A review of corrosion of titanium grade 7 and other titanium alloys in nuclear waste repository environments

Corrosion

Volumn 61, Issue 10, 2005, Pages 987-1003

  Hua, Fred ^a   Mon, K ^b   Pasupathi, P ^a   Gordon, G ^b   Shoesmith, D ^c  

^a Bechtel SAIC Company LLC   (United States)

^b U S DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

General corrosion; Hydrogen induced cracking; Localized corrosion; Palladium; Passive film; Repository environments; Stress corrosion cracking; Titanium alloys

Indexed keywords

COMPOSITION EFFECTS; CORROSION PROTECTION; DEGRADATION; GEOLOGICAL REPOSITORIES; HYDROGEN; PALLADIUM; PASSIVATION; RADIATION EFFECTS; STRESS CORROSION CRACKING; TITANIUM; TITANIUM ALLOYS;

GENERAL CORROSION; HYDROGEN-INDUCED CRACKING; LOCALIZED CORROSION; PASSIVE FILM; REPOSITORY ENVIRONMENTS;

POLLUTION INDUCED CORROSION;

PALLADIUM; STRESS CORROSION CRACKING; TITANIUM ALLOY;

EID: 27844600682     PISSN: 00109312     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5006/1.3280899     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Act. Nuclear Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1987, Public Law no. 100-203, 101 Stat. 1330 (1987).
2. "Waste Package Degradation Process Model Report," CRWMS M&O, TDR-WIS-MD-000002 Rev. 00 ICN 02, 2000.
3. U.S. Department of Energy, "Yucca Mountain Science and Engineering Report," DOE/RW-0539, Rev. 1, 2002.
4. J. Farmer, D. McCright, G. Gdowski, F. Wang, T. Summers, P. Bedrossian, J. Horn, Y. Lian, J. Estill, A. Lingenfelter, W. Halsey, "General and Localized Corrosion of Outer Barrier of High-Level Waste Container in Yucca Mountain," Proc. ASME/PVP Conf., held July 23-27 (New York, NY: ASME International, 2000).
5. P.L. Andresen, P.W. Emigh, L.M. Young, G.M. Gordon, "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Annealed and Cold-Worked Titanium Grade 7 and Alloy 22 in 110°C Concentrated Salt Environments," CORROSION/ 2001, paper no. 01130 (Houston, TX: NACE International, 2001).
6. D.S. Dunn, Y.M. Pan, G.A. Cragnolino, "Stress Corrosion Cracking, Passive, and Localized Corrosion of Alloy 22 High Level Radioactive Waste Containers," CORROSION/2000, paper no. 206 (Houston, TX: NACE, 2000).
7. A. Roy, D. Flemming, "Galvanic Corrosion Study of Container Materials Using Zero Resistance Ammeter," CORROSION/98, paper no. 156 (Houston, TX: NACE, 1998).
8. A. Roy, D. Flemming, "Galvanic Corrosion - Effect of Environmental and Experimental Variables," CORROSION/99, paper no. 465 (Houston, TX: NACE, 1999).
9. T. Lian, S. Martin, D. Jones, A. Rivera, J. Horn, "Corrosion of Candidate Container Materials by Yucca Mountain Bacteria," CORROSION/99, paper no. 476 (Houston, TX: NACE, 1999).
10. J. Horn, S. Martin, B. Masterson, T. Lian, "Biochemical Contributions to Corrosion of Carbon Steel and Alloy 22 in a Continual Flow System," CORROSION/1999, paper no. 162 (Houston, TX: NACE, 1999).
11. J. Horn, S. Martin, A. Rivera, P. Bedrossian, T. Lian, "Potential Biogenic Corrosion of Alloy 22, A Candidate Nuclear Waste Rackaging Material, Under Simulated Repository Conditions," CORROSION/2000, paper no. 387 (Houston, TX: NACE, 2000).
12. F. Hua, J. Sarver, J. Jevec, G. Gordon, "General Corrosion Studies of Candidate Container Materials in Environments Relevant to Nuclear Waste Repository," CORROSION/2002, paper no. 02530 (Houston, TX: NACE, 2002).
