A retrospective analysis of known and potential risks associated with exotic toadflax-feeding insects

Biological Control

Volumn 35, Issue 3 SPEC. ISS., 2005, Pages 276-287

  Sing, Sharlene E ^a   Peterson, Robert K D ^b   Weaver, David K ^b   Hansen, Richard W ^c   Markin, George P ^a  

^a ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

^b MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological control; Environmental risk; Invasive weeds; Non target effects; Toadflax

Indexed keywords

HEXAPODA; INSECTA;

EID: 27744604410     PISSN: 10499644     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2005.08.004     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (143)

1. D.C. Albach, H.M. Meudt, and B. Oxelman Piecing together the new Plantaginaceae Am. J. Bot. 92 2005 297 315
2. Alberta Agriculture. 1988. In: Guide to Crop Protection in Alberta, Part 2-Non-chemical Control. AGDEX 606-2. Alberta Agriculture, Edmonton, AB, p. 28.
3. H.T. Alborn, T.C.J. Turlings, T.H. Jones, G. Stenhagen, J.H. Loughrin, and J.H. Tumlinson An elicitor of plant volatiles from beet armyworm oral secretion Science 276 1997 945 949
4. J.F. Alex The taxonomy, history and distribution of Linaria dalmatica Can. J. Bot. 40 1962 295 307
5. A.E. Arnett, and S.M. Louda Re-test of Rhinocyllus conicus host specificity, and the prediction of ecological risk in biological control Biol. Conserv. 106 2002 251 257
6. R.M. Arnold Population dynamics and seed dispersal of Chaenorrhinum minus of railroad cinder ballast Herb. Pop. Dyn. 106 1981 80 91
7. R.M. Arnold Pollination, predation and seed set in Linaria vulgaris (Scrophulariaceae) Am. Midl. Nat. 107 1982 360 369
8. R.M. Arnold Dwarf snapdragon-the railroad weed Weed Technol. 5 1991 467 468
9. A.M. Arntz, E.H. DeLucia, and N. Jordan Contribution of photosynthetic rate to growth and reproduction in Amaranthus hybridus Oecologia 17 1998 323 330
10. BONAP (Biota of North America Program)-Texas A&M University Bioinformatics Working Group, 1996. Scrophulariaceae (the Figwort Family). Available from: http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/bonapfams/bonxxscr.htm.
11. Baars, J.R. 2000. Emphasizing behavioural host-range: the key to resolving ambiguous host-specificity results on Lantana camara L. In: Spencer, N.R. (Ed.), Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, pp. 887-896.
12. J.F. Barthell, J.M. Randall, R.W. Thorp, and A.M. Wenner Promotion of seed set in yellow star-thistle by honey bees: evidence of an invasive mutualism Ecol. Appl. 11 2001 1870 1883
13. 16 homoterpenes in higher plants; stereochemistry of the C-C-bond cleavage reaction Tetrahedron 54 1998 14725 14736
14. H.G. Bruun Genetical notes on Linaria, I-II Hereditas 22 1937 395 401
15. CDFA. 2005. Linaria genus. In: Encycloweedia: notes on identification, biology and management of plants defined as noxious weeds by California law. California Department of Food and Agriculture. Available from: http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ipc/weedinfo/linaria.htm.
16. Caesar, A.J. 2000. Insect-pathogen synergisms are the foundation of weed biocontrol. In: Spencer, N.R. (Ed.), Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, pp. 793-798.
17. R.M. Callaway, T.H. DeLuca, and W.M. Belliveau Biological-control herbivores may increase competitive ability of the noxious weed Centaurea maculosa Ecology 80 1999 1196 1201
18. Carney, V.A. 2003. Ecological Interactions of Biological Control Agent, Mecinus janthinus Germar, and its Target Host, Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. Master of Science Thesis, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta.
