Cross-sex hormone treatment does not change sex-sensitive cognitive performance in gender identity disorder patients

Psychiatry Research

Volumn 137, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 161-174

  Haraldsen, Ira R ^a   Egeland, Thore ^b   Haug, Egil ^c   Finset, Arnstein ^b   Opjordsmoen, Stein ^a  

^a ULLEVÅL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OSLO   (Norway)

^c AKER UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

Author keywords

Cognitive performance; Gender identity disorder; Longitudinal study; Sex hormones

Indexed keywords

ETHINYLESTRADIOL; TESTOSTERONE;

ADULT; AGE; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ARITHMETIC; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATION; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER; HORMONAL THERAPY; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HUMAN; LOGIC; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PERCEPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX TRANSFORMATION; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; TASK PERFORMANCE; VERBALIZATION;

EID: 28244463471     PISSN: 01651781     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2005.05.014     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. D. Altman Practical Statistics for Medical Research 1991 Chapman and Hall London
2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed 1994 APA Washington, DC
3. H.J. Baker Transsexualism-problems in treatment American Journal of Psychiatry 125 1969 1412 1418
4. E. Barrett-Connor, and D. Kritz-Silverstein Estrogen replacement therapy and cognitive function in older women Journal of the American Medical Association 269 1993 2637 2641
5. S.A. Berenbaum Cognitive function in congenital adrenal hyperplasia Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 30 2001 173 192
6. R. Blanchard The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 177 1989 616 623
7. R. Blanchard, R. Dickey, and C.L. Jones Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus nonhomosexual male gender dysphorics Archives of Sexual Behavior 24 1995 543 554
8. S. Breedlove Sex on the brain Nature 389 1997 801
9. C. Brems Person drawings by transsexual clients, psychiatric clients, and nonclients compared: indicators of sex-typing and pathology Archives of Sexual Behavior 22 1993 253 264
10. M.M. Breteler, J.J. Claus, C.M. van Duijn, L.J. Launer, and A. Hofman Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease Epidemiologic Reviews 14 1992 59 82
11. L.E. Carlson, B.B. Sherwin, and H.M. Chertkow Relationships between dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and cortisol (CRT) plasma levels and everyday memory in Alzheimer's disease patients compared to healthy controls Hormones and Behavior 35 1999 254 263
12. K. Christiansen, and R. Knussmann Sex hormones and cognitive functioning in men Neuropsychobiology 18 1987 27 36
13. P. Ciana, M. Raviscioni, P. Mussi, E. Vegeto, I. Que, M.G. Parker, C. Lowik, and A. Maggi In vivo imaging of transcriptionally active estrogen receptors Nature Medicine 9 2003 82 86
14. L. Cohen, and C. Ruiter Psychological functioning of adolescent transsexuals: personality and psychopathology Journal of Clinical Psychology 53 1997 187 196
15. P.T. Cohen-Kettenis, and L.J. Gooren Transsexualism: a review of etiology, diagnosis and treatment Journal of Psychosomatic Research 46 1999 315 333
16. P.T. Cohen-Kettenis, S.H. van Goozen, C.D. Doorn, and L.J. Gooren Cognitive ability and cerebral lateralisation in transsexuals Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 1998 631 641
17. E.C. Ditkoff, W.G. Crary, M. Cristo, and R.A. Lobo Estrogen improves psychological function in asymptomatic postmenopausal women Obstetrics and Gynecology 78 1991 991 995
18. R. Ekstrom J. French H. Harman D. Dermen Manual for Kit Factor Referenced Cognitive Test 1976 Education Testing Service Princton, NJ
19. R.B. Ekstrom, J.W. French, and H.H. Harman Cognitive factors: their identification and replication Multivariate Behavioral Research Monographs 79 1979 84
20. H.W. Gordon, E.D. Corbin, and P.A. Lee Changes in specialized cognitive function following changes in hormone levels Cortex 22 1986 399 415
21. B.W. Hackman, and D. Galbraith Replacement therapy and piperazine oestrone sulphate ('Harmogen') and its effect on memory Current Medical Research and Opinion 4 1976 303 306
22. D.F. Halpern Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities 3rd edition 2000 Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers Mahwah, NJ
23. E. Hampson, and D. Kimura Reciprocal effects of hormonal fluctuations on human motor and perceptual spatial skills Behavioral Neuroscience 3 1988 456 459
24. E. Hampson, J.F. Rovet, and D. Altmann Spatial reasoning in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency Developmental Neuropsychology 14 1998 299 320
