Molecular and genetic mechanisms of floral control

Plant Cell

Volumn 16, Issue SUPPL., 2004, Pages

  Jack, Thomas ^a  

^a Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARABIDOPSIS;

EID: 2942666441     PISSN: 10404651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1105/tpc.017038     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Alvarez, J., Guli, C.L., Yu, X.-H., and Smyth, D.R. (1992). terminal flower: A gene affecting inflorescence development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2, 103-116.
2. Alvarez, J., and Smyth, D.R. (1999). CRABS CLAW and SPATULA, two Arabidopsis genes that control carpel development in parallel with AGAMOUS. Development 126, 2356-2375.
3. Alvarez-Buylla, E.R., Pelaz, S., Liljegren, S.J., Gold, S.E., Burgeff, C., Ditta, G.S., de Pouplana, L.R., Martinez-Castilla, L., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2000). An ancestral MADS-box gene duplication occurred before the divergence of plants and animals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 5328-5333.
4. Ambrose, B.A., Lerner, D.R., Ciceri, P., Padilla, C.M., Yanofsky, M.F., and Schmidt, R.J. (2000). Molecular and genetic analyses of the silky1 gene reveal conservation in floral organ specification between eudicots and monocots. Mol. Cell 5, 569-579.
5. Angenent, G.C., Franken, J., Busscher, M., van Dijken, A., van Went, J.L., Dons, H.J., and van Tunen, A.J. (1995). A novel class of MADS box genes is involved in ovule development in petunia. Plant Cell 7, 1569-1582.
6. Angenent, G.C., Franken, J., Busscher, M., Weiss, D., and van Tunen, A.J. (1994). Co-suppression of the petunia homeotic gene fbp2 affects the identity of the generative meristem. Plant J. 5, 33-44.
7. Aukerman, M.J., and Sakai, H. (2003). Regulation of flowering time and floral organ identity by a microRNA and its APETALA2-like target genes. Plant Cell 15, 2730-2741.
8. Bartel, B., and Bartel, D.P. (2003). MicroRNAs: At the root of plant development? Plant Physiol. 132, 709-717.
9. Blazquez, M.A., Green, R., Nilsson, O., Sussman, M.R., and Weigel, D. (1998). Gibberellins promote flowering of Arabidopsis by activating the LEAFY promoter. Plant Cell 10, 791-800.
10. Blazquez, M.A., Soowal, L.N., Lee, I., and Weigel, D. (1997). LEAFY expression and flower initiation in Arabidopsis. Development 124, 3835-3844.
11. Blazquez, M.A., and Weigel, D. (2000). Integration of floral inductive signals in Arabidopsis. Nature 404, 889-892.
12. Bomblies, K., Dagenais, N., and Weigel, D. (1999). Redundant enhancers mediate transcriptional repression of AGAMOUS by APETALA2. Dev. Biol. 216, 260-264.
13. Borner, R., Kampmann, G., Chandler, J., Gleissner, R., Wisman, E., Apel, K., and Melzer, S. (2000). A MADS domain gene involved in the transition to flowering in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 24, 591-599.
14. Bowman, J.L., Alvarez, J., Weigel, D., Meyerowitz, E.M., and Smyth, D.R. (1993). Control of flower development in Arabidopsis thaliana by APETALA1 and interacting genes. Development 119, 721-743.
15. Bowman, J.L., Smyth, D.R., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1989). Genes directing flower development in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 1, 37-52.
16. Bowman, J.L., Smyth, D.R., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1991). Genetic interactions among floral homeotic genes of Arabidopsis. Development 112, 1-20.
17. Bradley, D., Carpenter, R., Copsey, L., Vincent, C., Rothstein, S., and Coen, E. (1996). Control of inflorescence architecture in Antirrhinum. Nature 379, 791-797.
18. Bradley, D., Carpenter, R., Sommer, H., Hartley, N., and Coen, E. (1993). Complementary floral homeotic phenotypes result from opposite orientations of a transposon at the plena locus of Antirrhinum. Cell 72, 85-95.
19. Bradley, D., Ratcliffe, O., Vincent, C., Carpenter, R., and Coen, E. (1997). Inflorescence commitment and architecture in Arabidopsis. Science 275, 80-83.
20. Busch, M.A., Bomblies, K., and Weigel, D. (1999). Activation of a floral homeotic gene in Arabidopsis. Science 285, 585-587.
21. Byzova, M.V., Franken, J., Aarts, M.G., de Almeida-Engler, J., Engler, G., Mariani, C., Van Lockeren Campagne, M.M., and Angenent, G.C. (1999). Arabidopsis STERILE APETALA, a multifunctional gene regulating inflorescence, flower, and ovule development. Genes Dev. 13, 1002-1014.
