Malignancy after transplantation

Transplantation

Volumn 80, Issue SUPPL. 2, 2005, Pages

  Buell, Joseph F ^a   Gross, Thomas G ^a   Woodle, E Steve ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcineurin inhibitors; Immunosuppression; Lymphoproliferative disorders; Mycophenolate mofetil; Neoplasms

Indexed keywords

AZATHIOPRINE; BASILIXIMAB; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYCLOSPORIN; DACLIZUMAB; DOXORUBICIN; FINGOLIMOD; LEFLUNOMIDE; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY CD3; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID 2 MORPHOLINOETHYL ESTER; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; RAPAMYCIN; RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; RITUXIMAB; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR ANTIBODY; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE GRAFT REJECTION; ALLOGRAFT; CANCER; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RISK; CANCER SCREENING; CARCINOGENESIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LIFE EXPECTANCY; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MELANOMA; MERKEL CELL TUMOR; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; POSTTRANSPLANT LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SKIN CANCER; TUMOR CELL; VIRUS INFECTION;

AZATHIOPRINE; CALCINEURIN; CARCINOMA, HEPATOCELLULAR; CYCLOSPORINE; HEPATITIS, VIRAL, HUMAN; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS; MYCOPHENOLIC ACID; NEOPLASMS; SIROLIMUS; SKIN NEOPLASMS; TACROLIMUS; TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNOLOGY; TRANSPLANTATION, HOMOLOGOUS;

EID: 27644474482     PISSN: 00411337     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000186382.81130.ba     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Penn I. Cancers in renal transplant recipients. Adv Ren Replace Ther 2000; 7: 147.
2. Penn I. Post-transplant malignancy: the role of immunosuppression. Drug Saf 2000; 23: 101.
3. Penn I. Occurrence of cancers in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients. In: Cecka JM, Terasaki PI, eds. Clinical Transplant 1998. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory, 1998: 147.
4. Ojo AO, Hanson JA, Wolfe RA, et al. Long-term survival in renal transplant recipients with graft function. Kidney Int 2000; 57: 307.
5. Taylor DO, Edwards LB, Boucek MM, et al. The registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Twenty-First Official Adult Heart Transplant Report-2004. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23: 796.
6. Rogers C, Alloway R, Boardman R. Global cardiovascular risk under early steroid cessation decreases progressively in the first year post transplant. Am J Transplant 2004; 8: 299.
7. Buell J, Hanaway M, Thomas M, et al. Malignancies associated with liver transplantation. In: Busuttil RW, Klintmalm GB, ed. Transplantation of the liver. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2004.
8. Buell J, Gross T, Beebe T, et al. Cancer after renal transplantation. In: Cohen EP, ed. Cancer and the kidney. New York City: Oxford University Press, 2004.
9. Gaston RS, Alveranga DY, Becker BN, et al. Kidney and pancreas transplantation. Am J Transplant 2003; 3 (suppl 4): 64.
10. Chapman J, Webster AC. Cancer report: ANZDATA Registry 2004 report, 2004: 99.
11. Hiesse C, Rieu P, Kriaa F, et al. Malignancy after renal transplantation: analysis of incidence and risk factors in 1700 patients followed during a 25-year period. Transplant Proc 1997; 29: 831.
12. Winkelhorst JT, Brokelman WJ, Tiggeler RG, Wobbes T. Incidence and clinical course of de-novo malignancies in renal allograft recipients. Eur J Surg Oncol 2001; 27: 409.
13. Hartevelt MM, Bavinck JN, Kootte AM, et al. Incidence of skin cancer after renal transplantation in the Netherlands. Transplantation 1990; 49: 506.
14. Jensen P, Hansen S, Moller B, et al. Skin cancer in kidney and heart transplant recipients and different long-term immunosuppressive therapy regimens. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999; 40: 177.
15. Ramsay HM, Fryer AA, Hawley CM, et al. Non-melanoma skin cancer risk in the Queensland renal transplant population. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 950.