25. I.R. Haraldsen, S. Opjordsmoen, T. Egeland, and A. Finset Sex-sensitive cognitive performance in untreated patients with early onset gender identity disorder Psychoneuroendocrinology 28 2003 906 915
26. J. Helleday, B. Siwers, E.M. Ritzen, and K. Hugdahl Normal lateralization for handedness and ear advantage in a verbal dichotic listening task in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) Neuropsychologia 32 1994 875 880
27. V.W. Henderson, L. Watt, and J.G. Buckwalter Cognitive skills associated with estrogen replacement in women with Alzheimer's disease Psychoneuroendocrinology 21 1996 421 430
28. V.W. Henderson, A. Paganini-Hill, B.L. Miller, R.J. Elble, P.F. Reyes, D. Shoupe, C.A. McCleary, R.A. Klein, A.M. Hake, and M.R. Farlow Estrogen for Alzheimer's disease in women: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Neurology 54 2000 295 301
29. J. Hoenig, and J.C. Kenna The nosological position of transsexualism Sexual Behavior 3 1974 273 287
30. J.S. Janowsky, S.K. Oviatt, and E.S. Orwoll Testosterone influences spatial cognition in older men Behavioral Neuroscience 108 1994 325 332
31. S.L. Johnson, and D.D. Hunt The relationship of male transsexual typology to psychosocial adjustment Archives of Sexual Behavior 19 1990 349 360
32. C. Kawas, S. Resnick, A. Morrison, R. Brookmeyer, M. Corrada, A. Zonderman, C. Bacal, D.D. Lingle, and E. Metter A prospective study of estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging Neurology 48 1997 1517 1521
33. R.W. Keefover The clinical epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease Neurological Clinics 14 1996 337 351
34. W.M. Kelso, M.E.R. Nicholls, and G.L. Warne Effects of prenatal androgen exposure on cerebral lateralization in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) Brain and Cognition 40 1999 153 156
35. W.M. Kelso, M.E.R. Nicholls, G.L. Warne, and M. Zacharin Cerebral lateralization and cognitive functioning in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia Neuropsychology 14 2000 370 378
36. L.C. Krey, I. Lieberburg, N.J. MacLusky, P.G. Davis, and R. Robbins Testosterone increases cell nuclear estrogen receptor levels in the brain of the Stanley-Gumbreck pseudohermaphrodite male rat: implications for testosterone modulation of neuroendocrine activity Endocrinology 110 1982 2168 2176
37. E.S. LeBlanc, J. Janowsky, B.K. Chan, and H.D. Nelson Hormone replacement therapy and cognition: systematic review and meta-analysis Journal of the American Medical Association 285 2001 1489 1499
38. S.B. Levine, G. Brown, E. Coleman, P. Cohen Kettenis, J.J. Hage, J. Van Maasdam, M. Petersen, F. Pfaefflin, and L.C. Schaefer Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association's standards of care for gender identity disorders International Journal of Transgender 2 1998 (Np)
39. P. Maki, A. Zonderman, and S. Resnick Enhanced verbal memory in nondemented elderly women receiving hormone-replacement therapy American Journal of Psychiatry 158 2001 227 233
40. R.J. McCaffrey, A. Ortega, and R.F. Haase Effects of repeated neuropsychological assessments Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 8 1993 519 524
41. B.S. McEwen Hormones as regulators of brain development: life-long effects related to health and disease Acta Paediatrica, Supplement 422 1997 41 44
42. B.S. McEwen, S.E. Alves, K. Bulloch, and N.G. Weiland Ovarian steroids and the brain: implications for cognition and aging Neurology 48 1997 S8 S15
43. L.S. McGuire, and G.S. Omenn Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: I. Family studies of IQ Behavior Genetics 5 1975 165 173
44. L.S. McGuire, K.O. Ryan, and G.S. Omenn Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: II. Cognitive and behavioral studies Behavior Genetics 5 1975 175 188
45. W.F. McKeever Hormone and hemisphericity hypotheses regarding cognitive sex differences: possible future explanatory power, but current empirical chaos Learning and Individual Differences 7 1995 323 340
46. W.F. McKeever, D.A. Rich, R.A. Deyo, and R.L. Conner Androgens and spatial ability: failure to find a relationship between testosterone and ability measures Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25 1987 438 440
47. A. Michel, C. Mormont, and J.J. Legros A psycho-endocrinological overview of transsexualism European Journal of Endocrinology 145 2001 365 376
48. C. Miles, R. Green, G. Sanders, and M. Hines Estrogen and memory in a transsexual population Hormones and Behavior 34 1998 199 208
49. S.D. Moffat, and E. Hampson A curvilinear relationship between testosterone and spatial cognition in humans: possible influence of hand preference Psychoneuroendocrinology 21 1996 323 337
50. R.A. Mulnard, C.W. Cotman, C. Kawas, C.H. van Dyck, M. Sano, R. Doody, E. Koss, E. Pfeiffer, S. Jin, A. Gamst, M. Grundman, R. Thomas, and L.J. Thal Estrogen replacement therapy for treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer disease: a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Journal of the American Medical Association 283 2000 1007 1015