22. Carpenter, R., and Coen, E.S. (1990). Floral homeotic mutations produced by transposon-mutagenesis in Antirrhinum majus. Genes Dev. 4, 1483-1493.
23. Carrington, J.C., and Ambros, V. (2003). Role of microRNAs in plant and animal development. Science 301, 336-338.
24. Chen, X. (2004). A microRNA as a translational repressor of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis flower development. Science 303, 2022-2025.
25. Chen, X., Liu, J., and Jia, D. (2002). HEN1 functions pleiotropically in Arabidopsis development and acts in C function in the flower. Development 129, 1085-1094.
26. Chen, X., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1999). HUA1 and HUA2 are two members of the floral homeotic AGAMOUS pathway. Mol. Cell 3, 349-360.
27. Cheng, Y., Kato, N., Wang, W., Li, J., and Chen, X. (2003). Two RNA binding proteins, HEN4 and HUA1, act in the processing of AGAMOUS pre-mRNA in Arabidopsis thaliana. Dev. Cell 4, 53-66.
28. Coen, E.S., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1991). The war of the whorls: Genetic interactions controlling flower development. Nature 353, 31-37.
29. Coen, E.S., Romero, J.M., Doyle, S., Elliot, R., Murphy, G., and Carpenter, R. (1990). Florícula: A homeotic gene required for flower development in Antirrhinum majus. Cell 63, 1311-1322.
30. Colombo, L., Franken, J., Koetje, E., van Went, J., Dons, H., Angenent, G., and van Tunen, A. (1995). The petunia MADS box gene FBP11 determines ovule identity. Plant Cell 7, 1859-1868.
31. Conner, J., and Liu, Z. (2000). LEUNIG, a putative transcriptional corepressor that regulates AGAMOUS expression during flower development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 12902-12907.
32. Corbit, K.C., Trakul, N., Eves, E.M., Diaz, B., Marshall, M., and Rosner, M.R. (2003). Activation of Raf-1 signaling by protein kinase C through a mechanism involving Raf kinase inhibitory protein. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 13061-13068.
33. de Bodt, S., Raes, J., Florquin, K., Rombauts, S., Rouze, P., Theissen, G., and Van der Peer, Y. (2003). Genomewide structural annotation and evolutionary analysis of the type I MADS-box genes in plants. J. Mol. Evol. 56, 573-586.
34. Deyholos, M., and Sieburth, L. (2000). Separable whorl-specific expression and negative regulation by enhancer elements within the AGAMOUS second intron. Plant Cell 12, 1799-1810.
35. Drews, G.N., Bowman, J.L., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1991). Negative regulation of the Arabidopsis homeotic gene AGAMOUS by the APETALA2 product. Cell 65, 991-1002.
36. Durfee, T., Roe, J.L., Sessions, R.A., Inouye, C., Serikawa, K., Feldmann, K.A., Weigel, D., and Zambryski, P.C. (2003). The F-box-containing protein UFO and AGAMOUS participate in antagonistic pathways governing early petal development in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 8571-8576.
37. Eckardt, N.A. (2003). MADS monsters: Controlling floral organ identity. Plant Cell 15, 803-805.
38. Egea-Cortines, M., Saedler, H., and Sommer, H. (1999). Ternary complex formation between the MADS-box proteins SQUAMOSA, DEFICIENS, and GLOBOSA is involved in the control of floral architecture in Antirrhinum majus. EMBO J. 18, 5370-5379.
39. Elliott, R.C., Betzner, A.S., Huttner, E., Oakes, M.P., Tucker, W.Q., Gerentes, D., Perez, P., and Smyth, D.R. (1996). AINTEGUMENTA, an APETALA2-like gene of Arabidopsis with pleiotropic roles in ovule development and floral organ growth. Plant Cell 8, 155-168.
40. Fan, H.-Y., Hu, Y., Tudor, M., and Ma, H. (1997). Specific interactions between K domains of AG and AGLs, members of the MADS domain family of DNA binding proteins. Plant J. 12, 999-1010.
41. Favaro, R., Pinyopich, A., Battaglia, R., Kooiker, M., Borghi, L., Ditta, G., Yanofsky, M.F., Kater, M.M., and Colombo, L. (2003). MADS-box protein complexes control carpel and ovule development in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 15, 2603-2611.
42. Ferrandiz, C., Gu, Q., Martienssen, R., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2000). Redundant regulation of meristem identity and plant architecture by FRUITFULL, APETALA1 and CAULIFLOWER. Development 127, 725-734.