16. Bordea C, Wojnarowska F, Millard PR, et al. Skin cancers in renal-transplant recipients occur more frequently than previously recognized in a temperate climate. Transplantation 2004; 77: 574.
17. Penn I. De novo malignancy in pediatric organ transplant recipients. J Pediatr Surg 1994; 29: 221.
18. Penn I. Posttransplantation de novo tumors in liver allograft recipients. Liver Transpl Surg 1996; 2: 52.
19. Shiba N, Chan MC, Kwok BW, et al. Analysis of survivors more than 10 years after heart transplantation in the cyclosporine era: Stanford experience. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23: 155.
20. Stewart JH, Buccianti G, Agodoa L, et al. Cancers of the kidney and urinary tract in patients on dialysis for end-stage renal disease: analysis of data from the United States, Europe, and Australia and New Zealand. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 197.
21. Denton MD, Magee CC, Ovuworie C, et al. Prevalence of renal cell carcinoma in patients with ESRD pre-transplantation: a pathologic analysis. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 2201.
22. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Hepatocellular carcinoma: Screening, diagnosis and management, 2004. Available at www.niddk.nih.gov/fund/other/hepato_carc/liver_cancer. pdf. Accessed July 1, 2005.
23. Wiesner RH, Sorrell M, Villamil F. Report of the first International Liver Transplantation Society expert panel consensus conference on liver transplantation and hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 2003; 9 (Suppl): S1.
24. Fong Y, Kemeny N, Lawrence TS. Cancer of the liver and biliary tree. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles and practice of oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 1162.
25. Coit DG. Cancer of the small intestine. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles and practice of oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 1204.
26. Diehl V, Hauch P, Harris N. Hodgkin's Disease. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, ed. Cancer: Principles and practice of oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 2339.
27. Yarchoan R, Little RF. Immunosuppression-related malignancies. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles and practice of oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 2575.
28. Rosenberg S. Principles of cancer management: Biologic therapy. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, ed. Cancer: Principles and practices of oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001: 307.
29. Alamartine E, Sabido O, Berthoux F. In-vitro effects of cyclosporin A, FK506,6-mercaptopurine, and prednisolone on lymphokine-activated killer cells. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1994; 9: 1456.
30. Tamura F, Masuhara A, Sakaida I, et al. FK506 promotes liver regeneration by suppressing natural killer cell activity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 13: 703.
31. Fung JJ, Jain A, Kwak EJ, et al. De novo malignancies after liver transplantation: a major cause of late death. Liver Transpl 2001; 7 (Suppl): S109.
32. Engels EA, Goedert JJ. Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cancer: past, present, and future. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97: 407.
33. Muller AM, Ihorst G, Mertelsmann R, Engelhardt M. Epidemiology of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL): trends, geographic distribution, and etiology. Ann Hematol 2005; 84: 1.
34. Moore PS, Gao SJ, Dominguez G, et al. Primary characterization of a herpesvirus agent associated with Kaposi's sarcomae. J Virol 1996; 70: 549.
35. Penn I. Kaposi's sarcoma in transplant recipients. Transplantation 1997; 64: 669.
36. Woodle ES, Hanaway M, Buell J, et al. Kaposi sarcoma: an analysis of the US and international experiences from the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry. Transplant Proc 2001; 33: 3660.
37. Meyer T, Arndt R, Nindl I, et al. Association of human papillomavirus infections with cutaneous tumors in immunosuppressed patients. Transpl Int 2003; 16: 146.
38. Euvrard S, Chardonnet Y, Pouteil-Noble C, et al. Association of skin malignancies with various and multiple carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic human papillomaviruses in renal transplant recipients. Cancer 1993; 72: 2198.
39. Guba M, Graeb C, Jauch KW, Geissler EK. Pro- and anti-cancer effects of immunosuppressive agents used in organ transplantation. Transplantation 2004; 77: 1777.
40. Hojo M, Morimoto T, Maluccio M, et al. Cyclosporine induces cancer progression by a cell-autonomous mechanism. Nature 1999; 397: 530.
