “sleep” Biochem. Pharmacol. 19 1970 3001 3012
172. R.H. Roth J.D. Doherty J.R. Walters Gamma-hydroxybutyrate: a role in the regulation of central dopaminergic neurons? Brain Res. 189 1980 556 560
173. J.F. Rumigny C. Cash P. Mandel M. Maitre Ontogeny and distribution of specific succinic semialdehyde reductase apoenzyme in the rat brain Neurochem. Res. 7 1982 555 561
174. J.F. Rumigny C. Cash P. Mandel G. Vincendon M. Maitre Evidence that a specific succinic semialdehyde reductase is responsible for γ-hydroxybutyrate synthesis in brain tissue slices FEBS Lett. 134 1981 96 98
175. J.F. Rumigny M. Maitre C. Cash P. Mandel Specific and non-specific succinic semialdehyde reductases from rat brain: isolation and properties FEBS Lett. 117 1980 111 116
176. J.F. Rumigny M. Maitre C. Cash P. Mandel Regional and subcellular localization in rat brain of the enzymes that can synthesize γ-hydroxybutyric acid J. Neurochem. 36 1981 1433 1438
177. E. Santaniello A. Manzocchi L. Tosi Evaluation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate formed from l -glutamate by mouse brain homogenate J. Neurochem. 34 1978 1117 1118
178. M.B. Scharf D. Brown M. Woods L. Brown J. Hirschowitz The effects and effectiveness of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in patients with narcolepsy J. Clin. Psychiat. 46 1985 222 225
179. C. Schmidt S. Gobaille V. Hechler M. Schmitt J.J. Bourguignon M. Maitre Anti-sedative and anti-cataleptic properties of NCS-382, a γ-hydroxybutyrate receptor antagonist Eur. J. Pharmacol. 203 1991 393 397
180. A. Schousboe K. Saito J.Y. Wu Characterization and cellular and subcellular localization of GABA-transaminase Brain Res. Bull. 5 1980 71 76
181. S.Ch. Schulz D.P. Van Kammen M.S. Buchsbaum R.H. Roth P. Alexander W.E. Bunney Gamma-hydroxybutyrate treatment of schizophrenia: a pilot study Pharmacopsychiatria 14 1981 129 134
182. L. Scrima P.G. Hartman F.H. Johnson F.C. Hiller Efficacy of gamma-hydroxybutyrate versus placebo in treating narcolepsy-cataplexy: double-blind subjective measures Biol. Psychiat. 26 1989 331 343
183. L. Scrima P.G. Hartman F.H. Johnson E.E. Thomas F.C. Hiller The effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on the sleep of narcolepsy patients: a double-blind study Sleep 13 1990 479 490
184. A receptor complex in the rat cerebral cortex Psychopharmacology 104 1991 351 355
185. J.S. Shumate O.C. Snead Plasma and central nervous system kinetics of gamma-hydroxybutyrate Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 25 1979 241 256
186. Snead, O.C. (1984a) GHB, GABA and petit mal seizures. In: Neurotransmitters, Seizures and Epilepsy , pp. 37–48, Vol II. Eds R.G. Fariello, P.L. Morselli, K.G. Lloyd, L.F. Quesney and J. Engel. Raven Press: New York.