13. F. Hua, G. Gordon, "On Apparent Bi-Linear Corrosion Rate Behavior of Ti Grade 7 in Basic Saturated Water (BSW-12) Below and Above 80°C," CORROSION/2003, paper no. 03687 (Houston, TX: NACE, 2003).
14. International Workshop on Long-Term Extrapolation of Passive Behavior, U.S. Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, Arlington, VA, July 19-20, 2001.
15. G.E. Gdowski, "Degradation Mode Survey Candidate Titanium-Base Alloys for Yucca Mountain Project Waste Package Materials," LLNL, UCRL-ID-121191, Rev. 1 (1997).
16. ASTM B 265-02, "Standard Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Strip, Sheet, and Plate" (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2002).
17. N.E. Paton, J.C. Williams, "Effect of Hydrogen on Titanium and Its Alloys," in Hydrogen in Metals, eds. I.M. Bernstein, A.W. Tompson (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1974), p. 409-431.
18. D.S. Shih, I.M. Robertson, Brinbaum, Acta Metall. 36, 1 (1988): p. 111.
19. N.R. Moody, N.R. Costa, "A Review of Microstructure Effects on Hydrogen-Induced Sustained Load Cracking in Structural Alloys," in Microstructure/Property Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys, eds. Y.-W. Kim, R.R. Boyer (Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society [TMS], 1991), p. 587-604.
20. R.W. Schutz, "Recent Titanium Alloy and Product Developments for Corrosive Industrial Service," CORROSION/95, paper no. 244 (Houston, TX: NACE, 1995), p. 244/1-244/20.
21. R.W. Schutz, Corrosion 59 (2003): p. 1,043-1,057.
22. H.H. Uhlig, The Corrosion Handbook (New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1948), p. 1,144-1,145.
23. J.B. Cotton, Platinum Met. Rev. 11, 2 (1967): p. 50-52.
24. K. Satoh, K. Shimogori, F. Kamikubo, Platinum Met. Rev. 31, 3 (1987): p. 115-121.
25. A.J. Sedriks, Corrosion 31, 2 (1975): p. 60-65.
26. J.A. Hall, D. Banerjee, T.L. Wardlaw, "The Relationships of Structure and Corrosion Behavior of Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (TiCode-12)," Titanium, Science, and Technology: Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Titanium, held Sept. 10-14, 1984, eds. G. Lutjering, U. Zwicker, W. Bunk (Oberursel, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, 1985), p. 2,603-2,610.
27. R.W. Schutz, M. Xiao, "Optimized Lean-Pd Titanium Alloys for Aggressive Reducing Acid and Halide Service Environments," Corrosion Control for Low-Cost Reliability, Proc. 12th Int. Corros. Congr., vol. 3A, held September 19-24 (Houston, TX: International Corrosion Council [ICC], 1993), p. 1,213-1,225.
28. P. McKay, "Crevice-Corrosion Kinetics on Titanium and a Ti-Ni-Mo Alloy in Chloride Solutions at Elevated Temperature," Proc. Corrosion Chemistry Within Pits, Crevices, and Cracks Conf., held October 1-3, 1984, ed. A. Turnbull, paper no. 7 (Teddington, U.K.: National Physical Laboratory, 1987), p. 107-128.
29. E. Van der Lingen, H. de Villiers Steyn, "The Potential of Ruthenium as an Alloying Element in Titanium," Proc. Titanium 1994, Products and Applications (Boulder, CO: Titanium Development Association, 1994), p. 450-461.
30. R.S. Glass, Electrochim. Acta 28, 11 (1983): p. 1,507-1,513.
31. T. Kidoh, S. Tsujikawa, J. Iron Steel Inst. Jpn. 75, 8 (1989): p. 96-101.
32. D.W. Shoesmith, B.M. Ikeda, "The Resistance of Titanium to Pitting, Microbially Induced Corrosion, and Corrosion Under Unsaturated Conditions," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited Report, AECL-11709, COG-96-557-I, April 1997.
