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••] they provide strong evidence that FLC plays a central role in coordinating the promotion of flowering by both the autonomous and vernalization pathways. The flf-1 mutation, an allele of FLC that dominantly delays flowering, also causes a reduced response to gibberellic acid, suggesting that FLC may repress the promotion of flowering by this plant growth regulator.
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••] they provide strong evidence that FLC plays a central role in coordinating the promotion of flowering by both the autonomous and vernalization pathways. The flf-1 mutation, an allele of FLC that dominantly delays flowering, also causes a reduced response to gibberellic acid, suggesting that FLC may repress the promotion of flowering by this plant growth regulator.
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The isolation of a cca1 null allele is reported. The mutation shortens the period of circadian-clock regulated gene expression, indicating that LHY cannot fully compensate for the loss of CCA1. The cca1 mutation also affects the phytochrome induction of the Lhcb1*3 gene, suggesting that CCA1 may act at a point of integration between phytochrome and the clock.
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Green R.M., Tobin E.M. Loss of circadian clock-associated protein 1 in Arabidopsis results in altered clock-regulated gene expression. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;4176-4179. The isolation of a cca1 null allele is reported. The mutation shortens the period of circadian-clock regulated gene expression, indicating that LHY cannot fully compensate for the loss of CCA1. The cca1 mutation also affects the phytochrome induction of the Lhcb1*3 gene, suggesting that CCA1 may act at a point of integration between phytochrome and the clock.
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This paper shows the alteration of numerous clock-controlled responses by the toc1 mutation, suggesting that TOC1 plays a central role in the circadian clock. The early flowering of toc1 mutants in a Landsberg erecta genetic background and the severely reduced daylength sensitivity of these mutants provides further evidence for the link between the circadian clock and the photoperiodic regulation of flowering in Arabidopsis.
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Park, D.H.1
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The late flowering of the fha mutant, which affects the photoperiodic floral promotion pathway, is shown to be due to a mutation in the blue light receptor CRYPTOCHROME 2.
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The authors explore the effect of light fluence rate on the circadian period in mutants that are deficient in specific phytochromes and cryptochromes. The results show that several photoreceptors are involved in the regulation of the circadian clock.
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Somers D.E., Devlin P.F., Kay S.A. Phytochromes and cryptochromes in the entrainment of the Arabidopsis circadian clock. Science. 282:1998;1488-1490. The authors explore the effect of light fluence rate on the circadian period in mutants that are deficient in specific phytochromes and cryptochromes. The results show that several photoreceptors are involved in the regulation of the circadian clock.
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Genetic analysis allows the authors to propose a detailed model for the interaction of cryptochromes and phytochrome B in the regulation of flowering time. Light quality is shown to be most important during a developmental stage between 1 and 7 days after germination. Interestingly, this also corresponds to the time required for long-day grown Arabidopsis plants to become committed to flower.
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Mockler T.C., Guo H., Yang H., Duong H., Lin C. Antagonistic actions of Arabidopsis cryptochromes and phytochrome B in the regulation of flowering. Development. 126:1999;2073-2082. Genetic analysis allows the authors to propose a detailed model for the interaction of cryptochromes and phytochrome B in the regulation of flowering time. Light quality is shown to be most important during a developmental stage between 1 and 7 days after germination. Interestingly, this also corresponds to the time required for long-day grown Arabidopsis plants to become committed to flower.
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Mockler, T.C.1
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A genetic framework for floral patterning
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The authors explore the role of the floral meristem identity gene LEAFY in the activation of floral homeotic genes, showing that it is involved in the regulation of APETALA1, APETALA3, and AGAMOUS. In addition, the LFY protein is shown to be nuclear localized and can bind to sequences present in the AP1 promoter.
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Parcy F., Nilsson O., Busch M.A., Lee I., Weigel D. A genetic framework for floral patterning. Nature. 395:1998;561-566. The authors explore the role of the floral meristem identity gene LEAFY in the activation of floral homeotic genes, showing that it is involved in the regulation of APETALA1, APETALA3, and AGAMOUS. In addition, the LFY protein is shown to be nuclear localized and can bind to sequences present in the AP1 promoter.
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Nature
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Parcy, F.1
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Activation of a floral homeotic gene in Arabidopsis
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This paper describes a LEAFY (LFY) responsive enhancer contained within the second intron of the AGAMOUS (AG) gene, and shows that LFY is an activator of AG.
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Busch M.A., Bomblies K., Weigel D. Activation of a floral homeotic gene in Arabidopsis. Science. 285:1999;585-587. This paper describes a LEAFY (LFY) responsive enhancer contained within the second intron of the AGAMOUS (AG) gene, and shows that LFY is an activator of AG.
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The authors demonstrate that AP1 is an immediate target of transcriptional activation by LFY using steroid-inducible LFY activity.
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Wagner D., Sablowski R.W.M., Meyerowitz E.M. Transcriptional activation of APETALA1 by LEAFY. Science. 285:1999;582-584. The authors demonstrate that AP1 is an immediate target of transcriptional activation by LFY using steroid-inducible LFY activity.
