메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 277, Issue 5329, 1997, Pages 1088-1090

Ecological effects of an insect introduced for the biological control of weeds

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOCONTROL AGENT; INTRODUCED PLANT; THISTLE; WEEVIL;

EID: 0030866861     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.277.5329.1088     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (349)

References (76)
  • 1
    • 0000376047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • OTA-F-565, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States (OTA-F-565, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1993); National Research Council, Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1995); P. B. McEvoy, Bioscience 46, 401 (1996).
    • (1993) Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States
  • 2
    • 0000376047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Academy Press, Washington, DC
    • U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States (OTA-F-565, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1993); National Research Council, Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1995); P. B. McEvoy, Bioscience 46, 401 (1996).
    • (1995) Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century
  • 3
    • 0000376047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, Harmful Non-Indigenous Species in the United States (OTA-F-565, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1993); National Research Council, Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1995); P. B. McEvoy, Bioscience 46, 401 (1996).
    • (1996) Bioscience , vol.46 , pp. 401
    • McEvoy, P.B.1
  • 4
    • 0003544460 scopus 로고
    • OTA-ENV-636, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
    • U.S. Congress Office of Technology Assessment, Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control (OTA-ENV-636, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1995).
    • (1995) Biologically Based Technologies for Pest Control
  • 6
    • 0026342309 scopus 로고
    • P. Debach and D. Rosen, Biological Control by Natural Enemies (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, ed. 2, 1991); P. W. Harris, Can. Entomol. 123, 827 (1992).
    • (1992) Can. Entomol. , vol.123 , pp. 827
    • Harris, P.W.1
  • 7
    • 0001073693 scopus 로고
    • P. DeBach, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 11, 183 (1966); S. J. Walde, R. F. Luck, D. S. Yu, W. W. Murdoch, Ecology 70, 1700 (1989).
    • (1966) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.11 , pp. 183
    • DeBach, P.1
  • 12
    • 0001785162 scopus 로고
    • T. H. Nitecki, Ed. Academic Press, New York
    • D. Simberloff, in Biotic Crises in Ecological and Evolutionary Time, T. H. Nitecki, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1981), pp. 53-81; F. G. Howarth. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36, 485 (1991); D. Simberloff, in (31), pp. 103-117; _ and P. Stiling, Ecology 77 1965 (1996).
    • (1981) Biotic Crises in Ecological and Evolutionary Time , pp. 53-81
    • Simberloff, D.1
  • 13
    • 0001002853 scopus 로고
    • D. Simberloff, in Biotic Crises in Ecological and Evolutionary Time, T. H. Nitecki, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1981), pp. 53-81; F. G. Howarth. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36, 485 (1991); D. Simberloff, in (31), pp. 103-117; _ and P. Stiling, Ecology 77 1965 (1996).
    • (1991) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.36 , pp. 485
    • Howarth, F.G.1
  • 15
    • 0030437519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Simberloff, in Biotic Crises in Ecological and Evolutionary Time, T. H. Nitecki, Ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1981), pp. 53-81; F. G. Howarth. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36, 485 (1991); D. Simberloff, in (31), pp. 103-117; _ and P. Stiling, Ecology 77 1965 (1996).
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1965
    • Stiling, P.1
  • 17
    • 0000950319 scopus 로고
    • C. J. DeLoach, Nat. Areas J. 11, 129 (1991); D. Gonzalez and F. E. Gilstrap, in (31), pp. 53-70; R. I. Carruthers and J. A. Onsager, Environ. Entomol. 22, 885 (1993); D. J. Greathead, in Biological Control; Benefits and Risks, H. M. T. Hokkanen and J. M. Lynch, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995), pp. 53-63.
    • (1991) Nat. Areas J. , vol.11 , pp. 129
    • DeLoach, C.J.1
  • 19
    • 0027329359 scopus 로고
    • C. J. DeLoach, Nat. Areas J. 11, 129 (1991); D. Gonzalez and F. E. Gilstrap, in (31), pp. 53-70; R. I. Carruthers and J. A. Onsager, Environ. Entomol. 22, 885 (1993); D. J. Greathead, in Biological Control; Benefits and Risks, H. M. T. Hokkanen and J. M. Lynch, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995), pp. 53-63.