19. A.O. Chater, B. Valdes, and D.A. Webb 14. Linaria Miller T.G. Tutin V.H. Heywood N.A. Burges D.H. Moore D.H. Valentine S.M. Walters D.A. Webb Flora Europeae Vol. 3 1972 Cambridge, MA 226 236
20. Y.H. Chen, and S.C. Welter Confused by domestication: incongruent behavioral responses of the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and its parasitoid, Dolichogenidea homoeosomae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), towards wild and domesticated sunflowers Biol. Control 28 2003 180 190
21. M.J.W. Cock The assessment of preference J. Anim. Ecol. 47 1978 805 816
22. E.M. Coombs J.K. Clark G.L. Piper A.F. Cofrancesco Jr. Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States 2004 Oregon State University Press Corvallis, OR
23. T.P. Craig, J.K. Itami, W.G. Abramson, and J.D. Horner Behavioral evidence for host-race formation in Eurosta solidaginis Evolution 47 1993 1696 1710
24. T.P. Craig, J.K. Itami, C. Shantz, W.G. Abrahamson, J.D. Horner, and J.V. Craig The influence of host plant variation and intraspecific competition on oviposition preference and offspring performance in the host races of Eurosta solidaginis Ecol. Entomol. 25 2000 7 19
25. M.J. Crawley The successes and failures of weed biocontrol using insects Biocontrol News Inf. 10 1989 213 223
26. A.L. Darwent, W. Lobay, W. Yarish, and P. Harris Distribution and importance in northwestern Alberta of toadflax and its enemies Can J. Plant Sci. 55 1975 157 162
27. Davis, P.H. 1978. Flora of Turkey, vol. 6. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK, pp. 654-672.
28. R.A. DeClerck-Floate, and P. Harris 72. Linaria dalmatica (L.) Miller, Dalmatian toadflax (Scrophulariaceae) P.G. Mason J.T. Huber Biological Control Programmes in Canada, 1981-2000 2002 CABI New York, NY 368 374
29. R. DeClerck-Floate, and V. Miller Overwintering mortality of and host attack by the stem-boring weevil, Mecinus janthinus Germar, on Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill.) in western Canada Biol. Control 24 2002 65 74
30. S.R. Diehl, and G.L. Bush An evolutionary and applied perspective of insect biotypes Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29 1984 471 504
31. Z. Docherty Self-incompatibility in Linaria Heredity 49 1982 349 352
32. M. Drès, and J. Mallet Host races in plant-feeding insects and their importance in sympatric speciation Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 357 2002 471 492
33. N.C. Ellstrand, and K.A. Schierenbeck Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants? Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 2000 7043 7050
34. P.A. Follett, and J.J. Duan Nontarget Effects of Biological Control 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston, MD
35. Futuyama, D.J. 1999. Potential evolution of host range in herbivorous insects. In: Van Driesche, R., Heard, T., McClay, A., Reardon, R. (Eds.), Host Specificity of Exotic Arthropod Biological Control Agents: the Biological Basis for Improvement in Safety, Proceedings of Session: X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, July 4-14, 1999, Bozeman MT. US Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Publication FHTET-99-1. Morgantown, WV, pp. 42-53.
36. J.F. Gaskin, and B.A. Schaal Hybrid tamarix widespread in U.S. invasion and undetected in native asian range Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2002 11256 11259
37. A. Gassmann Annual Report: Investigations on Potential Biological Control Agents of Dalmatian and Yellow Toadflax 2001 CAB International Delemont, Switzerland 16 pp
38. A. Gassmann, and S.M. Louda Rhinocyllus conicus: initial evaluation and subsequent ecological impacts in North America E. Wajnberg J.K. Scott P.C. Quimby Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control 2001 CAB International New York, NY 147 183
39. Gassmann, A., Paetel, C. 1998. Summary report 1996-1998: Gymnetron netum (Col.: Curculionidae): a potential agent for biological control of toadflax in North America. International Institute of Biological Control, European Station, Delemont, Switzerland.
40. D. Goulson, and L.C. Derwent Synergistic interactions between an exotic honeybee and an exotic weed: pollination of lantana camara in australia Weed Res. 44 2004 195 202
41. Groppe, K. 1992. Final report: Gymnetron antirrhini Paykull (Col.: Curculionidae). A candidate for biological control of dalmatian toadflax in North America. International Institute of Biological Control, European Station, Delemont, Switzerland.
