International market selection strategies selected by 'micro' and 'small' firms

Omega

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 51-68

  Westhead, Paul ^a   Wright, Mike ^a   Ucbasaran, Deniz ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Entry modes; Exporting firms; Firm size; Internationalization; Performance; Policy implications; Resources

Indexed keywords

EID: 2942599911     PISSN: 03050483     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0305-0483(01)00056-1     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). Globalisation and small and medium enterprises, vol. 1. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. 1997.
2. Julien PA, Joyal A, Deshaies L, Ramangalahy C. A typology of strategic behaviour among small and medium-sized exporting businesses: a case study. International Small Business Journal 1997;15:33-49.
3. North D, Smallbone D. Small business development in remote rural areas: the example of mature manufacturing firms in northern England. Journal of Rural Studies 1996;12:151-67.
4. Devins D. Supporting established micro businesses: policy issues emerging from an evaluation. International Small Business Journal 1999;18:86-96.
5. Department for Trade and Industry. Opportunity for all in a world of change: A white paper on enterprise, skills and innovation. London: DTI, 2001.
6. Morgan RE, Katsikeas CS. Export stimuli: export intention compared with export activity. International Business Review 1997a;6:477-99.
7. Culpan R. Export behavior: the relevance of firm size. Journal of Business Research 1989;18:207-18.
8. Samiee S, Walters PGP. Influence of firm size on export planning and performance. Journal of Business Research 1990;20:235-48.
9. Bonaccorsi A. On the relationship between firm size and export intensity. Journal of International Business Studies 1992;23:605-35.
10. Calof JL. The relationship between firm size and export behavior revisited. Journal of International Business Studies 1994;25:367-87.
11. Rynning MR, Anderson O. Structural and behavioral predictors of export adoption: a Norwegian study. Journal of International Marketing 1994;2:73-89.
12. Westhead P. Exporting and non-exporting small firms in Great Britain. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research 1995a;1:6-36.
13. Moen Ø. The relationship between firm size, competitive advantages and export performance revisited. International Small Business Journal 1999;18:53-72.
14. Wolff JA, Pett TL. Internationalisation of small firms: an examination of export competitive patterns, firm sise, and export performance. Journal of Small Business Management 2000;38:34-47.
15. Anderson O. On the internationalisation process of firms: a critical analysis. Journal of International Business Studies 1993;24:209-31.
16. Leonidou LC. Factors stimulating export business: an empirical investigation. Journal of Applied Business Research 1998;14:43-68.
17. Coviello NE, McAuley A. Internationalisation and the smaller firm: a review of contemporary empirical research. Management International Review 1999;39:223-56.
18. Bridge S, O'Neill K, Cromie S. Understanding enterprise, entrepreneur ship & small business. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1998.
19. Leonidou LC, Katsikeas CS. The export development process: an integrative review of empirical models. Journal of International Business Studies 1996;27:517-51.
20. Morgan RE, Katsikeas CS. Obstacles to export initiation and expansion. Omega, International Journal of Management Science 1997b;25:677-90.
21. McDougall PP, Shane S, Oviatt BM. Explaining the formation of international new ventures: the limits of theories from international business research. Journal of Business Venturing 1994;9:469-87.
22. Leonidou LC. Empirical research on export barriers: review, assessment and synthesis. Journal of International Marketing 1995a;3:29-43.
23. O'Farrell PN, Wood PA, Zheng J. Regional influences on foreign market development by business service companies: elements of a strategic context explanation. Regional Studies 1998;32:31-48.
24. Christensen PR. The small and medium-sized exporters' squeeze: empirical evidence and model reflections. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 1991;3:49-65.
25. Fahy J. The role of resources in global competition. In: Hooley G, Loveridge R, Wilson D, editors. Internationalisation: process, context and markets. Basingstoke: MacMillan Press Ltd, 1998. p. 122-35.