41. Shihab FS, Bennett WM, Isaac J, et al. Nitric oxide modulates vascular endothelial growth factor and receptors in chronic cyclosporine nephrotoxicity. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 522.
42. Reichenspurner H. Overview of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression after heart or lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 24: 119.
43. Herman M, Weinstein T, Korzets A, et al. Effect of cyclosporin A on DNA repair and cancer incidence in kidney transplant recipients. J Lab Clin Med 2001; 137: 14.
44. Morisaki T, Matsunaga H, Beppu K, et al. A combination of cyclosporin-A (CsA) and interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) induces apoptosis in human gastric carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res 2000; 20: 3363.
45. Nomura T, Yamamoto H, Mimata H, et al. Enhancement by cyclosporin A of taxol-induced apoptosis of human urinary bladder cancer cells. Urol Res 2002; 30: 102.
46. Mistrikova J, Mrmusova M, Durmanova V, Rajcani J. Increased neoplasm development due to immunosuppressive treatment with FK-506 in BALB/C mice persistently infected with the mouse herpesvirus (MHV-72). Viral Immunol 1999; 12: 237.
47. Maluccio M, Sharma V, Lagman M, et al. Tacrolimus enhances transforming growth factor-beta, expression and promotes tumor progression. Transplantation 2003; 76: 597.
48. Sakai M, Miyake H, Tashiro S, et al. Inhibitory effect of FK506 and cyclosporine A on the growth and invasion of human liver cancer cells. J Med Invest 2004; 51: 63.
49. Kalas W, Matuszyk J, Ziolo E, Strzadala L. FK506 restores sensitivity of thymic lymphomas to calcium-mediated apoptosis and the inducible expression of Fas ligand. Anticancer Res 2003; 23: 1613.
50. Dharnidharka VR, Ho PL, Stablein DM, et al. Mycophenolate, tacrolimus and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study. Pediatr Transplant 2002; 6: 396.
51. Taylor L, Hughes RA, McPherson K. The risk of cancer from azathioprine as a treatment for multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2004; 11: 141.
52. Beauparlant P, Papp K, Haraoui B. The incidence of cancer associated with the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 1999; 29: 148.
53. Kasiske BL, Snyder JJ, Gilbertson DT, Wang C. Cancer after kidney transplantation in the United States. Am J Transplant 2004; 4: 905.
54. Swann PF, Waters TR, Moulton DC, et al. Role of postreplicative DNA mismatch repair in the cytotoxic action of thioguanine. Science 1996; 273: 1109.
55. Offman J, Opelz G, Doehler B, et al. Defective DNA mismatch repair in acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndrome after organ transplantation. Blood 2004; 104: 822.
56. Tressler RJ, Garvin LJ, Slate DL. Anti-tumor activity of mycophenolate mofetil against human and mouse tumors in vivo. Int J Cancer 1994; 57: 568.
57. Weber G, Hager JC, Lui MS, et al. Biochemical programs of slowly and rapidly growing human colon carcinoma xenografts. Cancer Res 1981; 41: 854.
58. Natsumeda Y, Prajda N, Donohue JP, et al. Enzymic capacities of purine de novo and salvage pathways for nucleotide synthesis in normal and neoplastic tissues. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 2475.
59. Nagai M, Natsumeda Y, Konno Y, et al. Selective up-regulation of type II inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase messenger RNA expression in human leukemias. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 3886.
60. Jackson RC, Weber G, Morris HP. IMP dehydrogenase, an enzyme linked with proliferation and malignancy. Nature 1975; 256: 331.
61. Yu J, Lemas V, Page T, et al. Induction of erythroid differentiation in K562 cells by inhibitors of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 5555.
62. Ohsugi Y, Suzuki S, Takagaki Y. Antitumor and immunosuppressive effects of mycophenolic acid derivatives. Cancer Res 1976; 36: 2923.
63. Carter SB, Franklin TJ, Jones DF, et al. Mycophenolic acid: an anticancer compound with unusual properties. Nature 1969; 223: 848.
