Treatment of cytomegalovirus diseases

Intervirology

Volumn 40, Issue 5-6, 1997, Pages 357-367

  Vogel, Jens Owe ^a   Scholz, Martin ^a   Cinatl, Jindrich ^a  

^a GOETHE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Antiviral therapy; Human cytomegalovirus; New drugs

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; CIDOFOVIR; FOSCARNET SODIUM; GANCICLOVIR;

BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CYTOMEGALIC INCLUSION BODY DISEASE; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; HUMAN; HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEINURIA; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; VIRUS REPLICATION; VIRUS RESISTANCE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS; CYTOSINE; DRUG RESISTANCE, MICROBIAL; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; ENZYME INHIBITORS; FOSCARNET; GANCICLOVIR; HUMANS; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS; PHOSPHONIC ACIDS;

EID: 2642645409     PISSN: 03005526     EISSN: 14230100     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000150568     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Pleskoff O, Treboute C, Brelol A, Heveker N, Scman M, Alizon M: Identification of a chcmo-kine receptor encoded by human cytomegalovirus as a cofactor for HIV-1 entry, Science 1997; 276:1874-1878.
2. Dobrescu D, Ursea B, Pope M, Aseh AS, Pos-netl DN: Enhanced HIV-1 replication in V beta 12 T cells due to human cytomegalovirus in monocytes: Evidence for a putative herpesvirus superantigen, Cell 1995:82:753-763.
3. Curtsinger JM, Liu YN, Radeke R, Bryon MK, Euad S, Bach FH, Gehrz RC: Molecular analysis of the immune response to human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (gB) II low gB specific T and B cell responses are associated with expression of certain HLA-DR alleles, J Gen Virol 1994:75:301-307.
4. Marshall GS, Ricciardi RP, Rando RF: An adenovirus recombinant that expresses the human cytomegalovirus major envelope glycoprotein and induces neutralizing antibodies, J Infect Dis 1990:162:1177-1181.
5. Plotkin SA: Vaccines for varicella zoster virus and cytomegalovirus: Recent progress, Science 1994:265:1383-1385.
6. Gilbert GL, Hayes K, Hudson IL, James J: Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in infants by blood filtration to remove leukocytes, Lancet 1989;i: 1228-1231.
7. Eiscnfcld L Silver H, McLaughlin J, Klcvjer-Andcrson P, Mayo D, Anderson J, Herson V, Krause P, Savidakis J, Lazar A, Rosenkrantz T, Pisciotto P: Prevention of transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infection in neonatal patients by the removal of white cells from blood, Transfusion 1992;2:205-209.
8. Bowden RA, Slichter SJ, Sayers M, Weisdorf D, Cays M, Schoch G, Banaji M, llaake R, VVclk K, Fisher L, McCullough J, Miller W: A comparison of filtered lcukocvte-rcduced and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative blood products for the prevention of transfusion-associated CMV infection after marrow transplant, Blood 1995:86:3598-3603.
9. van Proojcn HC, Visscr J J, van Oostendorp WR, Dc Gast GC, Vcrdonck LF: Prevention of primary transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infection in bone marrow transplant recipients by the removal of white cells from blood components with high-afTinitv filters, Br J Haematol 1994:87:144-147.
10. Vcrdonck LF, de Graan-Hentzen YCE, Dekker AW, de Gast GC: Cytomegalovirus seronegative platelets and leukocyte-poor red blood cells from random donors can prevent primary cytomegalovirus infection after bone marrow transplantation, Bone Marrow Transplant 1987:2: 73-78.
11. Busch MP, Lee T-H, Hcitman J: Allogeneic leukocytes but not therapeutic blood elements induce reactivation and dissemination of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: Implications for transfusion support of infected patients, Blood 1992:80:2128-2135.
12. Brunson ME, Alexander JW: Mechanisms of transfusion-induced immunosuppression, Transfusion 1990;30:651-658.
13. Wade JC, Hintz M, McGuffin RW, Spring-mever SC, Connor JD, Meyers JD: Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia with high-dose acyclovir, Am J Med 1982;73(suppl):249-256.
14. Plotkin SA, Starr SE, Bryan CK: In vitro and in vivo responses of cytomegalovirus to acyclovir, Am J Med 1982;73(suppl):257-261.