    • (1993) Environ. Entomol. , vol.22 , pp. 885
    • Carruthers, R.I.1    Onsager, J.A.2
  • 20
    • 0002232033 scopus 로고
    • H. M. T. Hokkanen and J. M. Lynch, Eds. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
    • C. J. DeLoach, Nat. Areas J. 11, 129 (1991); D. Gonzalez and F. E. Gilstrap, in (31), pp. 53-70; R. I. Carruthers and J. A. Onsager, Environ. Entomol. 22, 885 (1993); D. J. Greathead, in Biological Control; Benefits and Risks, H. M. T. Hokkanen and J. M. Lynch, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1995), pp. 53-63.
    • (1995) Biological Control; Benefits and Risks , pp. 53-63
    • Greathead, D.J.1
  • 21
    • 1842320549 scopus 로고
    • E. S. Delfosse, Ed. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa
    • L. A. Andres, in Proc. VI Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, E. S. Delfosse, Ed. (Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, 1985), pp. 365-390; C. E. Turner, ibid., pp. 203-225; P. Harris, Bioscience 38, 542 (1988); R. W. Pemberton, Am. Entomol. 41, 230 (1995); Castanea 61, 313 (1996).
    • (1985) Proc. VI Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds , pp. 365-390
    • Andres, L.A.1
  • 22
    • 1842304304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L. A. Andres, in Proc. VI Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, E. S. Delfosse, Ed. (Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, 1985), pp. 365-390; C. E. Turner, ibid., pp. 203-225; P. Harris, Bioscience 38, 542 (1988); R. W. Pemberton, Am. Entomol. 41, 230 (1995); Castanea 61, 313 (1996).
    • Proc. VI Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds , pp. 203-225
    • Turner, C.E.1
  • 23
    • 0001049530 scopus 로고
    • L. A. Andres, in Proc. VI Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, E. S. Delfosse, Ed. (Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, 1985), pp. 365-390; C. E. Turner, ibid., pp. 203-225; P. Harris, Bioscience 38, 542 (1988); R. W. Pemberton, Am. Entomol. 41, 230 (1995); Castanea 61, 313 (1996).
    • (1988) Bioscience , vol.38 , pp. 542
    • Harris, P.1
  • 24
    • 0000091018 scopus 로고
    • L. A. Andres, in Proc. VI Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, E. S. Delfosse, Ed. (Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, 1985), pp. 365-390; C. E. Turner, ibid., pp. 203-225; P. Harris, Bioscience 38, 542 (1988); R. W. Pemberton, Am. Entomol. 41, 230 (1995); Castanea 61, 313 (1996).
    • (1995) Am. Entomol. , vol.41 , pp. 230
    • Pemberton, R.W.1
  • 25
    • 1842389091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L. A. Andres, in Proc. VI Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, E. S. Delfosse, Ed. (Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, 1985), pp. 365-390; C. E. Turner, ibid., pp. 203-225; P. Harris, Bioscience 38, 542 (1988); R. W. Pemberton, Am. Entomol. 41, 230 (1995); Castanea 61, 313 (1996).
    • (1996) Castanea , vol.61 , pp. 313
  • 26
    • 0002916832 scopus 로고
    • E. S. Delfosse, Ed. Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste and CSIRO, Rome, Italy
    • J. Diehl and P. B. McEvoy, in Proc. VII Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, E. S. Delfosse, Ed. (Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste and CSIRO, Rome, Italy, 1990), pp. 119-126; F. Gould, Am. Sci. 79, 496 (1991); D. Secord and P. Kareiva, Bioscience 46, 448 (1996).
    • (1990) Proc. VII Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds , pp. 119-126
    • Diehl, J.1    McEvoy, P.B.2
  • 27
    • 0026342348 scopus 로고
    • J. Diehl and P. B. McEvoy, in Proc. VII Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, E. S. Delfosse, Ed. (Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste and CSIRO, Rome, Italy, 1990), pp. 119-126; F. Gould, Am. Sci. 79, 496 (1991); D. Secord and P. Kareiva, Bioscience 46, 448 (1996).
    • (1991) Am. Sci. , vol.79 , pp. 496
    • Gould, F.1
  • 28
    • 0001081079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • J. Diehl and P. B. McEvoy, in Proc. VII Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, E. S. Delfosse, Ed. (Ministero dell'Agricoltura e delle Foreste and CSIRO, Rome, Italy, 1990), pp. 119-126; F. Gould, Am. Sci. 79, 496 (1991); D. Secord and P. Kareiva, Bioscience 46, 448 (1996).