64. Engl T, Makarevic J, Relja B, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil modulates adhesion receptors of the beta1 integrin family on tumor cells: impact on tumor recurrence and malignancy. BMC Cancer 2005; 5: 4.
65. Heemann U, Azuma H, Hamar P, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil inhibits lymphocyte binding and the upregulation of adhesion molecules in acute rejection of rat kidney allografts. Transpl Immunol 1996; 4: 64.
66. Leckel K, Beecken WD, Jonas D, et al. The immunosuppressive drug mycophenolate mofetil impairs the adhesion capacity of gastrointestinal tumour cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134: 238.
67. Cherikh WS, Kauffman HM, McBride MA, et al. Association of the type of induction immunosuppression with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, graft survival, and patient survival after primary kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2003; 76: 1289.
68. Triemer HL, Pearson TC, Odom KL, Larsen CP. Analysis of a single-center experience with mycophenolate mofetil based immunosuppression in renal transplantation. Clin Transplant 2000; 14: 413.
69. Wang K, Zhang H, Li Y, et al. Safety of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine in renal transplantation: a systematic review. Transplant Proc 2004; 36: 2068.
70. Funch D, Ko H, Travasso J, et al. Association between mycophenolate mofetil and development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in renal transplant patients in the US [Abstract]. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 348.
71. Robson R. Risk of PTLD & other malignancies in renal transplant patients treated with MMF: a prospective observational cohort study [Abstract]. Paper presented at: American Transplant Congress; May 31-June 1, 2003; Washington, DC.
72. Birkeland SA, Hamilton-Dutoit S. Is posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) caused by any specific immunosuppressive drug or by the transplantation per se? Transplantation 2003; 76: 984.
73. Trofe J, Beebe TM, Buell JF, et al. Posttransplant malignancy. Prog Transplant 2004; 14: 193.
74. Yakupoglu Y, Knight R, Katz S. Low incidence of malignancy among sirolimus-cyclosporine treated transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2004; 3 (Suppl 5): 187.
75. Trotter JF. Sirolimus in liver transplantation. Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 193S.
76. Koehl GE, Andrassy J, Guba M, et al. Rapamycin protects allografts from rejection while simultaneously attacking tumors in immunosuppressed mice. Transplantation 2004; 77: 1319.
77. Guba M, von Breitenbuch P, Steinbauer M, et al. Rapamycin inhibits primary and metastatic tumor growth by antiangiogenesis: involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor. Nat Med 2002; 8: 128.
78. Luan FL, Ding R, Sharma VK, et al. Rapamycin is an effective inhibitor of human renal cancer metastasis. Kidney Int 2003; 63: 917.
79. Nepomuceno RR, Balatoni CE, Natkunam Y, et al. Rapamycin inhibits the interleukin 10 signal transduction pathway and the growth of Epstein Barr virus B-cell lymphomas. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 4472.
80. Kahan B, Knight R, Schoenberg L, et al. Ten years of sirolimus therapy for human renal transplantation: the University of Texas at Houston experience. Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 25S.
81. Kreis H, Oberbauer R, Campistol JM, et al. Long-term benefits with sirolimus-based therapy after early cyclosporine withdrawal. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004; 15: 809.
82. Stallone G, Schena A, Infante B, et al. Sirolimus for Kaposi's sarcoma in renal-transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1317.
83. Swinnen LJ, Fisher RI. OKT3 monoclonal antibodies induce interleukin-6 and interleukin-10: a possible cause of lymphoproliferative disorders associated with transplantation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 1993; 2: 670.
84. Lenner R, Padilla ML, Teirstein AS, et al. Pulmonary complications in cardiac transplant recipients. Chest 2001; 120: 508.
85. Duvoux C, Pageaux GP, Vanlemmens C, et al. Risk factors for lymphoproliferative disorders after liver transplantation in adults: an analysis of 480 patients. Transplantation 2002; 74: 1103.