15. Balfour HH Jr: Prevention and treatment of cytomegalovirus disease: in Balfour HH Jr(ed): Advances in therapy against herpesvirus infections in immunocompromised hosts, Proceedings of a symposium, Minneapolis, 1985:35-39.
16. Balfour HH Jr: Management of cytomegalovirus disease with antiviral drugs, Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12(suppl):849-860.
17. Wagstaff AJ, Faulds D, Goa KL: Aciclovir, A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy, Drugs 1994:47:153-205.
18. Bailey TC, Ettinger NA, Slorclt GA, Trulock EP, Hanto DW, Dunagan WC, Jcndrisak MD, McCullough CS, Kcnzora JL, Powderly WG: Failure of high-dose oral acyclovir with or without immune globulin to prevent primary cytomegalovirus disease in recipients of solid organ transplants, Am J Med 1993:95:273-278.
19. Mollison LC, Richards MJ, Johnson PD, Hayes K, Munckhof WJ, Jones RM, Dabkows-ki PD, Angus PW: High-dose oral acyclovir reduces the incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in liver transplant recipients, J Infect Dis 1993:168:721-724.
20. Wong T, Lavaud S, Toupance O, Carquin J, Wvnckel A, Melin JP, Hanrotel C, Chanard J: Failure of acyclovir to prevent cytomegalovirus infection in renal allograft recipients, Transplant Int 1993:6:285-289.
21. Sclbcv PJ, Powlcs RL, Easton D, Perrcn TJ, Stolle K, Jameson B, Fiddian AP, Tryhom Y, Stem H: The prophylactic role of intravenous and long-term oral acyclovir after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Br J Cancer 1989:59:434-438.
22. Spector SA, McKinley GF, Lalezari JP, Samo T, Andruczk R, Follansbcc S, Sparti PD, Hav-lir DV, Simpson G, Buhles W, Wong R, Stem-pien M: For the Roche Cooperative Oral Ganciclovir Study Group Oral ganciclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in persons with AIDS, N Engl J Med 1996:334:1491-1497.
23. Canpolat C, Culbcrt S, Gardner M, Whimbev E, Tarrand J, Chan KW: Ganciclovir prophylaxis for cytomegalovirus infection in pediatric allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients, Bone Marrow Transplant 1996:17:589-593.
24. Winston DJ, Intagawa DK, Holt CD, Kaldas F, Shaked A, Busuttil RW: Long-term ganciclovir prophylaxis eliminates serious cytomegalovirus disease in liver transplant recipients receiving OKT3 therapy for rejection, Transplantation 1995;60:1357-1360.
25. Conti DJ, Freed BM, Singh TP, Gallichio M, Gruber SA, Lempcrt N: Preemptive ganciclovir therapy in cytomegalovirus-seropositive renal transplant recipients, Arch Surg 1995:130: 1217-1222.
26. Cole NL, Balfour HH Jr: In vitro susceptibility of cytomegalovirus isolates from immunocompromised patients to acyclovir and ganciclovir, Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1987;6:255-261.
27. Shigela S, Konno K, Baba M, Yokota T, De Clcrcq E: Comparative inhibitory effects of nucleoside analogues on different clinical isolates of human cvtomcgalovirus in vitro, J Infect Dis 1991;163:270-275.
28. Andrei G, Snoeck R, Schol D, Goubau P, Des-mytcr J, De Clcrcq E: Comparative activity of selected antiviral compounds against clinical isolates of human cytomegalovirus, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991:10:1026-1033.
29. Millar AB, Miller RF, Patou G, Mindel A, Marsh R, Semple SJ: T rcatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with zidovudine and ganciclovir in patients with AIDS: Outcome and toxicity, Genilourin Med 1990:66:156-158.
30. Baidanti F, Sarasini A, Silini E, Barbi M, Laz-zarin A, Biron KK, Gema G: Four dually resistant human cytomegalovirus strains from AIDS patients: Single mutations in UL97 and UL54 open reading frames are responsible for ganciclovir- and foscamct-spccific resistance, respectively, Scand J Infect Dis 1995; 99(suppl): 103-104.
31. Knox KK, Drobyski WR, Carrigan DR: Cytomegalovirus isolate resistant to ganciclovir and foscamet from a marrow transplant patient, Lancet 1991;2:1292-1293.