    • (1996) Bioscience , vol.46 , pp. 448
    • Secord, D.1    Kareiva, P.2
  • 29
    • 0014624845 scopus 로고
    • J. L. Harper, Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 22, 48 (1969); S. M. Louda, Ecol. Monogr. 52, 25 (1982); Ecology 65, 1379 (1984); D. R. Strong, J. H. Lawton, R. Southwood, Insects on Plants: Community Patterns and Mechanisms (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1984); M. J. Crawley, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34, 531 (1989).
    • (1969) Brookhaven Symp. Biol. , vol.22 , pp. 48
    • Harper, J.L.1
  • 30
    • 0014624845 scopus 로고
    • J. L. Harper, Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 22, 48 (1969); S. M. Louda, Ecol. Monogr. 52, 25 (1982); Ecology 65, 1379 (1984); D. R. Strong, J. H. Lawton, R. Southwood, Insects on Plants: Community Patterns and Mechanisms (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1984); M. J. Crawley, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34, 531 (1989).
    • (1982) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.52 , pp. 25
    • Louda, S.M.1
  • 31
    • 0021561275 scopus 로고
    • J. L. Harper, Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 22, 48 (1969); S. M. Louda, Ecol. Monogr. 52, 25 (1982); Ecology 65, 1379 (1984); D. R. Strong, J. H. Lawton, R. Southwood, Insects on Plants: Community Patterns and Mechanisms (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1984); M. J. Crawley, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34, 531 (1989).
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 1379
  • 32
    • 0014624845 scopus 로고
    • Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA
    • J. L. Harper, Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 22, 48 (1969); S. M. Louda, Ecol. Monogr. 52, 25 (1982); Ecology 65, 1379 (1984); D. R. Strong, J. H. Lawton, R. Southwood, Insects on Plants: Community Patterns and Mechanisms (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1984); M. J. Crawley, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34, 531 (1989).
    • (1984) Insects on Plants: Community Patterns and Mechanisms
    • Strong, D.R.1    Lawton, J.H.2    Southwood, R.3
  • 33
    • 0024902862 scopus 로고
    • J. L. Harper, Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 22, 48 (1969); S. M. Louda, Ecol. Monogr. 52, 25 (1982); Ecology 65, 1379 (1984); D. R. Strong, J. H. Lawton, R. Southwood, Insects on Plants: Community Patterns and Mechanisms (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1984); M. J. Crawley, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 34, 531 (1989).
    • (1989) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.34 , pp. 531
    • Crawley, M.J.1
  • 35
    • 0028976909 scopus 로고
    • S. M. Louda, M. A. Potvin, S. K. Collinge, Am. Midl. Nat. 124, 105 (1990); S. M. Louda and M. A. Potvin, Ecology 76, 229 (1995).
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 229
    • Louda, S.M.1    Potvin, M.A.2
  • 37
    • 1842285259 scopus 로고
    • E. Mellini, Boll. 1st. Entomol. 18, 319 (1951); P. Harris and H. Zwolfer, Can. Entomol. 100, 295 (1968); K. E. Frick, Ed., Biological Control of Thistles in the Genus Carduus in the United States (Science and Education Administration, USDA, Stoneville, MI, 1978); H. Zwolfer and M. Preiss, Z. Angew. Entomol. 95, 113 (1983).
    • (1951) Boll. 1st. Entomol. , vol.18 , pp. 319
    • Mellini, E.1
  • 38
    • 84945801953 scopus 로고
    • E. Mellini, Boll. 1st. Entomol. 18, 319 (1951); P. Harris and H. Zwolfer, Can. Entomol. 100, 295 (1968); K. E. Frick, Ed., Biological Control of Thistles in the Genus Carduus in the United States (Science and Education Administration, USDA, Stoneville, MI, 1978); H. Zwolfer and M. Preiss, Z. Angew. Entomol. 95, 113 (1983).
    • (1968) Can. Entomol. , vol.100 , pp. 295
    • Harris, P.1    Zwolfer, H.2
  • 39
    • 0344706600 scopus 로고
    • Science and Education Administration, USDA, Stoneville, MI
    • E. Mellini, Boll. 1st. Entomol. 18, 319 (1951); P. Harris and H. Zwolfer, Can. Entomol. 100, 295 (1968); K. E. Frick, Ed., Biological Control of Thistles in the Genus Carduus in the United States (Science and Education Administration, USDA, Stoneville, MI, 1978); H. Zwolfer and M. Preiss, Z. Angew. Entomol. 95, 113 (1983).