43. Ferrario, S., Immink, R.G., Shchennikova, A., Busscher-Lange, J., and Angenent, G.G. (2003). The MADS box gene FBP2 is required for SEPALLATA function in petunia. Plant Cell 15, 914-925.
44. Fornara, F., Marziani, G., Mizzi, L., Kater, M., and Colombo, L. (2003). MADS-box genes controlling flower development in rice. Plant Biol. 5, 16-22.
45. Franks, R.G., Wang, C., Levin, J.Z., and Liu, Z. (2002). SEUSS, a member of a novel family of plant regulatory proteins, represses floral homeotic gene expression with LEUNIG. Development 129, 253-263.
46. Frohlich, M.W., and Parker, D.S. (2000). The mostly male theory of flower evolutionary origins: From genes to fossils. Syst. Bot. 25, 155-170.
47. Gendall, A.R., Levy, Y.Y., Wilson, A., and Dean, C. (2001). The VERNALIZATION2 gene mediates the epigenetic regulation of vernalization in Arabidopsis. Cell 107, 525-535.
48. Gocal, G.F., King, R.W., Blundell, C.A., Schwartz, O.M., Andersen, C.H., and Weigel, D. (2001). Evolution of floral meristem identity genes: Analysis of Lolium temulentum genes related to APETALA1 and LEAFY of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 125, 1788-1801.
49. Golden, T.A., Schauer, S.E., Lang, J.D., Pien, S., Mushegian, A.R., Grossniklaus, U., Meinke, D.W., and Ray, A. (2002). SHORT INTEGUMENTS1/ SUSPENSOR1/CARPEL FACTORY, a Dicer homolog, is a maternal effect gene required for embryo development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 130, 808-822.
50. Goodrich, J., Puangsomlee, P., Martin, M., Long, D., Meyerowitz, E.M., and Coupland, G. (1997). A Polycomb-group gene regulates homeotic gene expression in Arabidopsis. Nature 386, 44-51.
51. Goto, K., Kyozuka, J., and Bowman, J.L. (2001). Turning floral organs into leaves, leaves into floral organs. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 11, 449-456.
52. Goto, K., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1994). Function and regulation of the Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene PISTILLATA. Genes Dev. 8, 1548-1560.
53. Gu, Q., Ferrandiz, C., Yanofsky, M.F., and Martienssen, R. (1998). The FRUITFULL MADS-box gene mediates cell differentiation during Arabidopsis fruit development. Development 125, 1509-1517.
54. Gustafson-Brown, C., Savidge, B., and Yanofsky, M.F. (1994). Regulation of the Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene APETALA1. Cell 76, 131-143.
55. Hartmann, U., Hohmann, S., Nettesheim, K., Wisman, E., Saedler, H., and Huijser, P. (2000). Molecular cloning of SVP, a negative regulator of the floral transition in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 21, 351-360.
56. Hayama, R., and Coupland, G. (2003). Shedding light on the circadian clock and the photoperiodic control of flowering. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 6, 13-19.
57. He, Y., Michaels, S.D., and Amasino, R.M. (2003). Regulation of flowering time by histone acetylation in Arabidopsis. Science 302, 1751-1754.
58. Hepworth, S.R., Valverde, F., Ravenscroft, D., Mouradov, A., and Coupland, G. (2002). Antagonistic regulation of flowering-time gene SOC1 by CONSTANS and FLC via separate promoter motifs. EMBO J. 21, 4327-4337.
59. Hill, T.A., Day, C.D., Zondlo, S.C., Thackeray, A., and Irish, V.F. (1998). Discrete spatial and temporal cis-acting elements regulate transcription of the Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene APETALA3. Development 125, 1711-1721.
60. Honma, T., and Goto, K. (2001). Complexes of MADS-box proteins are sufficient to convert leaves into floral organs. Nature 409, 525-529.
61. Huang, H., Tudor, M., Su, T., Zhang, Y., Hu, Y., and Ma, H. (1996). DNA binding properties of two Arabidopsis MADS domain proteins: Binding consensus and dimer formation. Plant Cell 8, 81-94.
62. Huijser, P., Klein, J., Lönnig, W.-E., Meijer, H., Saedler, H., and Sommer, H. (1992). Bracteomania, an inflorescence anomaly, is caused by the loss of function of the MADS-box gene squamosa in Antirrhinum majus. EMBO J. 11, 1239-1249.
63. Immink, R.G., Ferrario, S., Busscher-Lange, J., Kooiker, M., Busscher, M., and Angenent, G.C. (2003). Analysis of the petunia MADS-box transcription factor family. Mol. Genet. Genomics 268, 598-606.