42. R.T. Grubb, R.M. Nowierski, and R.L. Sheley Effects of Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on growth and seed production of Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria gentisfolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmengin (Scrophulariaceae) Biol. Control 23 2002 107 114
43. Hansen, R., Gassmann, A.2002. Utilization of North American Scrophulariaceae by Mecinus janthinus, a classical biological bontrol agent of the exotic weed Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica. Poster presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of America, 17-20 November 2002, Fort Lauderdale, FL.
44. P. Harris Linaria vulgaris Miller, yellow toadflax and L. dalmatica (L.) Mill., broad-leaved toadflax J.S. Kelleher M.A. Hulme Biological Control Programmes Against Insects and Weeds in Canada, 1969-1980 1984 CAB Farmham Royal, UK 179 182
45. P. Harris Control of toadflax by Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and Gymnetron antirrhini (Payk.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Canada Can. Entomol. 93 1961 977 981
46. P. Harris Host specificity of Calophasia lunula (Hufn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Can Entomol. 95 1963 101 105
47. Harris, P., Carder, A.C. 1971. Linaria vulgaris Miller, yellow toadflax and L. dalmatica (L.) Mill., broad-leaved toadflax. In: Biological Control Programmes Against Insects and Weeds in Canada, 1959-1968. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Technical Communication No. 4, pp. 94-97.
48. Harris, P., McEvoy, P. 1995. The predictability of insect host plant utilization from feeding tests and suggested improvements for screening weed biological control agents. Delfosse, E.S., Scott, R.R. (Eds.). Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 2-7 February 1992, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. DSIR/CSIRO, Melbourne, pp. 125-131.
49. Harris, P., Gassmann, A. 2004. Rhinusa (Gymnetron) antirrhini Paykull, R. neta Germar and Rhinusa sp. toadflax seed weevils. Available from: http://res2.agr.ca/lethbridge/weedbio/agents/arhiant_e.htm.
50. Harris, P., DeClerck-Floate, R. 2003. Lethbridge Research Centre-Biology of target weeds: broad- and narrow-leaved Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill., and L. gentisfolia (L.) Mill. Available from: http://res2.agr.gc.ca/ lethbridge/weedbio/plant/bdaltoad_e.htm.
51. Hartl, D. 1974. 2. Auflage. In: Hartl, D., Wagenitz, G. (Eds.), Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Bd. VI, 1. Teil. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munchen, pp. 73-94.
52. Heard, T. 1999. Concepts in insect host-plant selection behavior and their application to host specificity testing. In: Van Driesche, R., Heard, T., McClay, A., Reardon, R.(Eds.), Host Specificity of Exotic Arthropod Biological Control Agents: the Biological Basis for Improvement in Safety, Proceedings of Session: X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, July 4-14, 1999, Bozeman MT. US Forest Service Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team Publication FHTET-99-1. Morgantown WV, pp. 1-10.
53. Hering, K.L. 2002. Genetic and behavioral variability in the ovary-feeding nitidulid Brachypterolus pulicarius collected from Dalmatian and yellow toadflax. M.S. Thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman,115 pp.
54. K.E. Holsinger Reproductive systems and evolution in vascular plants Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 2000 7037 7042
55. O. Honnay, and B. Bossuyt Prolonged clonal growth: escape route or route to extinction? Oikos 108 2005 427 432
56. K.R. Hopper Research needs concerning nontarget impacts of biological control introductions E. Wajnberg J.K. Scott P.C. Quimby Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control 2001 CAB International New York, NY 39 56
57. K.R. Hopper, R.T. Roush, and W. Powell Management of genetics of biological-control introductions Annu. Rev. Entomol. 38 1993 27 51
58. F.G. Howarth Environmental impacts of classical biological control Annual Rev. Entomol. 36 1991 485 509
59. F.G. Howarth Nontarget effects of biological control agents G. Gurr S. Wratten Biological Control: Measures of Success 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston, MD 369 403