33. G.K. Hubler, E. McCafferty, Corros. Sci. 20 (1980): p. 103-116.
34. R.D. Armstrong, R.E. Firman, H.R. Thirsk, Corros. Sci. 13 (1973): p. 409-420.
35. T. Murai, M. Ishikawa, C. Miura, Corros. Eng. 26, 4 (1977): p. 177-183.
36. R. Greef, R. Peat, L.M. Peter, D. Pletcher, J. Robinson, "Electrocatalysis," in Instrumental Methods in Electrochemistry (Oxford, U.K.: Albion/Horwood Publishing Ltd, 1985), Chapter 7.
37. T. Fukuzuka, K. Shimogori, H. Satoh, "Role of Palladium in Hydrogen Absorption of Ti-Pd Alloy," Titanium '80, Science and Technology: Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Titanium, held May 19-20 [Warrendale, PA: Metallurgical Society of AIME, 1980).
38. D.W. Shoesmith, W.H. Hocking, B.M. Ikeda, F. King, J.J. Noël, S. Sunder, Can. J. Chem. 75, 11 (1997): p. 1,566-1,584.
39. J.J. Noël, "The Electrochemistry of Titanium Corrosion" (Ph.D. diss., University of Manitoba, 1999).
40. B.M. Ikeda, M.J. Quinn, "Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking of Grade-16 Titanium: A Preliminary Examination of Behaviour at Room Temperature," Ontario Hydro 06819-REP-01200-0039 R00, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, May 1998.
41. B.M. Ikeda, M.J. Quinn, "A Preliminary Examination of the Effects of Hydrogen on the Behaviour of Grade-16 Titanium at Room Temperature," Ontario Hydro 06819-REP-01200-0078-R00, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, December 1998.
42. R. Greef, R. Peat, L.M. Peter, D. Pletcher, J. Robinson, "Electrocatalysis," in Instrumental Methods of Electrochemistry (Chichester, England: Ellis Horwood Limited, 1985), Chapter 7.
43. A. Takamura, T. Yamagata, Titanium Zirconium 15, 8 (1967): p. 192.
44. Z.W. Wang, C.L. Briant, K.S. Kumar, Corrosion 55, 2 (1999): p. 128-138.
45. T. Okada, Electrochim. Acta 28, 8 (1983): p. 1,113-1,120.
46. "Environment on the Surfaces of the Drip Shield and Waste Package Outer Barrier," CRWMS M&O, ANL-EBS-MD-000001 rev. 00, 2000.
47. T. Watanabe, T. Shindo, H. Naito, "Effect of Iron Content on the Breakdown Potential for Pitting of Titanium in NaCl Solutions," Proc. 6th World Conf. on Titanium, IV, eds. P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, G. Beranger, held June 6-9 (Les Ulis Cedex, France: Socìété Francaise de Métallurgie, 1988), p. 1,735-1,740.
48. J.B. Cotton, Chem. Eng. Prog. 66, 10 (1970): p. 57-62.
49. L.C. Covington, R.W. Schutz, "Effects of Iron on the Corrosion Resistance of Titanium," in Industrial Applications of Titanium and Zirconium, A Symposium, ASTM Special Technical Publication 728, ed. E.W. Kleefisch (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 1981), p. 163-180.
50. R.W. Schutz, J.S. Grauman, J.A. Hall, "Effect of Solid Solution Iron on the Corrosion Behaviour of Titanium," Titanium, Science, and Technology: Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Titanium, vol. 4, held Sept. 10-14, 1984, eds. G. Lutjering, U. Zwickler, W. Bunk (Oberursel, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, 1985), p. 2,617-2,624.
51. J.B.C. Wu, "Effect of Iron Content on Hydrogen Absorption and Passivity Breakdown of Commercially Pure Titanium in Aqueous Solutions," Titanium, Science, and Technology, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Titanium, vol. 4, held Sept. 10-14, 1984, eds. G. Lutjering, U. Zwickler, W. Bunk (Oberursel, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, 1985), p. 2,595-2,602.
52. R.W. Schutz, D.E. Thomas, "Corrosion of Titanium and Titanium Alloys," in Corrosion, vol. 13 of ASM Handbook (Materials Park, OH: ASM International, 1987), p. 669-706.