187. O.C. Snead Ontogeny of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid II. Electroencephalographic effects Brain Res. 317 1984 89 96
188. O.C. Snead γ-Hydroxybutyric acid in subcellular fractions of rat brain J. Neurochem. 48 1987 196 201
189. O.C. Snead Gamma-hydroxybutyrate model of generalized absence seizures: further characterization and comparison with other absence models Epilepsia 29 1988 361 368
190. O.C. Snead The gamma-hydroxybutyrate model of absence seizures: correlation of regional brain levels of gamma-hydroxubutyric acid and gamma-butyrolactone with spike wave discharges Neuropharmacology 30 1991 161 167
191. O.C. Snead Pharmacological models of generalized absence seizures in rodents J. Neural. Transm. 35 Suppl. 1992 7 19
192. B binding sites: relation to the development of experimental absence seizures Brain Res. 659 1994 147 156
193. B and γ-hydroxybutyric acid receptor antagonists Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 53 1996 73 79
194. B and γ-hydroxybutyric acid-mediated mechanisms in generalized absence seizures Neuropharmacology 35 1996 359 367
195. O.C. Snead L.J. Bearden Naloxone overcomes the dopaminergic. EEG, and behavioral effects of γ-hydroxybutyrate Neurology 30 1980 832 838
196. O.C. Snead L.J. Bearden The epileptogenic spectrum of opiate agonists Neuropharmacology 21 1982 1137 1144
197. O.C. Snead C.C. Liu Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid binding sites in rat and human brain synaptosomal membranes Biochem. Pharmacol. 33 1984 2587 2590
198. A receptor function in the gamma-hydroxybutyrate model of generalized absence seizures Neuropharmacology 32 1993 401 409
199. O.C. Snead B.J. Morley Ontogeny of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. I. Regional concentration in developing rat, monkey and human brain Brain Res. 227 1981 579 589
200. O.C. Snead A.C. Nichols Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid binding sites: evidence for coupling to a chloride anion channel Neuropharmacology 26 1987 1519 1523
201. O.C. Snead L.J. Bearden V. Pegram Effect of acute and chronic anticonvulsant administration on endogenous γ-hydroxybutyrate in rat brain Neuropharmacology 12 1980 47 52
202. O.C. Snead R. Furner C.C. Liu In vivo conversion of γ-aminobutyric acid and 1,4-butanediol to γ-hydroxybutyric acid in rat brain. Studies using stable isotopes Biochem. Pharmacol. 38 1989 4375 4380
203. O.C. Snead C.C. Liu L.J. Bearden Studies on the relation of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Evidence that GABA is not the sole source for GHB in rat brain Biochem. Pharmacol. 32 1982 3917 3923
204. O.C. Snead A.C. Nichols C.C. Liu γ-Hydroxybutyric acid binding sites: interaction with the GABA-benzodiazepine-picrotoxin receptor complex Neurochem. Res. 17 1992 201 204
205. P.F. Spano E. Przegalinski Stimulation of serotonin synthesis by anesthetic and non-anesthetic doses of gamma-hydroxybutyrate Pharmacol. Res. Commun. 5 1973 55 69
206. P.F. Spano A. Tagliamonte P. Tagliamonte G.L. Gessa Stimulation of brain dopamine synthesis by gamma-hydroxybutyrate J. Neurochem. 18 1971 1831 1836
207. T.W. Stone Neuropharmacology of quinolinic and kynurenic acids Pharmacol. Rev. 45 1993 309 379
208. P.N. Taberner J.T. Rick G.A. Kerkut The action of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid on cerebral glucose metabolism J. Neurochem. 12 1972 245 254
209. F. Tang E. Costa J.P. Schwartz Increase of proenkephalin mRNA and enkephalin content of rat striatum after daily injection of haloperidol for 2 to 3 weeks Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80 1983 3841 3844
210. Y. Ueki Effects of gamma-hydroxybutyrate on monoamine metabolism and protein synthesis after transient global cerebral ischemia No Shink. Geka-Neurol. Surg. 20 1992 937 946
211. J.R. Unnerstall W.J. Pizzi Muscimol and γ-hydroxybutyrate: similar interactions with convulsant agents Life Sci. 29 1981 337 344
212. G. Uziel P. Bardelli C. Pantaleoni M. Rimoldi M. Savoiardo 4-Hydroxybutyric aciduria: clinical findings and vigabatrin therapy J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 16 1993 520 522
