Optical influence of ship wakes

Applied Optics

Volumn 43, Issue 15, 2004, Pages 3122-3132

  Zhang, Xiaodong ^a   Lewis, Marlon ^b   Bissett, W Paul ^c   Johnson, Bruce ^b   Kohler, Dave ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH DAKOTA   (United States)

^b DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c Florida Environmental Research Institute   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABSORPTION; BACKSCATTERING; BUBBLE FORMATION; FOAM CONTROL; GEOMETRY; LIGHTING; OCEANOGRAPHY; OPTICAL PROPERTIES; OPTICAL VARIABLES CONTROL; REFLECTION; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITES; SCAVENGING; SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS; TURBIDITY;

AIR BUBBLES; SHIP WAKES; SURFACE OCEAN; TURBID WATER;

WAKES;

EID: 2642575933     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 15394522     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.43.003122     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. L. Debnath, Nonlinear Water Waves (Academic, Boston, 1994), p. 544.
2. J. D. Lyden, R. R. Hammond, D. R. Lyzenga, and R. A. Shuchman, "Synthetic aperture radar imaging of surface ship wakes," J. Geophys. Res. 93(010), 12293-12303 (1988).
3. R. D. Peltzer, O. M. Griffin, W. R. Barger, and J. A. C. Kaiser, "High-resolution measurement of surface-active film redistribution in ship wakes," J. Geophys. Res. 07(04), 5231-5252 (1992).
4. A. M. Reed, R. F. Beck, O. M. Griffin, and R. D. Peltzer, "Hydrodynamics of remotely sensed surface ship wakes," Soc. Nav. Arch. Mar. Eng. Trans. 98, 319-363 (1990).
5. J. D. McGlynn, S. R. Stewart, and D. J. Witte, "Advances in sensing and detection of thermal infrared ship wakes," presented at Oceans' 90: Engineering in the Ocean Environment, Washington D.C., 1990, 24-26 September 1990.
6. W. H. Munk, P. Scully-Power, and F. Zachariasen, "Ships from space," Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 412, 231-254 (1987).
7. X. Zhang, M. R. Lewis, and B. D. Johnson, "Influence of bubbles on scattering of light in the ocean," Appl. Opt. 37, 6525-6536 (1998).
8. D. Stramski, "Gas microbubbles: an assessment of their significance to light scattering in quiescent seas," in Ocean Optics XII, J. S. Jaffe, ed., Proc. SPIE 2258, 704-710 (1994).
9. D. Stramski and J. Tegowski, "Effects of intermittent entrainment of air bubbles by breaking wind waves on ocean reflectance and underwater light field," J. Geophys. Res. 106(C12), 31345-31360 (2001).
10. A. Morel and L. Prieur, "Analysis of variations in ocean color," Limnol. Oceanogr. 22, 709-722 (1977).
11. J. T. Tate and L. J. Spitzer, eds., Physics of Sound in the Sea: Summary Technical Report of Division 6 (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1946), p. 566.
12. M. V. Trevorrow, S. Vagle, and D. M. Farmer, "Acoustical measurements of microbubbles within ship wakes," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1922-1930 (1994).
13. L. Shen, C. Zhang, and D. K. P. Yue, "Free-surface turbulent wake behind towed ship models: Experimental measurements, stability analyses and direct numerical simulations," J. Fluid Mech. 469, 89-120 (2002).
14. A. B. Ezerskii, B. M. Sandler, and D. A. Selivanovskii, "Echoranging observations of gas bubbles near the sea surface," Sov. Phys. Acoust. 35, 483-485 (1989).
15. A. Morel and S. Maritorena, "Bio-optical properties of oceanic waters: A reappraisal," J. Geophys. Res. 106(C4), 7163-7180 (2001).
16. A. Morel and J. L. Mueller, "Normalized water-leaving radiance and remote sensing reflectance: Bidirectional reflectance and other factors," in Ocean Optics Protocols for Satellite Ocean Color Sensor Validation, J. L. Mueller and G. S. Fargion, eds. (National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Greenbelt, Md., 2002), Revision 3, Vol. 2, p. 308.
17. H. R. Gordon, O. B. Brown, and M. M. Jacobs, "Computed relationships between the inherent and apparent optical properties of a flat homogeneous ocean," Appl. Opt. 14, 417-427 (1975).
18. A. Morel and B. Gentili, "Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters: Its dependence on sun angle as influenced by the molecular scattering contribution," Appl. Opt. 30, 4427-4438 (1991).
19. A. Morel and B. Gentili, "Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. II. Bidirectional aspects," Appl. Opt. 32, 6864-6879 (1993).
20. A. Morel, "Optical properties of pure water and pure sea water," in Optical Aspects of Oceanography, N. G. Jerlov and E. S. Nielsen, eds. (Academic, New York, 1974), pp. 1-24.