64. Immink, R.G., Gadella, T.W., Ferrario, S., Busscher, M., and Angenent, G.C. (2002). Analysis of MADS box protein-protein interactions in living plant cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 2416-2421.
65. Ingram, G.C., Goodrich, J., Wilkinson, M.D., Simon, R., Haughn, G.W., and Coen, E.S. (1995). Parallels between UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS and FIMBRIATA, genes controlling flower development in Arabidopsis and Antirrhinum. Plant Cell 7, 1501-1510.
66. Irish, V.F., and Sussex, I.M. (1990). Function of the apetala-1 gene during Arabidopsis floral development. Plant Cell 2, 741-753.
67. Jack, T. (2001). Relearning our ABCs: New twists on an old model. Trends Plant Sci. 6, 310-316.
68. Jack, T., Fox, G.L., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1994). Arabidopsis homeotic gene APETALA3 ectopic expression: Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation determine floral organ identity. Cell 76, 703-716.
69. Jacobsen, S.E., Running, M.P., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1999). Disruption of an RNA helicase/RNAse III gene in Arabidopsis causes unregulated cell division in floral meristems. Development 126, 5231-5243.
70. Jofuku, K.D., den Boer, B.G.W., Van Montagu, M., and Okamuro, J.K. (1994). Control of Arabidopsis flower and seed development by the homeotic gene APETALA2. Plant Cell 6, 1211-1225.
71. Johanson, U., West, J., Lister, C., Michaels, S., Amasino, R., and Dean, C. (2000). Molecular analysis of FRIGIDA, a major determinant of natural variation in Arabidopsis flowering time. Science 290, 344-347.
72. Kardailsky, I., Shukla, V.K., Ahn, J.H., Dagenais, N., Christensen, S.K., Nguyen, J.T., Chory, J., Harrison, M.J., and Weigel, D. (1999). Activation tagging of the floral inducer FT. Science 286, 1962-1965.
73. Keck, E., McSteen, P., Carpenter, R., and Coen, E. (2003). Separation of genetic functions controlling organ identity in flowers. EMBO J. 22, 1058-1066.
74. Kempin, S.A., Savidge, B., and Yanofsky, M.F. (1995). Molecular basis of the cauliflower phenotype in Arabidopsis. Science 267, 522-525.
75. Klucher, K.M., Chow, H., Reiser, L., and Fischer, R.L. (1996). The AINTEGUMENTA gene of Arabidopsis required for ovule and female gametophyte development is related to the floral homeotic gene APETALA2. Plant Cell 8, 137-153.
76. Kobayashi, Y., Kaya, H., Goto, K., Iwabuchi, M., and Araki, T. (1999). A pair of related genes with antagonistic roles in mediating flowering signals. Science 286, 1960-1962.
77. Kohler, C., Hennig, L., Spillane, C., Pien, S., Gruissem, W., and Grossniklaus, U. (2003). The Polycomb-group protein MEDEA regulates seed development by controlling expression of the MADS-box gene PHERES1. Genes Dev. 17, 1540-1553.
78. Koornneef, M., Alonso-Blanco, C., Peeters, A.J., and Soppe, W. (1998). Genetic control of flowering time in Arabidopsis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49, 345-370.
79. Koornneef, M., Hanhart, C.J., and Vanderveen, J.H. (1991). A genetic and physiological analysis of late flowering mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Gen. Genet. 229, 57-66.
80. Krizek, B.A., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1996). The Arabidopsis homeotic genes APETALA3 and PISTILLATA are sufficient to provide the B class organ identity function. Development 112, 11-22.
81. Krizek, B.A., Prost, V., and Macias, A. (2000). AINTEGUMENTA promotes petal identity and acts as a negative regulator of AGAMOUS. Plant Cell 12, 1357-1366.
82. Lamb, R.S., Hill, T.A., Tan, Q.K.-G., and Irish, V.F. (2002). Regulation of APETALA3 floral homeotic gene expression by meristem identity genes. Development 129, 2079-2086.
83. Lamb, R.S., and Irish, V.F. (2003). Functional divergence within the APETALA3/PISTILLATA floral homeotic gene lineages. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 6558-6563.
84. Laufs, P., Coen, E., Kronenberger, J., Traas, J., and Doonan, J. (2003). Separable roles of UFO during floral development revealed by conditional restoration of gene function. Development 130, 785-796.
85. Laux, T., Mayer, K.F.X., Berger, J., and Jürgens, G. (1996). The WUSCHEL gene is required for shoot and floral meristem integrity in Arabidopsis. Development 122, 87-96.