32. Sjovall J, Karlsson A, Ogenstad S, Sandsirom E, Saarimaki M: Pharmacokinetics and absorption of foscamet after intravenous and oral administration to patients with human immunodeficiency virus, Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988: 44:65-73.
33. Liltler E, Stuart AD, Chee MS: Human cytomegalovirus UL97 open reading frame encodes a protein that phosphorylates the antiviral analogue ganciclovir, Nature 1992;358:160-162.
34. Lea AP, Bryson HM: Cidofovir, Drugs 1996; 52:225-230'
35. Cherringlon JM, Mulato JS, Fuller M: In vitro selection of a human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) that is resistant to cidofovir (abstract), 35th International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco
36. Harada K, Eizuru Y, Isashiki Y, Ihara S, Mi-namishima Y: Genetic analysis of a clinical isolate of human cytomegalovirus exhibiting resistance against both ganciclovir and cidofovir, Arch Virol 1997:142:215-225.
37. Jacobson MA, Odonncl! JJ: Approaches to the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis - ganciclovir and foscamet, J Acquir Immune Dcfic Syndr 1991;4(suppl): 11-15.
38. Sullivan V, Talarico CL, Stanat SC, Davis M, Coen DM, Biron KK: A protein kinase homo-logue controls phosphorylation of ganciclovir in human cytomegalovirus-infected cells, Nature 1992:358:162-164.
39. Boehmc RE: Phosphorylation of the antiviral precursor 9-(1.3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)-guaninc monophosphate by guanylate kinase isozymes, J Biol Chem 1984:259:12346-12349.
40. Matthews T, Bochme R: Antiviral activity and mechanism of action of ganciclovir, Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10(suppl):490-494.
41. Mar E-C, Cheng Y-C, Huang ES: Effect of 9-(1.3-dihydroxy 2-propoxvmcthyl)guanine on human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro, Antimicrob Agents Chemotherapy 1983:24: 518-521.
42. Faulds D, Heel RC: Ganciclovir, A review of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in cytomegalovirus infections, Drugs 1990:39:597-638.
43. Drew WL, Miner R, Busch DF, Follansbce SE, Gullett J, Mehalko SG, Gordon SM, Owen WF, Matthews TR, Buhles WC, DeArmond B: Prevalence of CMV resistance in patients receiving ganciclovir for serious CMV infection, J Infect Dis 1991:163:716-719.
44. Smith I, Spector SA, in: A review of key presentations on CMV Infection (abstract), 3rd International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Birmingham, November 1996.
45. Chcrrington JM: A review of key presentations on CMV Infection (abstract), 3rd International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection, Birmingham, November 1996.
46. Lurain NS, Spafford LE Thompson KD: Mutations in the open reading frame of human cytomegalovirus strains resistant to ganciclovir, J Virol 1994:68:4427-4431.
47. Crunipackcr CS: Mechanism of action of foscamet against viral polymerases, Am J Med 1992:2(suppl):3-7.
48. Wagstaff AJ, Bryson HM: Foscamet: A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in immunocompromised patients with viral infections, Drugs 1994:48:199-226.
49. Ho H-T, Woods KL, Bronson JJ, De Boeck H, Martin JC, Hitchcock MJM: Intracellular metabolism of the antiherpes agent (5>l-[3-hy-droxy-2-phosphonylmclhoxy)propyl]-cvlosine, Mol Pharmacol 1992:41:197-202.
50. Neyts J, Snoeck R, Balzarini J, De Clcrcq E: Particular characteristics of the antihuman cytomegalovirus activity of (S)-l-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmcthoxypropyl)cytosinc (HPMPC) in vitro, Antiviral Res 1991:16:41-52.
51. Nacsens L, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Balzarini J, Neyts J, De Clercq E: HPMPC (cidofovir), PMEA (adefovir) and related acyclic nucleoside phosphonatc analogues: A review of their pharmacology and clinical potential in the treatment of viral infections, Antiviral Chem Chemother 1997;8:1-23.
52. Xiong X, Smith JL, Kim C, Huang E, Chen MS: Kinetic analysis of interaction ofcidofovir diphosphate with human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase, Biochcm Pharmacol 1996; 51:1563-1567.
53. Cihlar T, Votruha I, Horska K, Liboska R, Rosenberg I, Holy A: Metabolism of l-(S>(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxy-propyi)cyto-sine(HPMPC) in human embryonic lung cells, Coll Czech Chem Commun 1992:57:661-672.
