What's stopping you?: The sources of political constraints on international conflict behavior in parliamentary democracies

International Interactions

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 1-24

  Palmer, Glenn ^a   London, Tamar R ^a   Regan, Patrick M ^b  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b BINGHAMTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842479837     PISSN: 03050629     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/725289044     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Auerswald, David P. (1999). "Inward Bound: Domestic Institutions and Military Conflicts." International Organization, Vol. 53, pp. 469-504.
2. Beck, Nathaniel, Jonathan N. Katz and Richard Tucker (1998). "Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series-Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable." American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 42, pp. 1260-1288.
3. Bennett, D. Scott and Allan C. Stam III (1998). "The Declining Advantages of Democracy: A Combined Model of War Outcomes and Duration." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, pp. 344-366.
4. Benson, Michelle and Jacek Kugler (1998). "Power Parity, Democracy and the Severity of International Violence." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, pp. 196-209.
5. Bjereld, Ulf and Ann-Marie Ekengren (1999). "Foreign Policy Dimensions: A Comparison Between the United States and Sweden." International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, pp. 503-518.
6. Bremer, Stuart A. (1992). "Dangerous Dyads: Conditions Affecting the Likelihood of Interstate War, 1816-1965." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 36, pp. 309-341.
7. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce and David Lalman (1992). War and Reason, New Haven: Yale University Press.
8. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Randolph Siverson and Gary Woller (1992). "War and the Fate of Regimes: A Comparative Analysis." American Political Science Review, Vol. 86, pp. 638-646.
9. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce and Randolph Siverson (1995). "War and the Survival of Political Leaders: A Comparative Study of Regime Types and Political Accountability." American Political Science Review Vol. 89, pp. 841-855.
10. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, James D. Morrow, Randolph M. Siverson, and Alastair Smith (1999). "An Institutional Explanation of the Democratic Peace." American Political Science Review, Vol. 93, pp. 791-807.
11. Carlson, Lisa J. (1995). "A Theory of Escalation and International Conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 39, pp. 511-534.
12. Chan, Steve (1984). "Mirror, Mirror on the Wall.... Are the Freer Countries More Pacific?" Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 28, pp. 617-648.
13. Clark, David H. and Robert A. Hart, Jr. (1998). "Controlling Duration Dependence in Conflict Analyses: A Replication and Extension of "Regime Types and Status Quo Evaluations." Amercan Journal of Political Science, Vol. 42, pp. 1335-1342.
14. Dixon, William (1993). "Democracy and the Management of International Conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 37, pp. 42-68.
15. Dixon, William J. (1994). "Democracy and the Peaceful Resolution of International Conflict." American Political Science Review, Vol. 88, pp. 1-17.
16. Downs, George W. and David M. Rocke (1994). "Conflict, Agency, and Gambling for Resurrection." American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 38, pp. 362-380.
17. Downs, George W. and David M. Rocke (1995). Optimal Imperfection? Domestic Uncertainty and Institutions in International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
18. Doyle, Michael (1986). "Liberalism and World Politics." American Political Science Review, Vol. 80, pp. 1151-1171.
19. Eichenberg, Richard C. (1989). Public Opinion and National Security in Western Europe, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
20. Elman, Miriam Fedius (2000). "Unpacking Democracy: Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, and Theories of Democratic Peace." Security Studies Vol. 9(4), pp. 91-126.
21. Enterline, Andrew J. (1996). "Driving while Democratizing (DWD)." International Security, Vol. 20, pp. 183-196.
22. Enterline, Andrew J. (1998). Regime Changes, Neighborhoods, and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992. Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, pp. 804-829.
23. Fearon, James D. (1994). "Domestic Political Audiences and the Escalation of International Disputes." American Political Science Review, Vol. 84, pp. 747-766.
24. Gibier, Douglas M., and John A Vasquez (1998). "Uncovering the Dangerous Alliances, 1495-1980." International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 42, pp. 785-808.
25. Gleditsch, Kristian S. and Michael D. Ward (1997). "Double Take: A Re-examination of Democracy and Autocracy in Modern Politics." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, pp. 361-383.
26. Gleditsch, Nils Petter and Havard Hegre (1997). "Peace and Democracy: Three Levels of Analysis." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41(2), pp. 283-310.
27. Goertz, Gary, and Paul F. Diehl (1995). "The Initiation and Termination of Enduring Rivalries: The Impact of Political Shocks." American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 39, pp. 30-52.
28. Greene, William H. (1993). Econometric Analysis, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
29. Henderson, Errol A. (1997). "Culture or Contiguity: Ethnic Conflict, the Similarity of States, and the Onset of War, 1820-1989." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, pp. 649-668.
30. Henderson, Errol A. (1998). "The Democratic Peace Through the Lens of Culture, 1820-1989." International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 42, pp. 461-484.
31. Huber, John and Ronald Inglehart (1995). "Expert Interpretations of Party Space and Party Locations in 42 Societies," Party Politics, Vol. 1, pp. 71-111.