86. Dharnidharka VR, Sullivan EK, Stablein DM, et al. Risk factors for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in pediatric kidney transplantation: a report of the North American Pediatric Renal Transplant Cooperative Study (NAPRTCS). Transplantation 2001; 71: 1065.
87. Ruiz P, Soares MF, Garcia M, et al. Lymphoplasmacytic hyperplasia (possibly pre-PTLD) has varied expression and appearance in intestinal transplant recipients receiving Campath immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 2004; 36: 386.
88. Kovarik JM, Schmouder RL, Slade AJ. Overview of FTY720 clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. Ther Drug Monit 2004; 26: 585.
89. Ueda H, Takahara S, Itoh S, et al. Preoperative administration of FTY720 prolonged renal allograft survival. Transpl Immunol 2005; 14: 1.
90. Naparstek E. The role of the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Curr Hematol Rep 2005; 4: 276.
91. Haga M, Tsuchida M, Hirahara H, et al. Synergistic effect of anti-T cell receptor monoclonal antibody and 15-deoxyspergualin on cardiac xenograft survival in a mouse-to-rat model. Transplantation 2000; 69: 2613.
92. Uchiyama H, Kong Y, Kishihara K, et al. Approach to withdrawal from tacrolimus in a fully allogeneic murine skin graft model. Immunology 1999; 97: 294.
93. Shroff R, Rees L. The post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder-a literature review. Pediatr Nephrol 2004; 19: 369.
94. Cao S, Cox K, Esquivel CO, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders and gastrointestinal manifestations of Epstein-Barr virus in-fection in children following liver transplantation. Transplantation 1998; 66: 851.
95. Dotti G, Fiocchi R, Motta T, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-negative lympho-proliferative disorders in long-term survivors after heart, kidney, and liver transplant. Transplantation 2000; 69: 827.
96. Niller HH, Salamon D, Ilg K, et al. EBV-associated neoplasms: alternative pathogenetic pathways. Med Hypotheses 2004; 62: 387.
97. Leblond V, Davi F, Charlotte F, et al. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders not associated with Epstein-Barr virus: A distinct entity? J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2052.
98. Nelson BP, Nalesnik MA, Bahler DW, et al. Epstein-Barr virus-negative post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: A distinct entity? Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24: 375.
99. Ghobrial IM, Habermann TM, Macon WR, et al. Differences between early and late posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders in solid organ transplant patients: Are they two different diseases? Transplantation 2005; 79: 244.
100. Hutto EH, Anderson DC, Mansfield KG. Cytomegalovirus-associated discrete gastrointestinal masses in macaques infected with the simian immunodeficiency virus. Vet Pathol 2004; 41: 691.
101. Croul S, Otte J, Khalili K. Brain tumors and polyomaviruses. J Neurovirol 2003; 9: 173.
102. Ganschow R, Schulz T, Meyer T, et al. Low-dose immunosuppression reduces the incidence of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver graft recipients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004; 38: 198.
103. Aull MJ, Buell JF, Trofe J, et al. Experience with 274 cardiac transplant recipients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: a report from the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry. Transplantation 2004; 78: 1676.
104. Merchen T, Gupta M, First MR, et al. PTLD following lung transplantation [Abstract]. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 157.
105. Hanaway MJ, Buell JF, Woodle ES, et al. Effect of sites of presentation of PTLD markedly influences survival after solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 2004; 8: 521.
106. Castellano-Sanchez AA, Li S, Qian J, et al. Primary central nervous system posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Clin Pathol 2004; 121: 246.
107. Hanaway M, Buell J, Woodle E, et al. Effect of PTLD-sites of presentation on survival after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003; 9: C33.
108. Buell JF, Gross TG, Hanaway MJ, et al. Post transplant lymphoproliferative disorder: the significance of central nervous system involvement [Abstract]. Am J Transplant 2002; 2: 373.
109. Hurwitz M, Desai DM, Cox KL, et al. Complete immunosuppressive withdrawal as a uniform approach to post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in pediatric liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2004; 8: 267.