51. R. Nass, and S. Baker Learning disabilities in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia Journal of Child Neurology 6 1991 306 312
52. R. Nass, S. Baker, P. Speiser, R. Virdis, A. Balsamo, E. Cacciari, A. Loche, M. Dumic, and M. New Hormones and handedness: left-hand bias in female congenital adrenal hyperplasia patients Neurology 37 1987 711 715
53. E. Person, and L. Ovesey The transsexual syndrome in males: I. Primary transsexualism American Journal of Psychotherapy 28 1974 4 20
54. E. Person, and L. Ovesey The transsexual syndrome in males: II. Secondary transsexualism American Journal of Psychotherapy 28 1974 174 193
55. E.S. Person, and L. Ovesey Psychoanalytic theories of gender identity Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis 11 1983 203 226
56. S.M. Phillips, and B.B. Sherwin Effects of estrogen on memory function in surgically menopausal women Psychoneuroendocrinology 17 1992 485 495
57. S.M. Resnick, S.A. Berenbaum, I.I. Gottesman, and T.J. Bouchard Early hormonal influences on cognitive functioning in congenital adrenal hyperplasia Developmental Psychology 22 1986 191 198
58. A. Rimanoczy, R. Slamberova, and I. Vathy Prenatal morphine exposure alters estrogen regulation of kappa receptors in the cortex and POA of adult female rats but has no effects on these receptors in adult male rats Brain Research 894 2001 154 156
59. D.M. Saucier, and D. Kimura Intrapersonal motor but not extrapersonal targeting skill is enhanced during the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle Developmental Neuropsychology 14 1998 385 398
60. B. Sherwin Estrogen effects on cognition in menopausal women Neurology 48 1997 21 26
61. B.B. Sherwin Estrogen and/or androgen replacement therapy and cognitive functioning in surgically menopausal women Psychoneuroendocrinology 13 1988 345 357
62. D. Slabbekoorn, S.H. van Goozen, J. Megens, L.J. Gooren, and P.T. Cohen-Kettenis Activating effects of cross-sex hormones on cognitive functioning: a study of short-term and long-term hormone effects in transsexuals Psychoneuroendocrinology 24 1999 423 447
63. SPSS Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 2001 SPSS Inc. Chicago, Illinois
64. R.J. Stoller A contribution to the study of gender identity: follow-up International Journal of Psychoanalysis 60 1979 433 441
65. R.J. Stoller Presentations of Gender 1985 Yale University Press New Haven, CT
66. M.X. Tang, D. Jacobs, Y. Stern, K. Marder, P. Schofield, B. Gurland, H. Andrews, and R. Mayeux Effect of oestrogen during menopause on risk and age at onset of Alzheimer's disease Lancet 348 1996 429 432
67. L. Teri, S.M. McCurry, and R.G. Logsdon Memory, thinking, and aging. What we know about what we know Western Journal of Medicine 167 1997 269 275
68. S.H. Van Goozen, P.T. Cohen-Kettenis, L.J.G. Gooren, N. Frijda, and N. van de Poll Activating effects of androgens on cognitive performance: causal evidence in a group of female to male transsexuals Neuropsychologia 10 1994 1153 1157
69. S.H. Van Goozen, P.T. Cohen-Kettenis, L.J.G. Gooren, N.H. Frijda, and N.E. Van de Poll Gender differences in behaviour: activating effects of cross-sex hormones Psychoneuroendocrinology 20 1995 343 363
70. S.H. Van Goozen, D. Slabbekoorn, L.J. Gooren, G. Sanders, and P.T. Cohen-Kettenis Organizing and activating effects of sex hormones in homosexual transsexuals Behavioral Neuroscience 116 2002 982 988
71. I. Vathy Prenatal morphine exposure induces age- and sex-dependent changes in seizure susceptibility Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 25 2001 1203 1226
72. D. Voyer, S. Voyer, and M. Bryden Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables Psychological Bulletin 117 1995 250 270
73. P.N. Wang, S.Q. Liao, R.S. Liu, C.Y. Liu, H.T. Chao, S.R. Lu, H.Y. Yu, S.J. Wang, and H.C. Liu Effects of estrogen on cognition, mood, and cerebral blood flow in AD: a controlled study Neurology 54 2000 2061 2066
74. B.R. Westley, and D.F. Salaman Nuclear binding of the oestrogen receptor of neonatal rat brain after injection of oestrogens and androgens: localization and sex differences Brain Research 119 1977 375 388
75. A.B. Wisniewski Sexually-dimorphic patterns of cortical asymmetry, and the role for sex steroid hormones in determining cortical patterns of lateralization Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 1998 519 547
76. J. Wålinder, R. Luft, B. Hult, D. Sundberg, and G. Fahlberg Transsexualism Lækartidningen 74 1977 3857 3860
77. K. Yaffe, M. Haan, A. Byers, C. Tangen, and L. Kuller Estrogen use, APOE, and cognitive decline: evidence of gene-environment interaction Neurology 54 2000 1949 1954
78. K. Yaffe, G. Sawaya, I. Lieberburg, and D. Grady Estrogen therapy in postmenopausal women: effects on cognitive function and dementia Journal of the American Medical Association 279 1998 688 695
79. J.N. Zhou, M.A. Hofman, L. Gooren, and D.F. Swaab A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality Nature 378 1995 63 69