    • (1978) Biological Control of Thistles in the Genus Carduus in the United States
    • Frick, K.E.1
  • 40
    • 84987222376 scopus 로고
    • E. Mellini, Boll. 1st. Entomol. 18, 319 (1951); P. Harris and H. Zwolfer, Can. Entomol. 100, 295 (1968); K. E. Frick, Ed., Biological Control of Thistles in the Genus Carduus in the United States (Science and Education Administration, USDA, Stoneville, MI, 1978); H. Zwolfer and M. Preiss, Z. Angew. Entomol. 95, 113 (1983).
    • (1983) Z. Angew. Entomol. , vol.95 , pp. 113
    • Zwolfer, H.1    Preiss, M.2
  • 41
  • 43
    • 0002162795 scopus 로고
    • W. W. Surles, L. T. Kok, R. L. Pienkowski, Weed Sci. 22, 1 (1974); N. E. Rees, Environ. Entomol. 6, 839 (1977); M. K. McCarty and W. O. Lamp, Weed Sci. 30, 136 (1982);
    • (1974) Weed Sci. , vol.22 , pp. 1
    • Surles, W.W.1    Kok, L.T.2    Pienkowski, R.L.3
  • 44
    • 0000802674 scopus 로고
    • W. W. Surles, L. T. Kok, R. L. Pienkowski, Weed Sci. 22, 1 (1974); N. E. Rees, Environ. Entomol. 6, 839 (1977); M. K. McCarty and W. O. Lamp, Weed Sci. 30, 136 (1982);
    • (1977) Environ. Entomol. , vol.6 , pp. 839
    • Rees, N.E.1
  • 45
    • 0542444769 scopus 로고
    • W. W. Surles, L. T. Kok, R. L. Pienkowski, Weed Sci. 22, 1 (1974); N. E. Rees, Environ. Entomol. 6, 839 (1977); M. K. McCarty and W. O. Lamp, Weed Sci. 30, 136 (1982);
    • (1982) Weed Sci. , vol.30 , pp. 136
    • McCarty, M.K.1    Lamp, W.O.2
  • 46
    • 0542444770 scopus 로고
    • L. F. James et al., Eds. Westview, Boulder, CO
    • N. E. Rees, in Noxious Range Weeds, L. F. James et al., Eds. (Westview, Boulder, CO, 1991), pp. 264-273.
    • (1991) Noxious Range Weeds , pp. 264-273
    • Rees, N.E.1
  • 47
    • 1842306225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In Rocky Mountain National Park, all expanded thistle flowerheads on a plant were scored by J.C. in August 1996 as no, partial, or complete seed destruction with or without R. conicus. In Mesa Verde and Wind Cave National Parks, flowerheads that exerted flowers were collected, measured, and dissected by D.K. in 1992 and 1994-96 for C. undulatum and in 1992 and 1996 for C. pulchellum. Head diameter and numbers of R. conicus oviposition scars, pupal cells, larvae, pupae, adults, other insects, and viable and damaged seeds were recorded. In The Nature Conservancy's Sandhills prairie preserves (Arapaho Prairie, Arthur County, NE, and Niobrara Valley, Brown County, NE), flowerheads of C. canescens and C. undulatum that exerted a floret were collected, measured, and dissected. Damage to the receptacle and numbers of insects, damaged and undamaged florets, and seeds were recorded.
  • 48
    • 0013337955 scopus 로고
    • W. O. Lamp and M. K. McCarty, Weed Sci. 29, 686 (1981); J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 55, 305 (1982); Environ. Entomol. 11, 847 (1982).
    • (1981) Weed Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 686
    • Lamp, W.O.1    McCarty, M.K.2
  • 49
    • 1842263750 scopus 로고
    • W. O. Lamp and M. K. McCarty, Weed Sci. 29, 686 (1981); J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 55, 305 (1982); Environ. Entomol. 11, 847 (1982).
    • (1982) J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. , vol.55 , pp. 305
  • 50
    • 1842394914 scopus 로고
    • W. O. Lamp and M. K. McCarty, Weed Sci. 29, 686 (1981); J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 55, 305 (1982); Environ. Entomol. 11, 847 (1982).