86. Lee, H., Suh, S.-S., Park, E., Cho, E., Ahn, J.H., Kim, S.-G., Lee, J.S., Kwon, Y.M., and Lee, I. (2000). The AGAMOUS-LIKE 20 MADS domain protein integrates floral inductive pathways in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev. 14, 2366-2376.
87. Lee, I., Wolfe, D.S., and Weigel, D. (1997). A LEAFY co-regulator encoded by UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS. Curr. Biol. 7, 95-104.
88. Lenhard, M., Bohnert, A., Jürgens, G., and Laux, T. (2001). Termination of stem cell maintenance in Arabidopsis floral meristems by interactions between WUSCHEL and AGAMOUS. Cell 105, 805-814.
89. Levin, J.Z., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1995). UFO: An Arabidopsis gene involved in both floral meristem and floral organ development. Plant Cell 7, 529-548.
90. Li, J., Jia, D., and Chen, X. (2001). HUA1, a regulator of stamen and carpel identities in Arabidopsis, codes for a nuclear RNA binding protein. Plant Cell 13, 2269-2281.
91. Liljegren, S.J., Ditta, G.S., Eshed, Y., Savidge, B., Bowman, J.L., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2000). SHATTERPROOF MADS-box genes control seed dispersal in Arabidopsis. Nature 404, 766-770.
92. Liljegren, S.J., Gustafson-Brown, C., Pinyopich, A., Ditta, G.S., and Yanofsky, M.F. (1999). Interactions among APETALA1, LEAFY, and TERMINAL FLOWER1 specify meristem fate. Plant Cell 11, 1007-1018.
93. Liu, Z., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1995). LEUNIG regulates AGAMOUS expression in Arabidopsis flowers. Development 121, 975-991.
94. Lohmann, J.U., Hong, R.L., Hobe, M., Busch, M.A., Parcy, F., Simon, R., and Weigel, D. (2001). A molecular link between stem cell regulation and floral patterning in Arabidopsis. Cell 105, 793-803.
95. Lohmann, J.U., and Weigel, D. (2002). Building beauty: The genetic control of floral patterning. Dev. Cell 2, 135-142.
96. Maes, T., Van De Steene, N., Zethof, J., Karimi, M., D'Hauw, M., Mares, G., Van Montagu, M., and Gerats, T. (2001). Petunia AP2-like genes and their role in flower and seed development. Plant Cell 13, 229-244.
97. Mandel, M.A., Gustafson-Brown, C., Savidge, B., and Yanofsky, M.F. (1992). Molecular characterization of the Arabidopsis floral homeotic gene APETALA1. Nature 360, 273-277.
98. Mandel, M.A., and Yanofsky, M.F. (1995). A gene triggering flower formation in Arabidopsis. Nature 377, 522-524.
99. Mayer, K.F.X., Schoof, H., Haecker, A., Lenhard, M., and Jürgens, G. (1998). Role of WUSCHEL in regulating stem cell fate in the Arabidopsis shoot meristem. Cell 95, 805-815.
100. McGonigle, B., Bouhidel, K., and Irish, V.F. (1996). Nuclear localization of the Arabidopsis APETALA3 and PISTILLATA homeotic gene products depends on their simultaneous expression. Genes Dev. 10, 1812-1821.
101. Michaels, S.D., and Amasino, P.M. (1999). FLOWERING LOCUS C encodes a novel MADS domain protein that acts as a repressor of flowering. Plant Cell 11, 949-956.
102. Michaels, S.D., Ditta, G., Gustafson-Brown, C., Pelaz, S., Yanofsky, M., and Amasino, P.M. (2003). AGL24 acts as a promoter of flowering in Arabidopsis and is positively regulated by vernalization. Plant J. 33, 867-874.
103. Mimida, N., Goto, K., Kobayashi, Y., Araki, T., Ahn, J.H., Weigel, D., Murata, M., Motoyoshi, F., and Sakamoto, W. (2001). Functional divergence of the TFL1-like gene family in Arabidopsis revealed by characterization of a novel homologue. Genes Cells 6, 327-336.
104. Moon, J., Suh, S.S., Lee, H., Choi, K.R., Hong, C.B., Paek, N.C., Kim, S.G., and Lee, I. (2003). The SOC1 MADS-box gene integrates vernalization and gibberellin signals for flowering in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 35, 613-623.
105. Moon, Y.-W., Kang, H.-G., Jung, J.-Y., Jeon, J.-S., Sung, S.-K., and An, G. (1999). Determination of the motif responsible for interaction between the rice APETALA1/AGAMOUS-LIKE9 family proteins using a yeast two-hybrid system. Plant Physiol. 120, 1193-1203.