26. Madsen TK, Servais P. The internationalisation of born globals - an evolutionary process? International Business Review 1997;6:561-83.
27. Preece SB, Miles G, Baets MC. Explaining the international intensity and global diversity of early-stage technology-based firms. Journal of Business Venturing 1999;14:259-81.
28. Bilkey WJ, Tesar G. The export behavior of smaller-sized Wisconsin manufacturing firms. Journal of International Business Studies 1977;8:93-8.
29. Holmlund M, Kock S. Relationships and the internationalisation of finnish small and medium-sized companies. International Small Business Journal 1998;16:46-63.
30. Dunning JH. The eclectic paradigm of international production: a restatement and some possible. Journal of International Business Studies 1988;19:1-31.
31. Barney JB. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management 1991;17:99-120.
32. Bloodgood JM, Sapienza HJ, Almeida JG. The internationalisation of new high-potential U.S. ventures: antecedents and outcomes. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 1996;20:61-76.
33. Autio E, Sapienza HJ, Almeida JG. Effects of age at entry, knowledge intensity, and imitability on international growth. Academy of Management Journal 2000;43:909-24.
34. Chandler G, Hanks SH. Market attractiveness: resource-based capabilities, venture strategies and venture performance. Journal of Business Venturing 1994;9:331-49.
35. Baird IS, Lyles MA, Orris JB. The choice of international strategies by small businesses. Journal of Small Business Management 1994;32:48-59.
36. Boter H, Holmquist C. Industry characteristics and internationalisation processes in small firms. Journal of Business Venturing 1996;11:471-87.
37. Anderson PH, Blenker P, Christensen PR. Internationalisation of subcontractors: in search of a theoretical framework. Paper Presented at the Rent-IX: Research in Entrepreneurship: Piacenza, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, November 1995.
38. Hellman P. The internationalisation of Finnish financial service companies. International Business Review 1996; 5:191-208.
39. Buckley PJ. Foreign direct investment by small and medium sized enterprises: the theoretical background. Small Business Economics 1989;1:89-100.
40. McDermott P, Taylor M. Industrial organisation and location. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
41. Vaessen P, Keeble D. Growth-orientated SMEs in unfavourable regional environments. Regional Studies 1995;29:489-505.
42. Westhead P. Survival and employment growth contrasts between Types of owner-managed high-technology firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 1995b;20:5-27.
43. Eisenhardt KM, Schoonhoven CB. Organizational growth: linking founding team, strategy, environment and growth among U.S. semiconductor ventures, 1978-1988. Administrative Science Quarterly 1990;35:504-29.
44. Brüderl J, Preisendörfer P, Ziegler R. Survival chances of newly founded business organizations. American Sociological Review 1992;57:227-42.
45. Aldrich HE, Martinez MA. Many are called, but few are chosen: an evolutionary perspective for the study of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 2001;25:forthcorning.
46. Storey DJ. Understanding the small business sector. London: Routledge. 1994.
47. Dunne P, Hughes A. Age, size, growth and survival revisited. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Small Business Research Centre, Working Paper No. 23, 1992.
48. McDougall PP, Oviatt BM. New venture internationalization, strategic change, and performance: a follow-up study. Journal of Business Venturing 1996;11:34-40.
49. Albaum G, Strandskov J, Duerr E, Dowd L. International marketing and export management, 2nd ed. Wokingham: Addison-Wesley, 1994.
50. Westhead P. Ambition, 'external' environment and strategic factor differences between family and non-family companies. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 1997;9:127-57.
51. Hakim C. Identifying fast growth small firms. Employment Gazette 1989;Jan:29-41.
52. O'Farrell PN, Hitchens DMWN. Alternative theories of small-firm growth: a critical review. Environment and Planning A 1988;20:1365-82.
53. Reuber AR, Fisher E. The influence of the management team's international experience on the internationalisation behaviors of SMEs. Journal of International Business Studies 1997;38:807-25.