21. X. Zhang, "Influence of bubbles on the water-leaving reflectance," Ph.D. thesis (Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2001).
22. "LEO-15 Longterm Ecosystem Observatory" (Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N.J., 2001), retrieved March 2001, http://marine.rutgers.edu/mrs/ LEO15.html.
23. R. W. Austin and T. L. Petzold, "The determination of the diffuse attenuation coefficient of sea water using the Coastal Zone Color Scanner," in Oceanography from Space, J. F. R. Gower, ed. (Plenum, New York, 1981), pp. 239-256.
24. A. Morel, "Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous matter content (case I waters)," J. Geophys. Res. 93(C9), 10749-10768 (1988).
25. B. D. Johnson and R. C. Cooke, "Bubble populations and spectra in coastal waters. A photographic approach," J. Geophys. Res. 84, 3761-3766 (1979).
26. A. Berk, L. S. Bernstein, G. P. Anderson, P. K. Acharya, D. C. Robertson, J. H. Chetwynd, and S. M. Adler-Golden, "MODTRAN' cloud and multiple scattering upgrades with application to AVIRIS," Remote Sens. Environ. 65, 367-375 (1998).
27. H. R. Gordon, "Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery in the Earth Observing System era," J. Geophys. Res. 102(D14), 17081-17106 (1997).
28. C. D. Mobley, Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters (Academic, San Diego, Calif., 1994), p. 592.
29. A. Morel, "Light and marine photosynthesis: A spectral model with geochemical and climatological implications," Prog. Oceanogr. 26, 263-306 (1991).
30. H. R. Gordon and A. Morel, Remote Assessment of Ocean Color for Interpretation of Satellite Visible Imagery, a Review, Vol. 4 of Springer-Verlag Lecture Notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies Series (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1983), p. 114.
31. T. J. Petzold, "Volume scattering function for selected ocean waters," SIO Ref. 72-78 (Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, Calif., 1972).
32. M. R. Lewis, J. J. Cullen, and T. Platt, "Phytoplankton and thermal structure in the upper ocean: consequences of non-uniformity in chlorophyll profile," J. Geophys. Res. 88, 2565-2570 (1983).
33. X. Zhang, M. R. Lewis, M. Lee, B. D. Johnson, and G. Korotaev, "Volume scattering function of natural bubble populations," Limnol. Oceanogr. 47, 1273-1282 (2002).
34. C. Garrett, M. Li, and D. M. Farmer, "The connection between bubble size spectra and energy dissipation rates in the upper ocean," J. Phys. Oceanogr. 30, 2163-2171 (2000).
35. M. Y. Su, S. C. Ling, and J. Cartmill, "Optical microbubble measurements in the North Sea," in Sea Surface Sound, B. R. Kerman, ed. (Kluwer Academic, New York, 1988), pp. 211-223.
36. E. J. Terrill, W. K. Melville, and D. Stramski, "Bubble entrainment by breaking waves and their influence on optical scattering in the upper ocean," J. Geophys. Res. 106(08), 16815-16823 (2001).
37. D. J. Bogucki, J. A. Domaradzki, D. Stramski, and J. R. V. Zaneveld, "Comparison of near-forward light scattering on oceanic turbulence and particles," Appl. Opt. 37, 4669-4677 (1998).
38. R. Frouin, M. Schwindling, and P.-Y. Deschamps, "Spectral reflectance of sea foam in the visible and near-infrared: in situ measurements and remote sensing implications," J. Geophys. Res. 101(C6), 14361-14371 (1996).
39. H. R. Gordon, "Sensitivity of radiative transfer to small-angle scattering in the ocean: quantitative assessment," Appl. Opt. 32, 7505-7511 (1993).
40. C. D. Mobley, "Estimation of the remote-sensing reflectance from above-surface measurements," Appl. Opt. 38(36), 7442-7455 (1999).
41. M. Viollier, D. Tanré, and P. Y. Deschamps, "An algorithm for remote sensing of water color from space," Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 18, 247-267 (1980).
42. C. Cox and W. Munk, "Statistics of the sea surface derived from sun glitter," J. Mar. Res. 13, 198-227 (1954).
43. C. H. Whitlock, D. S. Bartlett, and E. A. Gurganus, "Sea foam reflectance and influence on optimum wavelength for remote sensing of ocean aerosols," Geophys. Res. Lett. 9, 719-722 (1982).
44. P. Koepke, "Effective reflectance of oceanic whitecaps," Appl. Opt. 23, 1816-1824 (1984).
45. K. D. Moore, K. J. Voss, and H. R. Gordon, "Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: their contribution to water-leaving radiance," J. Geophys. Res. 105(03), 6493-6499 (2000).
46. H. R. Gordon and M. Wang, "Retrieval of water-leaving radiance and aerosol optical thickness over the oceans with Sea-WiFS: A preliminary algorithm," Appl. Opt. 33(3), 443-452 (1994).