106. Mouradov, A., Cremer, F., and Coupland, G. (2002). Control of flowering time: Interacting pathways as a basis for diversity. Plant Cell 14 (suppl.), S111-S130.
107. Ng, M., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2001a). Activation of the Arabidopsis B class homeotic genes by APETALA1. Plant Cell 13, 739-753.
108. Ng, M., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2001b). Function and evolution of the plant MADS-box gene family. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 186-195.
109. Nilsson, O., Lee, I., Blazquez, M.A., and Weigel, D. (1998). Flowering-time genes modulate the response to LEAFY activity. Genetics 150, 403-410.
110. Non, Y.S., and Amasino, R.M. (2003). PIE1, an ISWI family gene, is required for FLC activation and floral repression in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 15, 1671-1682.
111. Okamuro, J.K., Caster, B., Villarroel, R., Van Montagu, M., and Jofuku, K.D. (1997a). The AP2 domain of APETALA2 defines a large new family of DNA binding proteins in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 7076-7081.
112. Okamuro, J.K., den Boer, B.C., Lotys-Prass, C., Szeto, W., and Jofuku, K.D. (1996). Flowers into shoots: Photo and hormonal control of a meristem identity switch in Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 13831-13836.
113. Okamuro, J.K., Szeto, W., Lotys-Prass, C., and Jofuku, K.D. (1997b). Photo and hormonal control of meristem identity in the Arabidopsis flower mutants apetala2 and apetala1. Plant Cell 9, 37-47.
114. Olsen, P.M., and Ambros, V. (1999). The lin-4 regulatory RNA controls developmental timing in Caenorhabditis elegans by blocking LIN-14 protein synthesis after the initiation of translation. Dev. Biol. 216, 671-680.
115. Onouchi, H., Igeno, M.I., Perilleaux, C., Graves, K., and Coupland, G. (2000). Mutagenesis of plants overexpressing CONSTANS demonstrates novel interactions among Arabidopsis flowering-time genes. Plant Cell 12, 885-900.
116. Orlando, V. (2003). Polycomb, epigenomes, and control of cell identity. Cell 112, 599-606.
117. Parcy, F., Nilsson, Q., Busch, M.A., and Weigel, D. (1998). A genetic framework for floral patterning. Nature 395, 561-566.
118. Parenicova, L., de Folter, S., Kieffer, M., Horner, D.S., Favalli, C., Kater, M.M., Davies, B., Angenent, G.C., and Colombo, L. (2003). Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the complete MADS-box transcription factor family in Arabidopsis: New openings to the MADS world. Plant Cell 15, 1538-1551.
119. Park, W., Li, J., Song, R., Messing, J., and Chen, X. (2002). CARPEL FACTORY, a Dicer homolog, and HEN1, a novel protein, act in microRNA metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Curr. Biol. 12, 1484-1495.
120. Pelaz, S., Ditta, G.S., Baumann, E., Wisman, E., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2000). B and C floral organ identity functions require SEPALLATA MADS-box genes. Nature 405, 200-203.
121. Pelaz, S., Gustafson-Brown, C., Kohalmi, S.E., Crosby, W.L., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2001a). APETALA1 and SEPALLATA3 interact to promote flower development. Plant J. 26, 385-394.
122. Pelaz, S., Tapla-Lopez, R., Alvarez-Buylla, E.R., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2001b). Conversion of leaves into petals in Arabidopsis. Curr. Biol. 11, 182-184.
123. Pineiro, M., Gomez-Mena, C., Schaffer, R., Martinez-Zapater, J.M., and Coupland, G. (2003). EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAYS is related to chromatin remodeling factors and regulates flowering in Arabidopsis by repressing FT. Plant Cell 15, 1552-1562.
124. Pinyopich, A., Ditta, G.S., Savidge, B., Liljegren, S.J., Baumann, E., Wisman, E., and Yanofsky, M.F. (2003). Assessing the redundancy of MADS-box genes during carpel and ovule development. Nature 424, 85-88.
125. Pnueli, L., Hareven, D., Broday, L., Hurwitz, C., and Lifschitz, E. (1994). The TM5 MADS box gene mediates organ differentiation in the three inner whorls of tomato flowers. Plant Cell 6, 175-186.
126. Putterill, J., Robson, F., Lee, K., Simon, R., and Coupland, G. (1995). The CONSTANS gene of Arabidopsis promotes flowering and encodes a protein showing similarities to zinc finger transcription factors. Cell 80, 847-857.