110. Gross T. Low-dose chemotherapy for children with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Recent Results Cancer Res 2002; 159: 96.
111. Pescovitz M, Punch D, Schneider G, Walker A. Antiviral use and its association with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in renal transplant patients. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 447.
112. Humar A, Hebert D, Davies D, et al. A multi-center randomized trial of ganciclovir vs. ganciclovir plus immune globulin for prophylaxis against EBV related PTLD in high risk solid organ transplant recipients: one-year results [Abstract]. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 446.
113. Niitsu N, Hayama M, Okamoto M, et al. Phase I study of rituximab-CHOP regimen in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in patients with follicular lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 4077.
114. Mellstedt H. Monoclonal antibodies in human cancer. Drugs Today (Barc) 2003; 39 (Suppl C): 1.
115. Ganne V, Siddiqi N, Kamaplath B, et al. Humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab) treatment for post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Clin Transplant 2003; 17: 417.
116. Jain A. Single center experience with rituximab for the treatment of PTLD in transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 446.
117. Orjuela M, Gross TG, Cheung YK, et al. A pilot study of chemoimmunotherapy (cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and rituximab) in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder following solid organ transplantation. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9 (Suppl): 3945S.
118. Weigel R, Senn P, Weis J, Krauss JK. Severe complications after intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) for treatment of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2004; 106: 82.
119. Garcia-Manero G, Glantz M. Leukemia and lymphoma: what is the role for intrathecal prophylactic treatment in adults? Expert Rev Neurother 2004; 4 (Suppl): S25.
120. Schulz H, Pels H, Schmidt-Wolf I, et al. Intraventricular treatment of relapsed central nervous system lymphoma with the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab. Haematologica 2004; 89: 753.
121. Euvrard S, Kanitakis J, Claudy A. Skin cancers after organ transplantation. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1681.
122. Dreno B, Mansat E, Legoux B, Litoux P. Skin cancers in transplant patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 1374.
123. Gupta AK, Cardella CJ, Haberman HF. Cutaneous malignant neoplasms in patients with renal transplants. Arch Dermatol 1986; 122: 1288.
124. Buell JF, Trofe J, Hanaway MJ, et al. Immunosuppression and Merkel cell cancer. Transplant Proc 2002; 34: 1780.
125. Ulrich C, Schmook T, Sachse MM, et al. Comparative epidemiology and pathogenic factors for nonmelanoma skin cancer in organ transplant patients. Dermatol Surg 2004; 30: 622.
126. Penn I, Brunson ME. Cancers after cyclosporine therapy. Transplant Proc 1988; 20: 885.
127. Glover MT, Deeks JJ, Raftery MJ, et al. Immunosuppression and risk of non-melanoma skin cancer in renal transplant recipients. Lancet 1997; 349: 398.
128. Port F. Standardized incidence ratio: the rate of de novo malignancies by site and transplanted organ compared to population-based controls. Paper presented at: Third Annual ASTS/Winter Symposium; January 24-26, 2003; Miami, Florida.
129. Papaconstantinou HT, Sklow B, Hanaway MJ, et al. Characteristics and survival patterns of solid organ transplant patients developing de novo colon and rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2004; 47: 1898.
130. Hanaway MJ, Trofe J, Buell JF, et al. Colon cancer risk in liver transplant recipients: the Israel Penn International Transplant Tumor Registry experience [Abstract]. Am J Transplant 2001; 1: 264.
131. Husted TL, Hanaway MJ, Beebe TM, et al. Pre-existing colon carcinoma in solid organ transplant recipients [Abstract]. Am J Transplant 2003; 3: 530.
132. Kneteman NM, Oberholzer J, Al Saghier M, et al. Sirolimus-based Immunosuppression for liver transplantation in the presence of extended criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Transpl 2004; 10: 1301.
133. Buell JF, Husted T, Hanaway MJ, et al. Incidental diagnosis of gastric cancer in transplant recipients improves patient survival. Surgery 2002; 132: 754.