    • (1982) Environ. Entomol. , vol.11 , pp. 847
  • 51
    • 1842314796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • in preparation
    • Population growth of R. conicus on C. canescens was exponential from 1993 to 1996 (S. M. Louda, in preparation).
    • Louda, S.M.1
  • 52
    • 0020901826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, see P. H. Zedler et al., Am. J. Bot. 70, 1516 (1983); T. J. de Jong and P. G. L. Klinkhammer, J. Ecol. 76, 366 (1988); P. G. L. Klinkhammer, T. J. de Jong, E. van der Meijden, ibid., p. 403.
    • (1983) Am. J. Bot. , vol.70 , pp. 1516
    • Zedler, P.H.1
  • 53
    • 0024219694 scopus 로고
    • For example, see P. H. Zedler et al., Am. J. Bot. 70, 1516 (1983); T. J. de Jong and P. G. L. Klinkhammer, J. Ecol. 76, 366 (1988); P. G. L. Klinkhammer, T. J. de Jong, E. van der Meijden, ibid., p. 403.
    • (1988) J. Ecol. , vol.76 , pp. 366
    • De Jong, T.J.1    Klinkhammer, P.G.L.2
  • 55
    • 0000870297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. D. Goeden and D. W. Ricker, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79, 945 (1986); ibid., p. 953; 80, 152 (1987); ibid., p. 161: C. E. Turner, R. W. Pemberton, S. S. Rosenthal, Environ. Entomol. 16, 111 (1987).
    • (1986) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. , vol.79 , pp. 945
    • Goeden, R.D.1    Ricker, D.W.2
  • 56
    • 0000870297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. D. Goeden and D. W. Ricker, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79, 945 (1986); ibid., p. 953; 80, 152 (1987); ibid., p. 161: C. E. Turner, R. W. Pemberton, S. S. Rosenthal, Environ. Entomol. 16, 111 (1987).
    • Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. , pp. 953
  • 57
    • 0000870297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. D. Goeden and D. W. Ricker, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79, 945 (1986); ibid., p. 953; 80, 152 (1987); ibid., p. 161: C. E. Turner, R. W. Pemberton, S. S. Rosenthal, Environ. Entomol. 16, 111 (1987).
    • (1987) Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. , vol.80 , pp. 152
  • 58
    • 0000870297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R. D. Goeden and D. W. Ricker, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79, 945 (1986); ibid., p. 953; 80, 152 (1987); ibid., p. 161: C. E. Turner, R. W. Pemberton, S. S. Rosenthal, Environ. Entomol. 16, 111 (1987).
    • Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. , pp. 161
  • 59
  • 60
    • 0003657588 scopus 로고
    • Academic Press, New York
    • J. L. Harper, The Population Biology of Plants (Academic Press, New York, 1977); M. Fenner, Seed Ecology (Chapman Hall, London, 1985); S. M. Louda, in Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, M. A. Leek, V. T. Parker, R. L. Simpson, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1989), pp. 25-51.
    • (1977) The Population Biology of Plants
    • Harper, J.L.1
  • 61
    • 0004090499 scopus 로고
    • Chapman Hall, London
    • J. L. Harper, The Population Biology of Plants (Academic Press, New York, 1977); M. Fenner, Seed Ecology (Chapman Hall, London, 1985); S. M. Louda, in Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, M. A. Leek, V. T. Parker, R. L. Simpson, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1989), pp. 25-51.
    • (1985) Seed Ecology
    • Fenner, M.1
  • 62
    • 0002954224 scopus 로고
    • M. A. Leek, V. T. Parker, R. L. Simpson, Eds. Academic Press, New York
    • J. L. Harper, The Population Biology of Plants (Academic Press, New York, 1977); M. Fenner, Seed Ecology (Chapman Hall, London, 1985); S. M. Louda, in Ecology of Soil Seed Banks, M. A. Leek, V. T. Parker, R. L. Simpson, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1989), pp. 25-51.
    • (1989) Ecology of Soil Seed Banks , pp. 25-51
    • Louda, S.M.1
  • 63
    • 0003909770 scopus 로고
    • University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
    • Great Plains Flora Association, Flora of the Great Plains (University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 1986).