213. P. Vayer M. Maitre Regional differences in depolarization-induced release of γ-hydroxybutyrate from rat brain slices Neurosci. Lett. 87 1988 99 103
214. P. Vayer B. Charlier P. Mandel M. Maitre Effect of anticonvulsant drugs on gamma-hydroxybutyrate release from hippocampal slices: inhibition by valproate and ethosuximide J. Neurochem. 49 1987 1022 1024
215. P. Vayer D. Dessort J.J. Bourguignon C.G. Wermuth P. Mandel M. Maitre Natural occurrence of trans -gamma-hydroxycrotonic acid in rat brain Biochem. Pharmacol. 34 1985 2401 2404
216. P. Vayer J.D. Ehrhardt S. Gobaille P. Mandel M. Maitre Gamma hydroxybutyrate distribution and turnover rates in discrete brain regions of the rat Neurochem. Intl 12 1988 53 59
217. P. Vayer S. Gobaille P. Mandel M. Maitre 3′-5′-Cyclic-guanosine monophosphate increase in rat brain hippocampus after gamma-hydroxybutyrate administration. Prevention by valproate and naloxone Life Sci. 41 1987 605 610
218. P. Vayer P. Mandel M. Maitre Conversion of γ-hydroxybutyrate to γ-aminobutyrate in vitro J. Neurochem. 45 1985 810 814
219. m aldehyde reductase in the degradation of endogenous γ-hydroxybutyrate from rat brain FEBS Lett. 190 1985 55 60
220. Ph. Vayer M. Maitre γ-Hydroxybutyrate stimulation of the formation of cyclic GMP and inositol phosphates in rat hippocampal slices J. Neurochem. 52 1989 1382 1387
221. S.R. Vincent H. Kimura E.G. McGeer The histochemical localization of GABA transaminase in the efferents of the striatum Brain Res. 222 1981 198 203
222. P.C. Waldmeier The GABA-B antagonist, CGP 35348, antagonizes the effects of baclofen, γ-butyrolactone and HA 966 on rat striatal dopamine synthesis Naunyn-Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol. 343 1991 173 178
223. P.C. Waldmeier B. Fehr Effects of baclofen and γ-hydroxybutyrate on rat striatal and mesolimbic 5-HT metabolism Eur. J. Pharmacol. 49 1978 177 184
224. S.S. Walkenstein R. Wiser C. Gudmundsen H. Kimmel Metabolism of γ-hydroxybutyric acid Biochem. Biophys. Acta 86 1964 640 642
225. J.M. Walsh J.B. Clark Studies on the control of 4-aminobutyrate metabolism in synaptosomal and free rat brain mitochondria Biochem. J. 160 1976 147 157
226. J.R. Walters R.H. Roth Dopaminergic neurons: drug-induced antagonism of the increase in tyrosine hydroxylase activity produced by cessation of impulse flow J. Pharmacol. Expl Ther. 191 1974 82 91
227. J.R. Walters R.H. Roth Dopaminergic neurons — alteration in the sensitivity of tyrosine hydroxylase to inhibition by endogenous dopamine after cessation of impulse flow Biochem. Pharmacol. 25 1975 649 654
228. D. Weissmann-Nanopoulos M.F. Belin P. Mandel M. Maitre Immunocytochemical evidence for the presence of enzymes synthesizing GABA and GHB in the same neuron Neurochem. Intl 6 1984 333 338
229. D. Weissmann-Nanopoulos J.F. Rumigny P. Mandel G. Vinvendon M. Maitre Immunocytochemical localization in rat brain of the enzyme that synthesizes γ-hydroxybutyric acid Neurochem. Intl 4 1982 523 529
230. B receptor-mediated hyperpolarization Neuroscience 66 1995 133 141
231. J.C. Winter The stimulus properties of gamma-hydroxybutyrate Psychopharmacology 73 1981 372 375
232. W.D. Winters C.E. Spooner Various seizure activities following γ-hydroxybutyrate Intl J. Pharmacol. 4 1965 197 200
233. B receptors Eur. J. Pharmacol. 212 1992 291 294
234. Y. Yamada J. Yamamoto A. Fujiki Y. Hishikawa Z. Kaneko Effect of butyrolactone and gamma-hydroxybutyrate on the EEG and sleep cycle in man Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 22 1967 558 562
235. R. Zerbib G. Pierrefiche C. Ferran T. Laborit Potential antidepressant activity of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the mouse “behavioral despair” test: correlation with the central dopaminergic system Res. Commun. Psychol. Psychiat. Behav. 17 1992 109 122
236. B. Zivkovic A. Guidotti E. Costa The regulation of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase. Effects of gamma hydroxybutyric acid and haloperidol Naunyn-Schmied. Arch. Pharmacol. 291 1975 193 200