54. Weinraouch DJ, Mann OK, Robinson PA, Pharr J. Dealing with limited financial resources: a marketing challenge for small business. Journal of Small Business Management 1991;29:44-54.
55. Cambridge Small Business Research Centre. The State of British Enterprise: Growth, Innovation and Competitive Advantage in Small and Medium-Sized Firms. Cambridge: University of Cambridge, Small Business Research Centre, Department of Applied Economics, 1992.
56. Hart S, Tzokas N. The impact of marketing research activity on SME export performance: evidence from the UK. Journal of Small Business Management 1999;37:63-75.
57. Crick D, Czinkota MR. Export assistance: another look at whether we are supporting the best programmes. International Market Review 1994;12:61-72.
58. Acs ZJ, Morck R, Shaver JM, Yeung B. The internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises: a policy perspective. Small Business Economics 1997;9:7-20.
59. Leonidou LC. Export stimulation research: review, evaluation and integration. International Business Review 1995b;4: 133-56.
60. Bijmolt THA, Zwart PS. The impact of internal factors on the export success of Dutch small and medium-sized firms. Journal of Small Business Management 1994;32:69-83.
61. Kitchell S. Corporate culture, environmental adaptation and innovation adoption: a qualitative/quantitative approach. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 1995;23:195-205.
62. O'Farrell PN, Wood PA, Zheng J. Internationalization of business services: an interregional analysis. Regional Studies 1996;30:101-18.
63. Erramilli MK, D'Souza DE. Venturing into foreign markets: the case of the small service firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 1993;17:29-41.
64. Birley S, Westhead P. A comparison of new firms in 'assisted1 and 'non-assisted' areas in Great Britain. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 1992;4:299-338.
65. Keeble D, Tyler P, Brown G, Lewis J. Business success in the countryside: the performance of rural enterprise. London: HMSO, 1992.
66. Mason C, Harrison R. Spatial variations in the role of equity investment in the financing of SMEs. In: Curran J, Storey DJ, editors. Small firms in urban and rural locations. London: Routledge, 1993. p. 132-63.
67. Westhead P, Wright M. Novice, portfolio and serial founders: are they different? Journal of Business Venturing 1998;13: 173-204.
68. Kalleberg AL, Leicht KT. Gender and organisational performance: determinants of small business survival and success. Academy of Management Journal 1991;34:136-61.
69. Garnsey E, Cannon-Brookes A. The 'Cambridge phenomenon' revisited: aggregate change among Cambridge high-technology companies since 1985. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 1993;5:179-207.
70. Department for Trade and Industry. Small firms in Britain report 1995. London: HMSO, 1995.
71. Department for Trade and Industry. Business start-up and closures, VAT registrations and de-registrations in 1996. London: DTI, 1997.
72. Ali A, Swiercs PM. Firm size and export behavior lessons from the midwest. Journal of Small Business Management 1991;29:71-8.
73. Hair Jr. JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. Multivariate data analysis with readings, 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall International, 1995.
74. Bryman A, Cramer D. Quantitative analysis for social scientists. London: Routledge, 1990.
75. de Vaus DA. Surveys in social research, 3rd ed. London: Allen & Unwin, 1991.
76. Central Statistics Office. Standard Industrial Classification: Revised 1980. London: HMSO, Central Statistics Office, 1979.
77. Westhead P, Birley S. Environments for business deregistrations in the United Kingdom, 1987-1990. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 1994;6:29-62.
78. Daly M, Campbell M, Robson G, Gallagher C. Job creation in 1987-1989: the contribution of small and large firms. Employment Gazette 1991;99:589-96.
79. Storey DJ, Keasey K, Watson R, Wynarczyck P. The performance of small firms: profits, jobs and failures. London: Croom Helm, 1987.
80. Westhead P, Wright M, Ucbasaran D, Martin F. International market selection by new and small firms. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 2001a;13:17-46.
81. Westhead P, Wright M, Ucbasaran D. The internationalisation of new and small firms: a resource-based view. Journal of Business Venturing 2001b;16:333-58.