60. ITIS. 2004. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Available from: http://www.itis.usda.gov.
61. B. Janko Variation-pattern investigations in natural Linaria populations. 1. Pollen examinations Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 10 1964 258 274
62. P. Jeanneret, and D. Schroeder Biology and host specificity of Mecinus janthinus Germar (Col.: Curculionidae), a candidate for the biological control of yellow and Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria vulgaris (L.) Mill. and Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. (Scrophulariaceae) in North America Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 2 1992 25 34
63. Jeanneret, P., Schroeder, D. 1991. Final report: Mecinus janthinus Germar (Col.: Curculionidae): a candidate for biological control of Dalmatian and yellow toadflax in North America. International Institute of Biological Control, European Station, Delemont, Switzerland.
64. Karny, M. 1963. The possibilities of Calophasia lunula Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in the biological control of toadflax, Linararia vulgaris Mill. CAB Technical Bulletin No. 3, CABI, Wallingford, UK.
65. A. Kessler, and I.T. Baldwin Defensive function of herbivore-induced plant volatile emissions in nature Science 291 2001 2141 2144
66. van Klinken, R.D. 2000. Host specificity testing: why do we do it and how can we do it better? In: van Driesche, R., Heard, T., Mcclay, A., Reardon, R. (Eds.), Proceedings: Host Specificity of Exotic Arthropod Biological Control Agents: The Biological Basis for Improvement in Safety. USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Morgantown, WV, pp. 54-68.
67. Kluge, R.L. 2000. The future of biological control of weeds with insects: no more 'paranoia', no more 'honeymoon'. In: Spencer, N.L. (Ed.), Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds 4-14 July 1999, Bozeman, MT, Montana State Univ., Bozeman, pp. 459-467.
68. T. Kock Bionmische und okologische Untersuchungen zur Entomofauna an Linaria vulgaris Miller (Scrophulariaceae) Z. Angew. Entomol. 58 1966 195 251
69. S.E. Lajeunesse Dalmatian and yellow toadflax R.L. Sheley J.K. Petroff Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds 1999 Oregon State University Press Corvallis, OR 202 216
70. R.A. Levin, R.A. Raguso, and L.A. McDade Fragrance chemistry and pollinator affinities in Nyctaginaceae Phytochemistry 58 2001 429 440
71. S.M. Louda Ecology of interactions needed in biological control practice and policy Bull. Br. Ecol. Soc. 29 1998 8 11
72. S.M. Louda Negative ecological effects of the musk thistle biological control agent, Rhinocyllus conicus P.A. Foullett J.J. Duan Nontarget Effects of Biological Control 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston 215 243
73. S.M. Louda, D. Kendall, J. Connor, and D. Simberloff Ecological effects of an insect introduced for the biological control of weeds Science 277 1997 1088 1090
74. S.M. Louda, R.W. Pemberton, M.T. Johnson, and P.A. Follett Nontarget effects-the Achilles' heel of biological control? Retrospective analyses to reduce risk associated with biocontrol introductions Annu. Rev. Entomol. 48 2003 365 396
75. S.M. Louda, T.A. Rand, F.L. Russell, and A.E. Arnett Assessment of ecological risks in weed biocontrol: input from retrospective ecological analyses Biol. Control 35 2005 253 264
76. J. Marohasy The design and interpretation of host-specificity tests for weed biological control with particular reference to insect behaviour Biocontrol News Inf. 19 1998 13 20
77. P.G. Mason, and J.T. Huber Biological Control Programmes in Canada, 1981-2000 2002 CAB International Wallingford, UK
78. R. Mauricio, and M.D. Rausher Experimental manipulation of putative selective agents provides evidence for the role of natural enemies in the evolution of plant defense Evolution 51 1997 1435 1444
79. A.S. McClay Effects of Brachypterolus pulicarius (L.) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) on flowering and seed production of common toadflax Can Entomol. 124 1992 631 636
80. McClay, A.S. 1995. Beyond "before-and-after": experimental design and evaluation in classical weed biological control. In: Delfosse, E.S., Scott, R.R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. 2-7 February 1992, Lincoln University, Canterbury, NZ. DSIR/CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 213-219.
