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In Rocky Mountain National Park, all expanded thistle flowerheads on a plant were scored by J.C. in August 1996 as no, partial, or complete seed destruction with or without R. conicus. In Mesa Verde and Wind Cave National Parks, flowerheads that exerted flowers were collected, measured, and dissected by D.K. in 1992 and 1994-96 for C. undulatum and in 1992 and 1996 for C. pulchellum. Head diameter and numbers of R. conicus oviposition scars, pupal cells, larvae, pupae, adults, other insects, and viable and damaged seeds were recorded. In The Nature Conservancy's Sandhills prairie preserves (Arapaho Prairie, Arthur County, NE, and Niobrara Valley, Brown County, NE), flowerheads of C. canescens and C. undulatum that exerted a floret were collected, measured, and dissected. Damage to the receptacle and numbers of insects, damaged and undamaged florets, and seeds were recorded.
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note
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We thank our students, S. Arevalo, R. Bevill, M. Bond, N. Brandt, J. Burger, K. Farrell, M. Gonzales, A. Hines, T. Huettner, K. Jackson, S. McLaughlin, S. McNeil, C. Murphy, M. Nichols, E. Ozolins, K. Parrish, M. Paulsen, Y. Potemkin, M. Ramspott, P. Renaud, L. Stanforth, K. Stormburg, and M. Vejvoda, for help in data collection; A. A. Steuter, M. Colyer, T. Warren and L. Hays for encouragement and shared insights; C. W. O'Brien for weevil identification; the staffs of Cedar Point Biological Station, Niobrara Valley Preserve, and both national parks for logistical support; and A. Basolo, A. Joern, K. H. Keeler, S. A. Louda, J. Mulroy. D. O'Dowd, R. W. Otley, R. W. Pemberton, and D. Pilson for helpful critical input. Supported by the University of Nebraska Research Council (1984, 1990-93, 1996), NSF (grants DEB 92-21065 and DEB96-15299), and the Kathrine Ordway Stewardship Endowment (The Nature Conservancy) (S.L.) and by the Howard Hughes Biomedical Institute and the National Park Service (D.K.).
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