127. Quesada, V., Macknight, R., Dean, C., and Simpson, G.G. (2003). Autoregulation of FCA pre-mRNA processing controls Arabidopsis flowering time. EMBO J. 22, 3142-3152.
128. Ratcliffe, O., Bradley, D.J., and Coen, E.S. (1999). Separation of shoot and floral identity in Arabidopsis. Development 126, 1109-1120.
129. Ratcliffe, O.J., Amaya, I., Vincent, C.A., Rothstein, S., Carpenter, R., Coen, E.S., and Bradley, D.J. (1998). A common mechanism controls the life cycle and architecture of plants. Development 125, 1609-1615.
130. Ray, A., Lang, J.D., Golden, T., and Ray, S. (1996). SHORT INTEGUMENT (SIN1), a gene required for ovule development in Arabidopsis, also controls flowering time. Development 122, 2631-2638.
131. Reeves, P.H., and Coupland, G. (2000). Response of plant development to environment: Control of flowering by daylength and temperature. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3, 37-42.
132. Reinhart, B.J., Weinstein, E.G., Rhoades, M.W., Bartel, B., and Bartel, D.P. (2002). MicroRNAs in plants. Genes Dev. 16, 1616-1626.
133. Rhoades, M.W., Reinhart, B.J., Lim, L.P., Burge, C.B., Bartel, B., and Bartel, D.P. (2002). Prediction of plant microRNA targets. Cell 110, 513-520.
134. Riechmann, J.L., Krizek, B.A., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1996a). Dimerization specificity of Arabidopsis MADS domain homeotic proteins APETALA1, APETALA3, PISTILLATA, and AGAMOUS. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93, 4793-4798.
135. Riechmann, J.L., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1997). MADS domain proteins in plant development. Biol. Chem. 378, 1079-1101.
136. Riechmann, J.L., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1998). The AP2/EBEBP family of plant transcription factors. Biol. Chem. 379, 633-646.
137. Riechmann, J.L., Wang, M., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1996b). DNA-binding properties of Arabidopsis MADS domain homeotic proteins APETALA1, APETALA3, PISTILLATA and AGAMOUS. Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 3134-3141.
138. Rouse, D.T., Sheldon, C.C., Bagnall, D.J., Peacock, W.J., and Dennis, E.S. (2002). FLC, a repressor of flowering, is regulated by genes in different inductive pathways. Plant J. 29, 183-191.
139. Ruiz-Garcia, L., Madueno, F., Wilkinson, M., Haughn, G., Salinas, J., and Martinez-Zapater, J.M. (1997). Different roles of flowering-time genes in the activation of floral initiation genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 9, 1921-1943.
140. Samach, A., Klenz, J.E., Kohalmi, S.E., Risseeuw, E., Haughn, G.W., and Crosby, W.I. (1999). The UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS gene of Arabidopsis thaliana is an F-box protein required for normal patterning and growth in the floral meristem. Plant J. 20, 433-445.
141. Samach, A., Onouchi, H., Gold, S.E., Ditta, G.S., Schwarz-Sommer, Z., Yanofsky, M.F., and Coupland, G. (2000). Distinct roles of CONSTANS target genes in reproductive development in Arabidopsis. Science 288, 1613-1616.
142. Schultz, E.A., and Haughn, G.W. (1991). LEAFY, a homeotic gene that regulates inflorescence development in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 3, 771-781.
143. Shannon, S., and Meeks-Wagner, D.R. (1991). A mutation in the Arabidopsis TFL1 gene affects inflorescence meristem development. Plant Cell 3, 877-892.
144. Sheldon, C.C., Conn, A.B., Dennis, E.S., and Peacock, W.J. (2002). Different regulatory regions are required for the vernalization-induced repression of FLOWERING LOCUS C and for the epigenetic maintenance of repression. Plant Cell 14, 2527-2537.
145. Sheldon, C.C., Finnegan, E.J., Rouse, D.T., Tadege, M., Bagnall, D.J., Helliwell, C.A., Peacock, W.J., and Dennis, E.S. (2000a). The control of flowering by vernalization. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 3, 418-422.
146. Sheldon, C.C., Rouse, D.T., Finnegan, E.J., Peacock, W.J., and Dennis, E.S. (2000b). The molecular basis of vernalization: The central role of FLOWERING LOCUS C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 3753-3758.
147. Sieburth, L.E., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1997). Molecular dissection of the AGAMOUS control region shows essential cis elements for spatial regulation are located intragenically. Plant Cell 9, 355-365.
148. Sieburth, L.E., Running, M.P., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1995). Genetic separation of third and fourth whorl functions of AGAMOUS. Plant Cell 7, 1249-1258.