81. A.S. McClay, and R.A. DeClerck-Floate Linaria vulgaris Miller, yellow toadflax (Scrophulariaceae) P.G. Mason J.T. Huber Biological Control Programmes in Canada, 1981-2000 2002 CABI New York 375 382
82. A.S. McClay, and R.B. Hughes Effects of temperature on developmental rate, distribution, and establishment of Calophasia lunula (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a biocontrol agent for toadflax (Linaria spp.) Biol. Control 5 1995 368 377
83. McConnell, J., Marutani, M., Muniappan, R. 1995. Insect-induced changes in Chromolaena oderata. In: Delfosse, E.S., Scott, R.R. (Eds.), Proceedings of the VIII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds. 2-7 February 1992, Lincoln University, Canterbury, NZ. DSIR/CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 587-595.
84. P.B. McEvoy, and E.M. Coombs Biological control of plant invaders: regional patterns, field experiments, and structured population models Ecol. Appl. 9 1999 387 401
85. P.B. McEvoy, and E.M. Coombs Why things bite back: unintended consequences of weed biological control P.A. Follett J.J. Duan Nontarget Effects of Biological Control 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers Boston 167 194
86. G.A. Meyer Effects of insect feeding on growth and fitness of goldenrod (Solidago altissima) Recent Res. Develop. Entomol. 3 2000 29 41
87. G.A. Meyer A comparison of the impacts of leaf- and sap-feeding insects on growth and allocation of goldenrod Ecology 74 1993 1101 1116
88. H. Müller Growth pattern of diploid and tetraploid spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. (Compositae), and effects of the root-mining moth Agapeta zoegana (L.) (Lep.: Cochylidae) Weed Res. 29 1989 103 111
89. H. Müller-Schärer, and T. Steinger Predicting evolutionary change in invasive, exotic plants and its consequences for plant-herbivore interactions L.E. Ehler R. Sforza T. Mateille Genetics, Evolution and Biological Control 2004 CAB International Wallingford, UK 137 162
90. W.W. Murdock Switching in general predators: experiments on predator specificity and stability of prey populations Ecol. Monogr. 39 1969 335 354
91. J.H. Myers, and D.R. Bazely Ecology and Control of Introduced Plants 2003 Cambridge University Press New York
92. L. Nadeau, and J.R. King Seed dispersal and seedling establishment of Linaria vulgaris Mill Can. J. Plant Sci. 71 1991 771 782
93. S.K. Narang, W.J. Tabachnick, and R.M. Faust Complexities of population genetic structure and implications for biological control programs S.K. Narang A.C. Bartlett R.M. Faust Applications of Genetics to Arthropods of Biological Control Significance 1993 CRC Press Boca Raton, FL 19 52
94. Nechols, J.R., Kauffman, W.C., Schaefer, P.W. 1992. Significance of host specificity in classical biological control. In: Kauffman, W.C., Nechols, J.E. (Eds.), Selection Criteria and Ecological Consequences of Importing Natural Enemies. Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Proceedings, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD, pp. 41-52.
95. Nowierski, R.M. 1995. 82. Dalmatian toadflax. In: Nechols, J.R., Andres, L.A., Beardsley, J.W., Goeden, R.D., Jackson, C.G. (Eds.), Biological Control in the Western United States: Accomplishments and Benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resouces Publication 3361, pp. 239-243.
96. R.M. Nowierski Calophasia lunula E.M. Coombs J.K. Clark G.L. Piper A.F. Cofrancesco Jr. Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States 2004 Oregon State University 384 386
97. Nowierski, R.M., Hennessey, R. 1995. Ecological assessment: field release of the exotic weevil, Gymnetron antirrhini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), for biological control of Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (Scrophulariaceae). Reviewed by C.P. Schwalbe, USDA-APHIS-PPQ.
