Cationic antiseptics: Diversity of action under a common epithet

Journal of Applied Microbiology

Volumn 99, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 703-715

  Gilbert, Peter ^a   Moore, L E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DISINFECTANTS;

ACTION MECHANISMS; ANTIBACTERIALS; BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE; CATIONICS; CHLORHEXIDINE; CHRONIC EXPOSURE; FIELD STUDIES; MECHANISM OF ACTION; NEW APPLICATIONS; THIRD PARTIES;

CHLORINE COMPOUNDS;

ALEXIDINE; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BAQUACIL; BARQUAT; BENZALKONIUM CHLORIDE; BIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; BIOCIDE; BISBIGUANIDE DERIVATIVE; CATION; CETRIMIDE; CHLORHEXIDINE; COSMOCIL; POLY(HEXAMETHYLENEBIGUANIDE); POLYMYXIN; QUATERNARY AMMONIUM DERIVATIVE; TYROCIDINE; VANQUISH;

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY;

CATHETER; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG STRUCTURE; INFECTION CONTROL; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; NONHUMAN; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SUTURE; WOUND DRESSING; WOUND INFECTION;

EID: 25844487728     PISSN: 13645072     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02664.x     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Anon (1997) Society's evidence on resistance to antimicrobial agents. Pharm J 259, 919-921.
2. Anon (1999a) Council Resolution of 8 June 1999 on antibiotic resistance: A strategy against the microbial threat. Official Journal of the European Communities C195, 1-3.
3. Anon (1999b) Press response to antibiotic resistance. Association Internationale de la Savonnerie. (AISE). Available at: http://www.pestlaw.net/x/ press/2000/ncis-20000300A.html.
4. Anon (1999c) Global consensus conference on infection control issues related to antimicrobial resistance - final recommendations. Global consensus conference on infection control issues related to antimicrobial resistance March 19-21, 1999, Toronto, Canada.
5. Bloomfield, S.F. (2002) Significance of biocide usage and antimicrobial resistance in domiciliary environments (Review). Journal of Applied Microbiology 92(Suppl.), 144S-157S.
6. Brannon, D.K. (1997) Cosmetic Microbiology: A Practical Handbook. Roca Baton, FL: CRC Press.
7. Braoudaki, M. and Hilton, A.C. (2004) Adaptive resistance to biocides in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157 and cross resistance to antimicrobial agents. J Clin Microbiol 42, 73-78.
8. Brown, M.R.W. and Gilbert, P. (1993) Sensitivity of biofilms to antimicrobial agents. Journal of Applied Microbiology 74, 87S-97S.
9. Broxton, P., Woodcock, P.M. and Gilbert, P. (1983) A study of the antibacterial activity of some polyhexamethylene biguanides towards Escherichia coli ATCC 8739. J Appl Bacteriol 54, 345-353.
10. Broxton, P., Woodcock, P.M. and Gilbert, P. (1984a) Binding of polyhexamethylene biguanides to the cell envelope of Escherichia coli. Microbios 41, 15-22.
11. Broxton, P., Woodcock, P.M. and Gilbert, P. (1984b) Injury and recovery of Escherichia coli from the treatment of polyhexamethylene biguanides. Microbios 40, 187-193.
12. Broxton, P., Woodcock, P.M., Heatley, M. and Gilbert, P. (1984c) Interaction of some polyhexamethylene biguanides and membrane phospholipids in Escherichia coli. J Appl Bacteriol 57, 115-125.
13. Campanac, C., Pineau, L., Payard, A., Baziard-Mouysset, G. and Roques, C. (2002) Interactions between cationic biocides and bacterial biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, 1469-1474.
14. Chawner, J.A. and Gilbert, P. (1989a) A comparative study of the bactericidal and growth inhibitory activities of the bisbiguanides alexidine and chlorhexidine. J Appl Bacteriol 66, 243-252.
15. Chawner, J.A. and Gilbert, P. (1989b) Interaction of the bisbiguanides chlorhexidine and alexidine with phospholipid vesicles: evidence for separate modes of action. J Appl Bacteriol 66, 253-258.
16. Chawner, J.A. and Gilbert, P. (1989c) Adsorption of the bisbiguanides alexidine and chlorhexidine to Escherichia coli cells and to isolated membrane components. Int J Pharm 55, 209-215.
17. Cristino, J.M. (1999) Correlation between consumption of antimicrobials in humans and development of resistance in bacteria. Int J Antimicrob Ag 12, 199-202.
18. Daoud, N.N.D., Dickinson, N.A. and Gilbert, P. (1983) Antibacterial activity and physico-chemical properties of some alkyl-dimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides. Microbios 37, 75-85.