53. S. Kudelka, A. Michaelis, J.W. Schultze, Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem. 99, 8 (1995): p. 1020-1027.
54. T. Shibata, Y.-C. Zhu, Corros. Sci. 37, 2 (1995): p. 253-270.
55. T. Shibata, Y.-C. Zhu, Corros. Sci. 36, 10 (1994): p. 1,735-1,749.
56. E.J. Kelly, J. Electrochem. Soc. 126, 12 (1979): p. 2,064-2,075.
57. T. Watanabe, M. Kondo, H. Naito, K. Sakai, Nippon Steel Tech. Rep. 39, 40 (1989): p. 29-35.
58. D.J. Blackwood, L.M. Peter, D.E. Williams, Electrochim. Acta 33, 8 (1988): p. 1,143-1,149.
59. T. Ohtsuka, M. Masuda, N. Sato, J. Electrochem. Soc. 134, 10 (1987): p. 2,406-2,410.
60. T.R. Beck, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973): p. 1,310-1,316.
61. T.R. Beck, J. Electrochem. Soc. 120 (1973): p. 1,317-1,324.
62. 2 Film Prepared by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapour Deposition (PECVD) Method," in Hydrogen Effects in Materials, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on the Effect of Hydrogen on the Behavior of Materials, held September 11-14, 1994, eds. A.W. Thompson, N.R. Moody (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1996), p. 261-269.
63. H. Tomari, T. Masugata, K. Shimogori, T. Nishimura, R. Wada, A. Honda, N. Taniguchi, Zairyo-to-Kankyo 48 (1999): p. 807-814.
64. Y.J. Kim, R.A. Oriani, Corrosion 43 (1987): p. 92-97.
65. Y.J. Kim, R.A. Oriani, Corrosion 43 (1987): p. 85-91.
66. L.C. Covington, Corrosion 35, 8 (1979): p. 378-382.
67. K. Shimogori, H. Satoh, F. Kamikubo, "Investigation of Hydrogen Absorption-Embrittlement of Titanium Used in the Actual Equipment," in Titanium, Science, and Technology, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. on Titanium, vol. 2, held September 10-14, 1984, eds. G. Lütjering, U. Zwicker, W. Bunk (Oberursel, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde, 1985), p. 1,111-1,118.
68. M.J. Mandry, G. Rosenblatt, J. Electrochem. Soc. 119, 1 (1972): p. 29-33.
69. W. Wilhelmsen, A.P. Grande, Electrochim. Acta 32, 10 (1987): p. 1,469-1,474.
70. M. Nakagawa, S. Matsuya, T. Shiraishi, M. Ohta, J. Dent. Res. 78, 9 (1999): p. 1,568-1,572.
71. M. Nakagawa, S. Matsuya, K. Udoh, Dent. Mater. J. 20, 4 (2001): p. 305-314.
72. C.S. Brossia, L. Browning, D.S. Dunn, O.C. Moghissi, O. Pensado, L. Yang, "Effect of Environment on the Corrosion of Waste Package and Drip Shield Materials," CNWRA 2001-003 (San Antonio, TX: Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses, 2001).
73. M.F. Lorenzo de Melo, M.C. Cortizo, J. Appl. Electrochem. 30, 1 (2000): p. 95-100.
74. BSC (Bechtel SAIC Company), "General Corrosion and Localized Corrosion of the Drip Shield," ANL-EBS-MD-000004 Rev. 01, June 2003.
75. J. Pan, C. Leygraf, D. Thierry, A.M. Ektessabi, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 35 (1997): p. 309-318.
76. Y.-K. Choi, S.-S. Seo, K.-H. Chjo, Q.-W. Choi, S.-M. Park, J. Electrochem. Soc. 139, 7 (1992): p. 1,803-1,807.
77. T. Hurlen, S. Hornkøl, Electrochim. Acta 36, 1 (1990): p. 189-195.
78. P. Kofstad, High Temperature Corrosion (London, U.K.: Elsevier Applied Science, 1988).
79. H. Mattsson, I. Olefjord, "ESCA Investigation of the Reaction Products Formed on Titanium Exposed to Water Saturated Bentonite Clay," in Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management IX, Materials Research Society Symp. Proc., vol. 50 (Warrendale, PA: Materials Research Society [MRS], 1985), p. 483-490.