98. P.C. O'Hanlon, R. Peakall, and D.T. Briese Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) reveals introgression in weedy Onopordum thistles: hybridization and invasion Mol. Ecol. 8 1999 1239 1246
99. R.G. Olmstead, C.W. DePamphilis, A.D. Wolfe, N.D. Young, W.J. Elisons, and P.A. Reeves Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae Am. J. Bot. 88 2001 348 361
100. U. Olsson On the heredity transmission of microstructures of testa in reciprocal crosses between Linaria vulgaris and L. repens Hereditas 79 1975 251 254
101. 2 pgenerations Grana 14 1974 92 99
102. P. Olejniczak Optimal allocation to vegetative and sexual reproduction in plants: the effect of ramet density Evol. Ecol. 17 2003 265 275
103. W.A. Overholt, S.M.L. Ewe, R. Diaz, E.C. Morgan, and O.E. Moeri Feeding effects of Ischnodemus variegatus (Hemiptera: Blissidae) on photosynthesis and growth of Hymenachne amplexicaulis (Poaeceae) Florida Entomol. 87 2004 312 316
104. P.W. Paré, and J.H. Tumlinson De novo biosynthesis of volatiles induced by insect herbivory in cotton plants Plant Physiol. 114 1997 1161 1167
105. P.W. Paré, and J.H. Tumlinson Cotton volatiles synthesized and released distal to the site of insect damage Phytochemistry 47 1998 521 526
106. P.W. Paré, and J.H. Tumlinson Plant volatiles as a defense against insect herbivores Plant Physiol. 121 1999 325 332
107. P.W. Paré, H.T. Alborn, and J.H. Tumlinson Concerted biosynthesis of an insect elicitor of plant volatiles Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 1998 13971 13975
108. A. Pauchard, P.B. Alaback, and E.G. Edlund Plant invasions in protected areas at multiple scales: Linaria vulgaris (Scrophulariaceae) in the West Yellowstone area Western North Am. Nat. 63 2003 416 428
109. D.E. Pearson, and R.M. Callaway Indirect effects of host-specific biological control agents Trends Ecol. Evol. 18 2003 456 461
110. Pemberton, R.W. 1985. Native plant considerations in the biological control of leafy spurge. In: Delfosse, E.S. (Ed.), Proceedings of the VI International Symposium for the Biological Control of Weeds, 19-25 August 1984, Vancouver, Canada; Ottawa, Agriculture Canada, pp. 365-390.
111. Peterson, R.K.D., Sing, S.E., Weaver, D.K. 2005. Differential physiological responses of Dalmatian toadflax, Linaria dalmatica (L.) Miller, to injury from two insect biological control agents: implications for decision-making in biological control. Environ. Entomol. 34, 899-905.
112. P. Rautiainen, K. Koivula, and M. Hyvärinen The effect of within-genet and between genet competition on sexual reproduction and vegetative spread in Potentilla anserine ssp. egedii J. Ecol. 92 2004 505 511
113. N.E. Rees Impact of Rhinocyllus conicus on thistles in southwestern Montana Environ. Entomol. 6 1977 839 842
114. W.C. Robocker, R. Schirman, and B.A. Zamora Carbohydrate reserves in roots of Dalmatian toadflax Weed Sci. 20 1972 212 214
115. U.S.R. Röse, A. Manukian, R.R. Heath, and J.H. Tumlinson Volatile semiochemicals released from undamaged cotton leaves: a systemic response of living plants to caterpillar damage Plant Physiol. 111 1996 487 495
116. J.A. Rosenheim, H.K. Kaya, L.E. Ehler, J.J. Marois, and B.A. Jaffee Intraguild predation among biological-control agents: theory and evidence Biol. Control 5 1995 303 335
117. M.A. Saner, and H. Müller-Schärer Impact of root mining by Eteobalea spp. on clonal growth and sexual reproduction of common toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill Weed Res. 34 1994 199 204
118. Saner, M., Groppe, K., Harris, P. 1990. Final report: Eteobalea intermediella Riedl and E. serratella Treitschke (Lep., Cosmopterigidae), Two suitable agents for the biological control of yellow and Dalmatian toadflax in North America. International Institute of Biological Control, Delemont, Switzerland.