19. Das, J., Jones, M., Bhakoo, M. and Gilbert, P. (1998) Rapid changes in biocide susceptibility of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli associated with attachment to surfaces and biofilm formation. J Appl Microbiol 84, 852-859.
20. Davies, A. (1973) The mode of action of chlorhexidine. J Periodontol 8, 68-75.
21. Davies, A. and Field, B.S. (1969) Action of biguanides, phenols and detergents on Escherichia coli and its sphaeroplasts. J Bacteriol 32, 233-243.
22. Davies, G.E., Francis, J., Martin, A.R., Rose, F.L. and Swain, G. (1954) 1:6-di-4′-chlorophenyldiguanidohexane (Hibitane) Laboratory investigation of a new antibacterial agent of high potency. Br J Pharmacol 9, 192-196.
23. Davies, A., Bentley, M. and Field, B.S. (1968) Comparison of the action of 'Vantocil', Cetrimide and Chlorhexidine on Escherichia coli and its sphaeroplasts. J Appl Bacterial 31, 448-461.
24. Dixon, B. (2000) Antibiotics as growth promoters: risks and alternatives. ASM News 66, 264-265.
25. Dwyer, D.M. (1999) Antimicrobial resistance: solutions for this growing public health threat. Presentations to the Hearing of the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labour, and Pensions. Subcommittee on Public Health. February 25, 1999.
26. Elferink, J.G.R. and Booij, H.L. (1974) Interaction of chlorhexidine with yeast cells. Biochem Pharmacol 23, 1413-1419.
27. Feinman, S.E. (1999) Antibiotics in animal feeds - drug resistance revisited. ASM News 64, 24-29.
28. Futoryan, T. and Grand, D. (1995) Postoperative wound infection rates in dermatologic surgery. Dermatol Surg 21, 509-514.
29. Georgala, D.L. (1999) Report on microbial antibiotic resistance in relation to food safety. Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food (ACMSF). HMSO: London, UK.
30. Gilbert, P. and Al-Taae, A.N.A. (1985) Antimicrobial activity of some alkyl-trimethyl ammonium bromides. Lett Appl Microbiol 1, 101-105.
31. Gilbert, P. and McBain, A.J. (2002) Literature-based evaluation of the potential risks associated with impregnation of medical devices and implants with Triclosan. Surg Infect 3(Suppl.), 55-63.
32. Gilbert, P. and McBain, A.J. (2003) An evaluation of the potential impact of the increased use of biocides within consumer products upon the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 16, 189-208.
33. Gilbert, P., Collier, P.J. and Brown, M.R.W. (1990) Influence of growth rate on susceptibility to antimicrobial agents: biofilms, cell cycle, dormancy and stringent response. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 34, 1865-1868.
34. Gilbert, P.T., Maira-Litran, T., McBain, A.J., Rickard, A.H. and Whyte, F. (2002) The physiology and collective recalcitrance of microbial biofilm communities. Adv Microb Phys 46, 203-256.
35. Hancock, R.E. (1998) Resistance mechanisms in Pseudmonas aeruginosa and other non-fermentative gram-negative bacteria. Clin Infect Dis 27(Suppl. 1), S93-S99.
36. Hart, C.A. (1998) Antibiotic resistance: an increasing problem? It always has been but there are things we can do. Br Med J 316, 1255-1256.
37. Heinzel, M. (1998) Phenomena of biocide resistance in microorganisms. Int Biodeterior Biodegradation 41, 225-234.
38. Heir, E., Sundheim, G. and Hoick, A.L. (1999) The qacG gene on plasmid pST94 confers resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds in staphylococci isolated from the food industry. J Appl Microbiol 86, 378-388.
39. Holah, J.T., Taylor, J.H., Dawson, D.J. and Hall, K.E. (2002) Biocide use in the food industry and the disinfectant resistance of persistant strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli. Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol 31, 111S-120S.
40. Hope, C.K. and Wilson, M. (2004) Analysis of the effects of chlorhexidine on oral biofilm vitality and structure based on viability profiling and an indicator of membrane integrity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 11, 1461-1468.
41. House of Lords Select Committee on Science and Technology (1998) Resistance to Antibiotics and Other Antimicrobial Agents. London, UK: Her Majesty's Stationary Office.
42. Hugo, W.B., (1956) The action of phenol and 2-phenoxyethanol on the oxidation of various substances by Escherichia coli and by a disrupted cell preparation of the organism. J Gen Microbiol 15, 315-323.
43. Hugo, W.B. and Longworth, A.R. (1964) Some aspects of the mode of action of chlorhexidine. J Pharm Pharmacol 16, 655-662.