80. H. Mattsson, I. Olefjord, Werkst. Korros. 41, 7 (1990): p. 383-390.
81. H. Mattsson, C. Li, I. Olefjord, Werkst. Korros. 41, 10 (1990): p. 578-584.
82. W. Debruyn, J. Dresselears, P. Vermeiren, J. Kelchtermans, H. Tas, Commission of the European Communities, "Corrosion of Container and Infrastructure Materials Under Clay Repository Conditions," in Task 3 Characterization of Radioactive Waste Forms, A Series of Final Reports (1985-89) no. 28," EUR 13667 EN, Luxembourg, 1991.
83. J.C. Estill, "Long-Term Corrosion Studies," 2.2 of Engineered Materials Characterization Report, ed. R.D. McCright, UCRL-ID-119564 vol. 3, rev. 1.1, 1998.
84. L.L. Wong, J.C. Estill, D.V. Fix, R.B. Rebak, "Corrosion Characteristics of Titanium Alloys in Multi-Ionic Environments," ASME-PVP-vol. 467, "Transportation, Storage, and Disposal of Radioactive Materials" (New York, NY: ASME International, 2003), p. 63.
85. ASTM G31, "Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals," in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, vol. 03.02 (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2004).
86. R.W. Schutz, "Titanium Alloy Crevice Corrosion: Influencing Factors and Methods of Prevention," Proc. 6th World Conf. on Titanium, vol. IV, held June 6-9, eds. P. Lacombe, R. Tricot, G. Beranger (Les Ulis Cedex, France: Socìété Francaise de Métallurgie, 1988), p. 1,917-1,922.
87. R.W. Schutz, Platinum Met. Rev. 40, 2 (1996): p. 54-61.
88. D.W. Shoesmith, F. King, B.M. Ikeda, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, "An Assessment of the Feasibility of Indefinite Containment of Canadian Nuclear Fuel Wastes," AECL-10972, May 1995.
89. F.A. Posey, E.G. Bohlmann, Desalination 3, 1 (1967): p. 269-279.
90. T. Koizumi, S. Furuya, "Pitting Corrosion of Titanium in High Temperature Halide Solution," in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf.: Titanium, Science, and Technology, eds. R.I. Jaffe, H.M. Burte (New York, NY: Plenum Press, 1973), p. 2,383-2,393.
91. D.W. Shoesmith, F. King, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, "The Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Corrosion of Candidate Materials for the Fabrication of Nuclear Waste Packages," AECL-11999, December 1999.
92. J.J. Noël, D.W. Shoesmith, B.M. Ikeda, "Crevice Corrosion of Alpha Titanium Alloys," Proc. Corrosion 2001 Research Topical Symposium (Houston, TX: NACE, 2001), p. 65-102.
93. ASTM G 5-94, "Standard Reference Test Method for Making Potentiostatic and Potentiodynamic Anodic Polarization Measurements," in Annual Book of ASTM Standards (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 1997).
94. R.W. Schutz, Mater. Perform. (1985): p. 39-47.
95. E. Smailos, R. Köster, "Corrosion Studies on Selected Packaging Materials for Disposal of High Level Wastes," in Materials Reliability in the Back End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, Proc. Technical Committee Meeting of the Int. Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), held September 2-5, 1986, IAEA-TECDOC-421, 1987.
96. G.M. Gordon, Corrosion 58, 10 (2002): p. 811-825.
97. P.L. Andresen, L.M. Young, Y.J. Kim, P.W. Emigh, G.M. Catlin, P.J. Martiniano, "Stress Corrosion Crack Initiation and Growth Measurements in Environments Relevant to High Level Nuclear Waste Packages" (Schenectady, NY: GE Global Research Center, December 2002).