54. Aduma PP, Connelly MC, Srinivas RV, Frid-land A: Metabolic diversity and antiviral activities of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates, Mol Pharmacol 1995;47:816-822.
55. Danner SA: Management of cytomegalovirus disease, AIDS 1995:9(suppl):3-8.
56. Jabs DA, Enger C, Bartlett JCJ: Cytomegalovirus retinitis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Arch Ophthalmol 1989:170:75-80.
57. Speclor SA, Weingeist T, Pollard RB, Dieterich DT, Samo T, Benson CA, Busch DF, Freeman WR, Montague P, Kaplan HJ: A randomized, controlled study of intravenous ganciclovir therapy of cytomegalovirus peripheral retinitis in patients with AIDS, J Infect Dis 1993:168: 557-563.
58. Studies of the Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group, in collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trial group: Mortality in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with either foscamet or ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis, N Engl J Med 1992:326:213-220.
59. Drew WL, Ives D, Lalezari JP, Crumpacker C, Follansbee SE, Spcctor SA, Benson CA, Freid-berg DN, Hubbard L, Stcmpicn MJ, Shadman A, Bullies W: Oral ganciclovir as maintenance treatment for cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS, N Engl J Med 1995:333:615-620.
60. Jacobson MA, O’Donnell JJ, Mills J: Foscamet treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Antimicrob Agents Chcmother 1989:33:736-741.
61. Studies of the Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group, in collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trial group: Foscamet-ganciclo-vir cytomegalovirus retinitis trial: Visual outcomes, Ophthalmology 1994:101:1250-1261.
62. Arevalo JF, Gonzalez C, Capparelli EV, Kirsch LS, Garcia RF, Quicento JI, Connor JD, Gam-bcrtoglio J, Bergeron-Eynn G, Freeman WR: Intravitreous and plasma concentrations of ganciclovir and foscamet after intravenous therapy in patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus retinitis, J Infect Dis 1995:172:951-956.
63. Henry K, Cantrill H, Fletcher C, Chinnock BJ, Balfour HH Jr: Use of intravitreal ganciclovir (dihydroxy propoxvmelhyl guanine) for cytomegalovirus retinitis in a patient with AIDS, Am J Ophthalmol 1987;103:17-23.
64. Hcincmann Mtl: Long-term intravitreal ganciclovir therapy for cytomegalovirus retinopathy, Arch Ophthalmol 1989:107:1767-1772.
65. Engstrom RE Jr, Holland GN: Local therapy for cytomegalovirus retinopathy, Am J Ophthalmol 1995:120:376-385.
66. Cochcreau-Massin I, Lehoang P, Lautier-Frau M, Zazoun L, Marcel P, Robinet M, Matheron S, Katlama C, Gharakhanian S, Rozenbaum W: Efficacy and tolerance of intravitreal ganciclovir in cytomegalovirus retinitis in acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Ophthalmology 1991;98:1348-1353.
67. Cantrill HL, Henry K, Melroc NIL Knobloch WH, Ramsay RC, Balfour HH Jr: Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with intravitreal ganciclovir: Long-term results, Ophthalmology 1989:96:367-374.
68. Sanborn GE, Anand R, Torti RE, Nightingale SD, Cal SX, Yates B, Ashton P, Smith T: Sus-tained-releasc ganciclovir therapy for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis: Use of an intravitreal device, Arch Ophthalmol 1992: 110:188-195.
69. Anand R, Nightingale SD, Smith TJ, Ashton P: Control of cytomegalovirus retinitis using sustained release of intraocular ganciclovir, Arch Ophthalmol 1993:111:223-227.
70. Martin DF, Parks DJ, Mellow SD, Ferris FL, Walton RC, Rcmaley NA, Chew EY, Ashton P, Davis MD, Nusscnblalt RB: Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with an intraocular sus-tained-rclease ganciclovir implant, Arch Ophthalmol 1994:112:1531-1539.
71. Jacobson MA, MillsJ:Scriouscytomcgalovirus disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Ann Intern Med 1988:108: 585-594.
72. Dielerich DT, Kotler DP, Busch DF, Crumpacker C, Du Mond C, Dearmand B, Buhles W: Ganciclovir treatment of cytomegalovirus colitis in AIDS: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled multiccntcr study, J Infect Dis 1993:167:278-282.
