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Volumn 59, Issue C, 2004, Pages 1-201

The thermodynamics of elastically stressed crystals

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EID: 27144516887     PISSN: 00811947     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0081-1947(04)80003-1     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (106)

References (155)
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    • note
    • We use θ for the temperature instead of T so as to avoid confusion with the Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor.
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    • note
    • ij =0 if i≠j.
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    • i d S.
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    • 3i,3 .
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    • The use of δ u represents an imaginary displacement performed in such a way that the forces acting on the body are not changed.
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    • note
    • A nonlinear dependence of the lattice parameter on composition is treated in the same way. However, the resulting equations for the diffusion potential will not decouple.
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    • The treatment of crystals for which an atom can occupy two sublattices was elucidated for the hydrostatic case.
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    • note
    • Of course, the internal energy density can depend on other variables as well. For example, in an ionic crystal, the internal energy is also a function of the electric displacement and the various atomic species can have different charge states.
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    • Note that the application of the uniaxial stress in the absence of the two inhomogeneities changes the diffusion potential, but does not lead to a change in solute composition.
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    • 13 for a dynamical treatment of the interfacial stress
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    • note
    • The conditions for stability when the lattice depends on vacancy concentration have been examined by Spencer et al.
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    • note
    • Because only n thermodynamic fields are independent, one of the thermodynamic fields must be dependent.
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    • note
    • v .
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    • note
    • As an example, consider the temperature-pressure phase diagram of a single-component system. There are two independent thermodynamic fields (temperature and pressure) and the dependent field is the molar Gibbs free energy. In the two-dimensional space of temperature and pressure, single phases are found in areas (two dimensions), regions of two-phase coexistence along lines (one dimension), and three-phase coexistence at points.
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    • A unique description of the system not only requires knowledge of which phases are present but also the relative amounts of each phase.
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    • note
    • This behavior is completely analogous to that of unstressed ternary alloys. In a plot of temperature and the composition of just one of the alloy components, the critical temperature does not coincide with the maximum temperature of the miscibility gap.
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    • The plane of the temperature-composition phase diagram corresponds to zero stress. But the individual phases are stressed, even when the applied stress vanishes, owing to the misfit strains.
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    • note
    • Of course, as proven in a previous subsection, a phase rule does exist for this system. The perception that the phase rule is violated arises when the thermodynamic fields and densities are not properly identified.
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    • note
    • By absolutely stable, it is meant that, for all permissible variations in the phase compositions and stress states, the system has the lowest energy. Linearly stable means the system has the lowest energy in some region around the equilibrium state. A linearly stable state sits in an energy well.
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    • note
    • For example, the yield stress of the two-phase system would still reflect the symmetry of the cubic matrix phase when the tetragonal precipitates assume all orientational variants equally. This would not be true if the axis of tetragonality of all precipitates were parallel.
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    • note
    • The Curie group contains the symmetry operations of the external field.
  • 143


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