119. M.A Saner, D.R. Clements, M.R. Hall, D.J. Doohan, and C.W. Crompton The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Linaria vulgaris Mill Can. J. Plant Sci. 75 1995 525 537
120. U. Schaffner Host range testing of insects for biological weed control: how can it be better interpreted? BioScience 51 2001 951 959
121. K.A. Schierenbeck, R.N. Mack, and R.R. Sharitz Effects of herbivory on growth and biomass allocation in native and introduced species of Lonicera Ecology 75 1994 1661 1672
122. Selleck, G.W., Alex, J.F., Coupland, R.T., Smith, J.M. 1957. The effect of Brachypterolus pulicarius on toadflax inflorescences. In: Research Report of the National Weed Committee, Western Section, National Weed Committee, Canada. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, p. 133.
123. D. Simberloff, and P. Stiling How risky is biological control? Ecology 77 1996 1965 1974
124. M.C. Singer Reducing ambiguity in describing plant-insect interactions: preference, acceptability and electivity Ecol. Lett. 3 2000 159 162
125. J.M. Smith Biological control of weeds in 1955 J. Vinoth Proc. 9th National Weed Committee (Eastern sect.), National Weed Committee, Canada 1956 Department of Agriculture Ottawa 102 103
126. J.M. Smith Notes on insects, especially Gymnaetron spp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), associated with toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), in North America Can. Entomol. 91 1959 116 121
127. L.W. Sonder, and R.E. Talbert The status of Dalmatian toadflax in california. In: Proceedings-California Weed Conference 1973 San Jose CA pp. 51-54
128. J.M. Story Biological control of weeds: selective, economical and safe Western Wildlands 18 1992 18 23
129. S.Y. Strauss, and A.A. Agrawal The ecology and evolution of plant tolerance to herbivory Trends Ecol. Evol. 14 1999 179 185
130. D.A. Sutton A Revision of the Tribe Anthirrhineae. British Museum (Natural History) 1988 Oxford University Press London
131. P. Syrett, D.T. Briese, and J.H. Hoffmann Success in biological control of terrestrial weeds by arthropods G. Gurr S. Wratten Biological Control: Measures of Success 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers Netherlands 189 230
132. G.C. Thelen, J.M. Vivanco, B. Newingham, W. Good, H.P. Bais, P. Landres, A. Caesar, and R.M. Callaway Insect herbivory stimulates allelopathic exudation by an invasive plant and the suppression of natives Ecol. Lett. 8 2005 209 217
133. M.B. Thomas, and A.J. Willis Biocontrol-risky but necessary? Trends Ecol. Evol. 13 1998 325 329
134. J.T. Trumble, D.M. Kolodny-Hirsch, and I.P. Ting Plant compensation for arthropod herbivory Annu. Rev. Entomol. 38 1993 93 119
135. T.C.J. Turlings, J.H. Loughrin, P.J. McCall, U.S.R. Rose, W.J. Lewis, and J.H. Tumlinson How caterpillar-damaged plants protect themselves by attracting parasitic wasps Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92 1995 4169 4174
136. C.E. Turner, R.W. Pemberton, and S.S. Rosenthal Host utilization of native Cirsium thistles (Asteraceae) by the introduced weevil Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in California Environ. Entomol. 16 1987 111 115
137. USDA-NRCS. 2004. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov ). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490, USA.
138. E. Wajnberg J.K. Scott P.C. Quimby Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control 2001 CAB International Wallingford, UK
139. D.S. Volenberg, and S.J. Krauth First record of Pteromalus microps (Hymenoptera, Pteromalidae) in the New World Entomol. News 107 1996 272 274
140. K. Vujnovic, and R.W. Wein The biology of Canadian weeds. 106. Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill Can J. Plant Sci. 77 1997 483 491
141. M.P. Widrlechner Historical and phenological observations on the spread of Chaenorrhinum minus across North America Can. J. Bot. 61 1982 179 186
142. T.M. Withers Examining the hierarchy threshold model in a no-choice feeding assay Entomol. Exp. Appl. 91 1999 89 95
143. H. Zwölfer, and P. Harris Biology and host specificity of Rhinocyllus conicus (Froel.) (Col.: Curculionidae) Z. Angew. Entomol. 97 1984 36 62