73. Gumbel H, Ohrloff C, Schalnus R, Helm EB: Alternative therapy or drug of second choice trisodium phosphonoformate against cytomegalovirus-induced retinitis, Fortschr Ophthalmol 1991:88:731-734.
74. Brockmeyer Nl I, Ilengge UR, Mcrtins L, Ma-lessa R, Steinmetz R, Gooss M: Foscarnet treatment in various cytomegalovirus infections, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1993: 31:204-207.
75. Antoniazzi E, Turrini B, The Italian Foscamct-Retinitis Study Group: A randomized controlled trial of two dosage regimens of foscamet in AIDS patients with CMV retinitis (abstract P150), Fourth European Conference on Clinical Aspects and Treatment of HIV Infection, Milan, March 1994.
76. Katlama C, Dohin E, Caumes E, Cochcreau-Massin I, Brancon C, Robinet M, Rogcaux O, Dalian R, Gentilini M: Foscamet induction therapy for cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS: Comparison of twice-daily and threc-times-daily regimens, J Acquir Immune Defic Svndr 1992:5(suppl): 18-24.
77. Palestine AG, Polis MA, De Smet MD, Baird BF, Falloon J, Kovacs JA, Davcy RT, Zurlo JJ, Zunich KM, Davis M: A randomized, controlled trial of foscamet in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS, Ann Intern Med 1991:115:665-673.
78. Polis MA, de Smet MD, Baird BF, Mellow S, Falloon J, Davcy RT Jr, Kovacs JA, Palestine AG, Nussenblatt RB, Masur H: increased survival of a cohort of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis who received sodium phosphon-oformate (foscamet), Am J Med 1993:94:175-180
79. Moyle G, Harman C, Mitchell S, Mathalonc B, Gazzard BG: Foscamet and ganciclovir in the treatment of CMV retinitis in AIDS patients: A randomised comparison, J Infect 1992:25:21-27.
80. Harb GE, Bacchctti P, Jacobson MA: Survival of patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus disease treated with ganciclovir or foscarnet, AIDS 1991:5:959-965.
81. Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group in collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trials Group: Mortality in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome treated with either foscamet or ganciclovir for cytomegalovirus retinitis, N Engl J Med 1992;326:213-220.
82. Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group in collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trials Group: Mortality and toxic effects associated with ganciclovir or foscamet therapy in a randomized cytomegalovirus ret initistrial, Arch Intern Med 1995:155:65-74.
83. Kirsch LS, Arevalo JF, Chavez de la Paz E, Munguia D, De Clercq E, Freeman WR: Intravitreal cidofovir (HPMPC) treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Ophthalmology 1995:102:533-542.
84. Rahkal FM, Arevalo JF, Chavez de la Paz E, Munguia D, Azcn SP, Freeman WR: Treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis with intravitreous cidofovir in patients with AIDS, Ann Intern Med 1996:125:98-103.
85. The Cytomegalovirus Rctreaiment Trial - The Studies of Ocular Complications of AIDS Research Group in Collaboration with the AIDS Clinical Trials Group: Combination foscamet and ganciclovir therapy vs monotherapy for the treatment of relapsed cytomegalovirus retinitis in patients with AIDS, Arch Ophthalmol 1996: 114:23-33.
86. Emanuel D, Cunningham I, Jules-Elysec K, Brockstein JA, Kerman NA, Laver J, Stover D, White DA, Fels A, Polsky B, Castro-Malaspina H, Peppard JR, Bartus P, Hammerling U, O’Reilly RR: Cytomegalovirus pneumonia after bone marrow transplantation successfully treated with the combination of ganciclovir and high-dose intravenous immune globulin, Ann Intern Med 1988;109:777-782.
87. Schmidt GM, Kovacs A, Zaia JA, Horak DA, Blunie KG, Nademanee AP, O’Donnell MR, Snyder DS, Forman SJ: Ganciclovir/immunoglobulin combination therapy for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus-associated interstitial pneumonia in bone marrow allograft patients, Transplantation 1988:46:905-907.
88. Aulitzkv WE, Tilg H, Niedcrweiser D, Mack M, Meister B, Mubcr C: Human monoclonal antibodies neutralizing cytomegalovirus (CMV) for prophylaxis of CMV disease: Report of a phase 1 trial in bone marrow transplant recipients, J Infect Dis 1988:158:488-489.