    • (1986) Flora of the Great Plains
  • 66
    • 0005729738 scopus 로고
    • C. J. Keddy and P. A. Keddy, Mich. Bot. 23, 57 (1984); M. D. Loveless, thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence (1984); L. M. Stanforth, S. M. Louda, R. L. Bevill, Ecoscience 4 (no. 1), 57 (1997).
    • (1984) Mich. Bot. , vol.23 , pp. 57
    • Keddy, C.J.1    Keddy, P.A.2
  • 67
    • 1842324394 scopus 로고
    • thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence
    • C. J. Keddy and P. A. Keddy, Mich. Bot. 23, 57 (1984); M. D. Loveless, thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence (1984); L. M. Stanforth, S. M. Louda, R. L. Bevill, Ecoscience 4 (no. 1), 57 (1997).
    • (1984)
    • Loveless, M.D.1
  • 68
    • 0031407558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C. J. Keddy and P. A. Keddy, Mich. Bot. 23, 57 (1984); M. D. Loveless, thesis, University of Kansas, Lawrence (1984); L. M. Stanforth, S. M. Louda, R. L. Bevill, Ecoscience 4 (no. 1), 57 (1997).
    • (1997) Ecoscience , vol.4 , Issue.1 , pp. 57
    • Stanforth, L.M.1    Louda, S.M.2    Bevill, R.L.3
  • 69
    • 0001025998 scopus 로고
    • H. Zwolfer and P. Harris, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 16, 159 (1971); J. R. Nechols, W. C. Kauffman, P. W. Schaefer, in (31), pp. 41-52; P. Harris and P. McEvoy, in Proc. VIII Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, E. S. Delfosse and R. R. Scott, Eds. (CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, 1995), pp. 118-137.
    • (1971) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.16 , pp. 159
    • Zwolfer, H.1    Harris, P.2
  • 71
    • 1842313863 scopus 로고
    • E. S. Delfosse and R. R. Scott, Eds. CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia
    • H. Zwolfer and P. Harris, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 16, 159 (1971); J. R. Nechols, W. C. Kauffman, P. W. Schaefer, in (31), pp. 41-52; P. Harris and P. McEvoy, in Proc. VIII Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, E. S. Delfosse and R. R. Scott, Eds. (CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia, 1995), pp. 118-137.
    • (1995) Proc. VIII Internat. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds , pp. 118-137
    • Harris, P.1    McEvoy, P.2
  • 72
    • 0017544146 scopus 로고
    • R. D. Holt, Theor. Popul. Biol. 12, 197 (1977); Am. Nat. 124, 377 (1984); W. W. Murdoch, J. Chesson, P. L. Chesson, ibid. 125, 344 (1985).
    • (1977) Theor. Popul. Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 197
    • Holt, R.D.1
  • 73
    • 0017544146 scopus 로고
    • R. D. Holt, Theor. Popul. Biol. 12, 197 (1977); Am. Nat. 124, 377 (1984); W. W. Murdoch, J. Chesson, P. L. Chesson, ibid. 125, 344 (1985).
    • (1984) Am. Nat. , vol.124 , pp. 377
  • 76
    • 1842273497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • We thank our students, S. Arevalo, R. Bevill, M. Bond, N. Brandt, J. Burger, K. Farrell, M. Gonzales, A. Hines, T. Huettner, K. Jackson, S. McLaughlin, S. McNeil, C. Murphy, M. Nichols, E. Ozolins, K. Parrish, M. Paulsen, Y. Potemkin, M. Ramspott, P. Renaud, L. Stanforth, K. Stormburg, and M. Vejvoda, for help in data collection; A. A. Steuter, M. Colyer, T. Warren and L. Hays for encouragement and shared insights; C. W. O'Brien for weevil identification; the staffs of Cedar Point Biological Station, Niobrara Valley Preserve, and both national parks for logistical support; and A. Basolo, A. Joern, K. H. Keeler, S. A. Louda, J. Mulroy. D. O'Dowd, R. W. Otley, R. W. Pemberton, and D. Pilson for helpful critical input. Supported by the University of Nebraska Research Council (1984, 1990-93, 1996), NSF (grants DEB 92-21065 and DEB96-15299), and the Kathrine Ordway Stewardship Endowment (The Nature Conservancy) (S.L.) and by the Howard Hughes Biomedical Institute and the National Park Service (D.K.).


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.