32. Huth, Paul K. (1996). Standing Your Ground: Territorial Disputes and International Conflict. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
33. Ireland, Michael and Scott Gartner (2001). "Time to Fight: Government Type and Conflict Initiation in Parliamentary Systems." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 45(5), pp. 547-568.
34. Jones, Daniel M., Stuart A. Bremer, and J. David Singer (1996). "Militarized Interstate Disputes, 1816-1992: Rationale, Coding Rules, and Empirical Patterns." Conflict Management and Peace Science, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 163-213.
35. Kaarbo, Juliet (1996). "Power and Influence in Foreign Policy Decision Making: The Role of Junior Coalition Partners in German and Israeli Foreign Policy." International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 40, pp. 501-530.
36. Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Richard I. Hofferbert, Ian Budge (1994). Parties, Policies, and Democracy. Boulder: Westview.
37. Leblang, David and Steve Chan (2003). "Explaining Wars Fought by Established Democracies: Do Institutional Constraints Matter?" Unpublished manuscript, Boulder: University of Colorado.
38. Mansfield, Edward (1992). "The Concentration of Capabilities and the Onset of War." Journal of Conflict Resoluton, Vol. 36, pp. 3-24.
39. Mansfield, Edward and Jack Snyder (1995). "The Danger of Democratization." International Security, Vol. 20, pp. 5-38.
40. Maoz, Zeev (1995). "The Onset and Initiation of Disputes." In Stuart Bremer and Thomas Cusack, eds., The Process of War: Advancing the Scientific Study of War, Luxembourg: Gordon and Breach, pp. 35-62.
41. Maoz, Zeev and Nasrin Abdolali (1989). "Regime Types and International Conflict, 1816-1976." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 33, pp. 3-36.
42. Maoz, Zeev and Bruce Russett (1993). "Normative and Structural Causes of Democratic Peace, 1946-1986." American Political Science Review, Vol. 87, pp. 624-638.
43. Morgan, T. Clifton, and Kenneth Bickers (1992). "Domestic Discontent and the External Use of Force." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 36, pp. 25-52.
44. Morgan, T. Clifton and Sally Campbell (1991). "Domestic Structure, Decisional Constraints and War: So Why Kant Democracies Fight?" Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 35, pp. 187-212.
45. Mousseau, Michael (1998). "Democracy and Compromise in Militarized Interstate Conflicts, 1816-1992." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42(2), pp. 210-230.
46. Norpoth, Helmut (1987). "Guns and Butter and Government Popularity in Britain." American Political Science Review, Vol. 81, pp. 949-959.
47. Palmer, Glenn (1990a). "NATO, Social and Defense Spending, and Coalitions." The Western Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 43, pp. 479-493.
48. Palmer, Glenn (1990b). "Alliance Politics and Issue-Areas: Determinants of Defense Spending." American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 34, pp. 190-211.
49. Partell, Peter J. (1997). "Escalation at the Outset: An Analysis of Targets' Responses in Militarized Interstate Disputes." International Interactions, Vol. 23, pp. 1-35.
50. Partell, Peter J. and Glenn Palmer (1999). "Audience Costs and Interstate Crises: An Empirical Assessment of Fearon's Model of Dispute Outcomes." International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 43, pp. 389-405.
51. Peterson, Susan (1996). Crisis Bargaining and the State: The Domestic Politics of International Constraints. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
52. Prins, Brandon and Christopher Sprecher (1999). "Institutional Constraints, Political Opposition, and Interstate Dispute Escalation: Evidence from Parliamentary Systems, 1946-1989." Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, pp. 271-288.
53. Ray, James Lee. (2003). "Explaining Interstate Conflict and War: What Should Be Controlled for?" Conflict Management and Peace Science, Vol. 20, pp. 1-31.
54. Ray, James Lee (1995). Democracy and International Conflict: An Evaluation of the Democratic Peace Proposition. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
55. Reed, William (2000). "A Unified Statistical Model of Conflict Onset and Escalation." American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 44, pp. 84-93.
56. Reiter, Dan and Allan C. Stam III (1998). "Democracy, War Initiation and Victory." American Political Science Review, Vol. 92, pp. 377-39.
57. Reiter, Dan and Erik R. Tillman (2002). "Public, Legislative, and Executive Constraints on the Democratic Initiation of Conflict. "Journal of Politics, Vol. 64 (3), pp. 810-826.
58. Schultz, Kenneth A. (2001). "Hawks and Doves: Estimating Military Policy Positions from Election Platforms." Unpublished manuscript.
59. Senese, Paul D. (1997). "Between Dispute and War: The Effect of Joint Democracy on Interstate Conflict Escalation." Journal of Politics, Vol. 59, pp. 1-27.
60. Singer, J. David, Stuart Bremer, and J. Stuckey (1972). "Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820-1965." In Bruce Russett, ed., Peace, War, and Numbers, Beverly Hills: Sage, pp. 19-48.
61. Small, Melvin, and J. David Singer (1976). "The War Proneness of Democratic Regimes, 1816-1965." Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, Vol. 1, pp. 50-69.
62. StataCorp (1997). Stata Statistical Software: Release 5.0. College Station, TX: Stata Corporation.
63. Thompson, William R. and Richard Tucker (1997). "A Tale of Two Democratic Critiques." Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 41, pp. 428-454.
64. Tucker, Richard (1998). BTSCS: A Binary Time-Series-Cross Section Data Analysis Utility. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/rtucker/
65. Weede, Erich (1984). "Democracy and War Involvement." Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 28, pp. 649-664.
66. Woldendorp, Jaap, Hans Keman and Ian Budge, eds. (1993). Handbook of Democratic Government, Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.