89. Crumpacker C, Marlowe S, Zhang JL, Abrahams S, Watkins P: Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonia, Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10(suppl):538-546.
90. Jacobson MA, O'Donnell, IJ, Rousell R, Dioni-an B, Mills J 5th: Failure of adjunctive cytomegalovirus intravenous immune globulin to improve efficacy of ganciclovir in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and cytomegalovirus retinitis: A phase I study, An-limicrob Agents Chemother 1990:34:176-178.
91. Manion DJ, Vibhagool A, Chou T-C, Kaplan J, Caliendo A, I lirsch MS: Susceptibility of human cytomegalovirus to two-drug combination in vitro, Antiviral Tiler 1996:1:237-245.
92. Devivar RV, Kawashima E, Rcvankar GR, Breitcnbach JM, Kreske ED, Drach JC, Townsend LB: Benzimidazolc ribonucleosidcs: Design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of certain 2-(alkyIthio)- and 2-(benzylthio)-5.6-dichloro- l-(bcta-D-ribofuranosyl)bcnz, imidazo!es, J MedChem 1994:37:2942-2949.
93. Dunkel I M, Petty B, Reynolds H obucavir: A promising broad-spectrunt antiviral agent (abstract), Xth International Conference on AIDS, Vancouver, July 1996.
94. Azard RF, Driver VB, Tanaka K, Crooke RM, Anderson KP: Antiviral activity of a phosphor-othioate oligonucleotide complementary to RNA of the human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early region, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1945-1954.
95. Anderson KP, Fox MC, Brown-Driver V, Martin MJ, Azard RF: Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene expression by an antisense oligonucleotide complementary to immediate-early RNA, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996:40:2004-2011.
96. Dal Monte P, Bessia C, Ripalti A, Landini MP, Topilko A, Plachter B, Virelizier JL, Michclson S: Stably expressed antisense RNA to cytomegalovirus UL83 inhibits viral replication, J Virol 1996;70:2086-2094.
97. Scholz M, Cinatl J Jr, Gross V, Vogel J-U, Bla-hcta RA, Freisleben H-J, Markus BH, Doerr HW: Impact of oxidative stress on human cytomegalovirus replication and on cytokine-mediated stimulation of endothelial cells, Transplantation 1996:61:1763-1770.
98. Cinatl J Jr, Cinatl J, Weber B, Rabenau H, Giimbcl HO, Chenot JF, Scholz M, Encke A, Doerr HW: In vitro inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication in human foreskin fibroblasts and endothelial cells by ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, Antiviral Res 1995:27:405-418.
99. Cinatl J Jr, Cinatl J, Rabenau H, Giimbel HO, Kornhubcr B, Doerr HW: In vitro inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by dcsfer-rioxamine, Antiviral Res 1994:25:73-77.
100. Cinatl J Jr, Hoffmann F, Cinatl J, Weber B, Scholz M, Rabenau H, Stieneker F, Kabick-ova H, Blasko M, Doerr HW: In vitro inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by calcium trinatrium diethylenetriaminepcn-taacetic acid, Antiviral Res 1996:31:23-34.
101. Giintbel H, Cinatl J Jr, Rabenau LI, Vogel J-U, Doerr HW, Ohrloff C: Selective inhibition of replication of human cytomegalovirus by desferrioxaminc in vitro and in vivo (case report), Ophthalmologe 1995:92:840-843.
102. Scholz M, Blahcta RA, Hcnrich D, Markus HM, Doerr HW, Cinatl J Jr: Immunomodulatory properties of the metal chelators dcsl'cr-rioxamine and diethvlcnetriamine penta-acctic acid in vitro, Transplantation 1996:62: 1371-1374.
103. Cinatl J Jr, Scholz M, Weber B, Cinatl J, Rabenau IT, Markus BH, Encke A, Doerr HW: Effects of dcsfcrrioxamine on human cytomegalovirus replication and expression of HLA antigens and adhesion molecules in human vascular endothelial cells, Transplant Immunol 1995:3:313-320.
104. Weinberg K, Champagne J, Lcnarsky C, Peterson J, Nguyen T, Felder B: Dcsfcrrioxamine (DFO) inhibition of interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R) expression: Therapy of graft versus host disease (GVHD) (abstract), Blood 1986:68(suppl):286.