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A detailed analysis of the effect of late-flowering mutations on the expression of the LFY gene, and the phenotype of transgenic 35S::LFY plants. The separation of genes into groups that affect LFY transcription and those that affect the response to LFY, does not correspond to the classical groupings that were made on the basis of physiological responses. A model for how the different floral promotion pathways interact is also proposed.
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Nilsson O., Lee I., Blázquez M.A., Weigel D. Flowering-time genes modulate the response to LEAFY activity. Genetics. 150:1998;403-410. A detailed analysis of the effect of late-flowering mutations on the expression of the LFY gene, and the phenotype of transgenic 35S::LFY plants. The separation of genes into groups that affect LFY transcription and those that affect the response to LFY, does not correspond to the classical groupings that were made on the basis of physiological responses. A model for how the different floral promotion pathways interact is also proposed.
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Genetics
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Activation of floral meristem identity genes in Arabidopsis
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Simon R., Igeño M.I., Coupland G. Activation of floral meristem identity genes in Arabidopsis. Nature. 384:1996;59-62.
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Simon, R.1
Igeño, M.I.2
Coupland, G.3
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39
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Different roles of flowering-time genes in the activation of floral initiation genes in Arabidopsis
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Ruiz-García L., Madueño F., Wilkinson M., Haughn G., Salinas J., Martínez-Zapater J.M. Different roles of flowering-time genes in the activation of floral initiation genes in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 9:1997;1921-1934.
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Ruiz-García, L.1
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Wilkinson, M.3
Haughn, G.4
Salinas, J.5
Martínez-Zapater, J.M.6
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40
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0033119759
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The Arabidopsis flowering-time gene LUMINIDEPENDENS is expressed primarily in regions of cell proliferation and encodes a nuclear protein that regulates LEAFY expression
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This report describes the expression pattern of the LD gene and the nuclear localization of the LD protein. In addition, the interaction of LD with floral meristem identity genes is also examined and indicates that, although LD is involved in the activation of LFY, it is also likely to be required for the activation of other meristem identity genes.
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Aukerman M.J., Lee I., Weigel D., Amasino R.M. The Arabidopsis flowering-time gene LUMINIDEPENDENS is expressed primarily in regions of cell proliferation and encodes a nuclear protein that regulates LEAFY expression. Plant J. 18:1999;195-203. This report describes the expression pattern of the LD gene and the nuclear localization of the LD protein. In addition, the interaction of LD with floral meristem identity genes is also examined and indicates that, although LD is involved in the activation of LFY, it is also likely to be required for the activation of other meristem identity genes.
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(1999)
Plant J
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Aukerman, M.J.1
Lee, I.2
Weigel, D.3
Amasino, R.M.4
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41
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0033083268
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Genetic interactions of FCA, an Arabidopsis gene controlling flowering time, with genes regulating floral initiation
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Analysis of the affect of the fca mutation on several meristem identity mutants and 35S::LFY plants indicates that FCA is likely to promote flowering in multiple pathways.
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Page T., Macknight R., Yang C., Dean C. Genetic interactions of FCA, an Arabidopsis gene controlling flowering time, with genes regulating floral initiation. Plant J. 17:1999;231-239. Analysis of the affect of the fca mutation on several meristem identity mutants and 35S::LFY plants indicates that FCA is likely to promote flowering in multiple pathways.
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Plant J
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Page, T.1
MacKnight, R.2
Yang, C.3
Dean, C.4
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42
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0033136543
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FPF1 modulates the competence to flowering in Arabidopsis
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The FPF1 gene is believed to play a role in the gibberellin-dependent promotion of flowering, with plants overexpressing the FPF1 gene flowering earlier than wild-type. Genetic analysis with 35S::FPF1, 35S::LFY and lfy plants suggests that FPF1 acts to promote flowering in a parallel pathway to LFY.
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Melzer S., Kampmann G., Chandler J., Apel K. FPF1 modulates the competence to flowering in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 18:1999;395-405. The FPF1 gene is believed to play a role in the gibberellin-dependent promotion of flowering, with plants overexpressing the FPF1 gene flowering earlier than wild-type. Genetic analysis with 35S::FPF1, 35S::LFY and lfy plants suggests that FPF1 acts to promote flowering in a parallel pathway to LFY.
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(1999)
Plant J
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Melzer, S.1
Kampmann, G.2
Chandler, J.3
Apel, K.4
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43
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0029147855
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A gene triggering flower formation in Arabidopsis
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Mandel M.A., Yanofsky M.F. A gene triggering flower formation in Arabidopsis. Nature. 377:1995;522-524.
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Mandel, M.A.1
Yanofsky, M.F.2
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0030730775
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Floral determination and expression of floral regulatory genes in Arabidopsis
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Hempel F.D., Weigel D., Mandel M.A., Ditta G., Zambryski P.C., Feldman L.J., Yanofsky M.F. Floral determination and expression of floral regulatory genes in Arabidopsis. Development. 124:1997;3845-3853.
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Hempel, F.D.1
Weigel, D.2
Mandel, M.A.3
Ditta, G.4
Zambryski, P.C.5
Feldman, L.J.6
Yanofsky, M.F.7
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