98. J.A. Mountford, Jr., "Titanium - Properties, Advantages, and Applications Solving the Corrosion Problems in Marine Service," CORROSION/2002, paper no. 02170 (Houston, TX: NACE, 2002).
99. C.F. Clarke, D. Hardie, B.M. Ikeda, Whiteshell Laboratories "Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Grade-2 Titanium," AECL-11284, Ddecember 1995.
100. C.F. Clarke, D. Hardie, B.M. Ikeda, Corros. Sci. 39, 9 (1997): p. 1,545-1,559.
101. N.R. Sorensen, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, "Laboratory Studies of the Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Grade-12 Under WIPP Repository Conditions," in Proc. Corrosion of Nuclear Fuel Waste Containers, held February 9-10, 1988, ed. D.W. Shoesmith, AECL-10121, 29-44, 1990.
102. D.W. Shoesmith, B.M. Ikeda, M.G. Bailey, M.J. Quinn, D.M. LeNeveu, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, "A Model for Predicting the Lifetimes of Grade-2 Titanium Nuclear Waste Containers," AECL-10973, August 1995.
103. C.F. Clarke, D. Hardie, B.M. Ikeda, Corros. Sci. 36, 3 (1994): p. 487-509.
104. D.W. Shoesmith, D. Hardie, B.M. Ikeda, J.J. Noel, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, "Hydrogen Absorption and the Lifetime Performance of Titanium Waste Containers," AECL-11770, August 1997.
105. B.M. Ikeda, M.J. Quinn, J.J. Noël, D.W. Shoesmith, "The Hydrogen-Induced Cracking and Hydrogen Absorption Behaviour of Grade-16 Titanium," in Proc. Int. Symp. Environmentally Induced Cracking of Metals, held August 20-23, eds. M. Elboujdaini, E. Ghali, W. Zheng (Ottawa, ON, Canada: The Metallurgical Society of CIM, 2000), p. 235-248.
106. S. Kitayama, Y. Shida, M. Ueda, T. Kudo, "Effect of Small Pd Addition on the Corrosion Resistance of Ti and Ti Alloys in Severe Gas and Oil Environment," CORROSION/92, paper no. 52 (Houston, TX: NACE, 1992).
107. D. Hardie, S. Ouyang, Corros. Sci. 41, 1 (1999): p. 155-177.
108. "Hydrogen Induced Cracking of Drip Shield," Bechtel SAIC Company ANL-EBS-MD-000006 rev. 01, February 2003.
109. C.A. Greene, A.J. Henry, C.S. Brossia, T.M. Ahn, Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 663 (2001): p. 515-523.
110. A. Michaelis, S. Kudelka, J.W. Schultze, Electrochim. Acta 43 (1998): p. 119-130.
111. T. Ohtsuka, T. Ohtsuki, J. Electroanal. Chem. 473 (1999): p. 272-278.
112. T. Ohtsuka, T. Ohtsuki, "UV Light-Induced Change of Anodic Oxide Films on Titanium in Acidic Solution," in Passivity and Localized Corrosion, Electrochemical Society Proc., vol. 99-27, eds. M. Seo, B. MacDougall, H. Takahashi, R.G. Kelly (Pennington, NJ: The Electrochemical Society, 1999), p. 330-336.
113. D.D. Macdonald, Pure Appl. Chem. 71 (1999): p. 951-78.
114. P. Schmuki, H. Bohni, Electrochim. Acta 40 (1995): p. 775-783.
115. E. Sikora, C. Breslin, J. Sikora, D.D. Macdonald, "Semiconductive Properties of Passive Films on Types 304 and 316 Stainless Steel Formed Under UV-Radiation," in Critical Factors in Localized Corrosion II, vol. 95-15, eds. P.M. Natishan, R.G. Kelly, G.S. Frankel, R.C. Newman (Pennington, NJ: The Electrochemical Society, 1995), p. 341-354.
116. R.S. Glass, R.A. Van Konynenburg, G.E. Overturf, "Corrosion Processes of Austenitic Stainless Steels and Copper-Based Materials in Gamma-Irradiated Aqueous Environments," CORROSION/86, paper no. 258 (Houston, TX: NACE, 1986).