149. Simon, R., Carpenter, R., Doyle, S., and Coen, E. (1994). Fimbriata controls flower development by mediating between meristem and organ identity genes. Cell 78, 99-107.
150. Simon, R., Igeno, M.I., and Coupland, G. (1996). Activation of floral meristem identity genes in Arabidopsis. Nature 384, 59-62.
151. Simpson, G.G., and Dean, C. (2002). Arabidopsis, the Rosetta stone of flowering time. Science 296, 285-289.
152. Simpson, G.G., Dijkwel, P.P., Quesada, V., Henderson, I., and Dean, C. (2003). FY is an RNA 3′ end-processing factor that interacts with FCA to control the Arabidopsis floral transition. Cell 113, 777-787.
153. Theissen, G. (2001). Development of floral organ identity: Stories from the MADS house. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4, 75-85.
154. Theissen, G., and Saedler, H. (2001). Floral quartets. Nature 409, 469-471.
155. Tilly, J., Allen, D.W., and Jack, T. (1998). The CArG boxes in the promoter of the Arabidopsis floral organ identity gene APETALA3 mediate diverse regulatory effects. Development 125, 1647-1657.
156. Tröbner, W., Ramirez, L., Motte, P., Hue, I., Huijser, P., Lönnig, W.-E., Saedler, H., Sommer, H., and Schwarz-Sommer, Z. (1992). GLOBOSA: A homeotic gene which interacts with DEFICIENS in the control of Antirrhinum floral organogenesis. EMBO J. 11, 4693-4704.
157. Vandenbussche, M., Zethof, J., Souer, E., Koes, R., Tornielli, G.B., Pezzotti, M., Ferrario, S., Angenent, G.C., and Gerats, T. (2003). Toward the analysis of the petunia MADS box gene family by reverse and forward transposon insertion mutagenesis approaches: B, C, and D floral organ identity functions require SEPALLATA-like MADS box genes in petunia. Plant Cell 15, 2680-2693.
158. Wagner, D., Sablowski, R.W.M., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1999). Transcriptional activation of APETALA 1 by LEAFY. Science 285, 582-584.
159. UFO and participates in Arabidopsis flower development. Plant Cell 15, 1071-1082.
160. Weigel, D., Alvarez, J., Smyth, D.R., Yanofsky, M.F., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1992). LEAFY controls floral meristem identity in Arabidopsis. Cell 69, 843-859.
161. Weigel, D., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1993). Activation of floral homeotic genes in Arabidopsis. Science 261, 1723-1726.
162. Weigel, D., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1994). The ABCs of floral homeotic genes. Cell 78, 203-209.
163. Weigel, D., and Nilsson, O. (1995). A developmental switch sufficient for flower initiation in diverse plants. Nature 377, 495-500.
164. Western, T.L., Cheng, Y., Liu, J., and Chen, X. (2002). HUA ENHANCER 2, a putative DExH-box RNA helicase, maintains homeotic B and C gene expression in Arabidopsis. Development 129, 1569-1581.
165. Wilkinson, M.D., and Haughn, G.W. (1995). UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS controls meristem identity and organ primordia fate in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 7, 1485-1499.
166. Wilson, R.N., Heckman, J.W., and Somerville, C. (1992). Gibberellin is required for flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana under short days. Plant Physiol. 100, 403-408.
167. Yang, Y., Fanning, L., and Jack, T. (2003a). The K domain mediates heterodimerization of the Arabidopsis floral organ identity proteins APETALA3 and PISTILLATA. Plant J. 33, 47-59.
168. Yang, Y., Xiang, H., and Jack, T. (2003b). pistillata-5, an Arabidopsis B class mutant with strong defects in petal but not stamen development. Plant J. 33, 177-188.
169. Yanofsky, M.F. (1995). Floral meristems to floral organs: Genes controlling early events in Arabidopsis flower development. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 46, 167-188.
170. Yanofsky, M.F., Ma, H., Bowman, J.L., Drews, G.N., Feldmann, K.A., and Meyerowitz, E.M. (1990). The protein encoded by the Arabidopsis homeotic gene AGAMOUS resembles transcription factors. Nature 346, 35-39.
171. Yu, H., Xu, Y., Tan, E.L., and Kumar, P.P. (2002). AGAMOUS-LIKE 24, a dosage-dependent mediator of the flowering signals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 16336-16341.
172. Zik, M., and Irish, V.F. (2003). Global identification of target genes regulated by APETALA3 and PISTILLATA floral homeotic gene action. Plant Cell 15, 207-222.