117. R.S. Glass, G.E. Overturf, R.A. Van Konynenburg, R.D. McCright, Corros. Sci. 26 (1986): p. 577-590.
118. J. Pan, D. Thierry, C. Leygraf, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 28 (1994): p. 113-122.
119. J. Pan, D. Thierry, C. Leygraf, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 30 (1996): p. 393-402.
120. S.B. Basame, H.S. White, J. Electrochem. Soc. 147 (2000): p. 1,376-1,381.
121. H.-J. Raetzer-Scheibe, Corrosion 34 (1978): 437-442.
122. J.A. Petit, B. Kondro, F. Dabosi, Corrosion 36 (1980): p. 145-151.
123. N. Casillas, S. Charlebois, W.H. Smyrl, H.S. White, J. Electrochem. Soc. 141 (1994): p. 636-642.
124. L.F. Garfias-Mesias, M. Alodan, P.I. James, W.H. Smyrl, J. Electrochem. Soc. 145 (1998): p. 2,005-2,010.
125. F. Kamikubo, H. Satoh, K. Shimogori, T. Fukuzuka, "Effects of a Small Amount of Impurity Elements on Pitting Potential of Commercially Pure Titanium in Sodium Bromide Solutions," in Proc. 8th Int. Congr. on Metallic Corrosion (Frankfurt/Main, Germany: DECHEMA, 1981), p. 1,378-1,383.
126. C. Curty, S. Virtanen, "Initiation Events of Pitting Corrosion of Titanium," Electrochemical Society Proc., vol. 99-27 (Pennington, NJ: The Electrochemical Society, 1999), p. 445-452.
127. M.G. Fontana, Corrosion Engineering, 3rd ed. (New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Math, 1986).
128. R.W. Revie, Uhlig's Corrosion Handbook, 2nd ed. (New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2000).
129. B. Little, P. Wagner, Can. J. Microbiol. 42, 4 (1996): p. 367-374.
130. T.A. Else, C.R. Pantle, P.S. Amy, Applied. Environ. Microbiol. 69 (2003): p. 5,006-5,010.
131. "General Corrosion and Localized Corrosion of Waste Package Outer Barrier," Bechtel SAIC Company ANL-EBS-MD-000003 rev. 01, September 2003.
132. T.-P. Cheng, J.-T. Lee, W.-T. Tsai, Mater. Chem. Phys. 36 (1993): p. 156-160.
133. D.A. Shifler, D. Melton, H.P. Hack, "New Techniques for Galvanic Corrosion Prevention in Piping Systems," Proc. 1997 Tri-Service Conf. on Corrosion, paper no. 1-22, held November 17-21 (Naval Surface Warfare Center - Carderock Division 1, Office of Naval Research, 1997).
134. R.W. Schutz, Proc. Ind. Corros. (1986): p. 503-527.
135. L. Reclaru, J.-M. Meyer, Biomater. 19 (1998): p. 85-92.
136. J.E. Sundgren, P. Bodo, I. Lundstrom, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 110 (1986): p. 9-20.
137. T. Hanawa, K. Asami, K. Asaoka, J. Biomed. Mater. Res 40 (1998): p. 530-538.
138. T. Hanawa, M. Ota, Surf. Sci. 55 (1992): p. 269-276.
139. M.A. Molecke, J.A. Ruppen, R.B. Diegle, "Materials for High-Level Waste Canister/Overpacks in Salt Formations," Sandia National Laboratory Report, SAND82-0429, December 1982.
140. E. Smailos, W. Schwarzkopf, R. Köster, B. Fiehn, G. Halm, "Corrosion Testing of Selected Packaging Materials for Disposal of High Level Waste Glass in Rock-Salt Formations," Commission of the European Communities Report, EUR-13672-EN, 1991.
141. D.W. Shoesmith, F. Hua, Private communication (2003).
142. R.W. Schutz, J.S. Grauman, "Localized Corrosion of Titanium Alloys in High-Temperature Seawater Service," CORROSION/88, paper no. 162 (Houston, TX: NACE, 1988).