44. Hugo, W.B. and Longworth, A.R. (1965) Cytological aspects of the mode of action of chlorhexidine diacetate. J Pharm Pharmacol 17, 28-32.
45. Hugo, W.B. and Longworth, A.R. (1966) The effect of chlorhexidine on the electrophoretic mobility, cytoplasmic constituents, dehydrogenase activity and cell walls of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J Pharm Pharmacol 18, 569-578.
46. Ikeda, T. (1991) Antibacterial activity of polycationic biocides. High Perform Biomat 7, 743-764.
47. Ikeda, T., Tazuke, S. and Watanabe, M. (1984a) Interaction of biologically active membranes with phospholipid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 735, 380-386.
48. Ikeda, T., Ledwith, A., Bamford, C.H. and Hann, R.A. (1984b) Interaction of a polymeric biguanide biocide with phospholipid membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 769, 57-66.
49. Ikeda, T., Tazuke, S. and Bamford, C.H. (1985a) Interaction of membrane active biguanides with negatively charged species. A model for their interaction with target sites in microbial membranes. J Chem Res 6, 180-181.
50. Ikeda, T., Tazuke, S., Ledwith, A. and Bamford, C.H. (1985b) Spectroscopic studies on the interaction of polymeric in-chain biguanide biocides with phospholipid membranes. Bull Chem Soc Jpn 58, 705-709.
51. Jensen, J.E. (1975) The effect of chlorhexidine on the anaerobic fermentation of Saccharomyces cerevissiae. Biochem Pharmacol 24, 2163-2166.
52. Kaatz, G.W., Seo S.M. and Ruble C.A. (1993) In-vitro susceptibility of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 37, 1086-1094.
53. Kramer, A. and Behrens-Baumann, W. (1997) Prophylactic use of topical anti-infectives in ophthalmology. Ophtalmologica 21(Suppl. 1), 68-76.
54. Kropinski, A.M., Kuzio, J., Augus, B.L. and Hancock, R.E.W. (1982) Chemical and chromatographic analysis of lipopolysaccharide from an antibiotic susceptible mutant of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicro Ag Chemother 21, 310-319.
55. Kusnetsov, J.M., Tulkki, A.I., Ahonen, H.E. and Martikainen, P.J. (1997) Efficacy of three prevention strategies against legionella in cooling water systems. J Appl Microbiol 82, 763-768.
56. Lambert, P.A. and Hammond, S.M. (1973) Potassium fluxes, first indications of membrane damage in microorganisms. Biochem Biophys Acta 54, 796-799.
57. Larkin, D.F.P., Kilvington, S. and Dart, J.K.G. (1992) Treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis with polyhexamethylene biguanide. Ophthalmology 99, 185-191.
58. Larson, E.L., McGinley, K.J., Leyden, J.J., Cooley, M.E. and Talbot, G.H. (1986) Skin colonization with antibiotic-resistant (JK Group) and antibiotic-sensitive lipophilic diphtheroids in hospitalized and normal adults. J Infect Dis 153, 701-706.
59. Lima, K.C., Fava, L.R. & Siqueria, J.F., Jr (2001) Susceptibilities of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms to some antimicrobial medications. J Endod 27, 616-619.
60. Longworth, A.R. (1971) Chlorhexidine. In Inhibition and Destruction of the Microbial Cell ed. Hugo, W.B., pp. 95-106. London: Academic Press.
61. Loughlin, M.F., Jones, M.V. and Lambert, P.A. (2002) Pseudomonas aeruginosa adapted to benzalkonium chloride show resistance to other membrane-active agents but not clinically relevant antibiotics. J Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46, 631-639.
62. Magee, J.T., Pritchard, E.L., Fitzgerald, K.A., Dunstan, F.D.J. and Howard, A.J. (1999) Antibiotic prescribing and antibiotic resistance in community practice: retrospective study, 1996-8. Br Med J 319, 1239-1240.
63. McDonnell, G. and Russell, A.D. (1999) Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 12, 147-179.
64. McMurray, B.E. (1992) Problems and dilemmas of antimicrobial resistance. Pharmacotherapy 12, 86s-93s.
65. Moretro, T., Hermansen, L., Holck, A.L., Sidhu, M.S., Rudi, K. and Langsrud, S. (2003) Biofilm formation and the presence of the intercellular adhesion locus ica among staphylococci from food and food processing environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 69, 5648-5655.
66. Passerini, L., Lam, K., Costerton, J.W. and King, E.G. (1992) Biofilms on indwelling vascular catheters. Crit Care Med 20, 665-673.
67. Poole, K. (2003) Efflux mediated multiresistance in Gram-negative bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infect 10, 12-26.
68. Rao, G.O. (1998) Risk factors for the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Drugs 55, 323-330.
69. Rose, F.L. and Swain, G. (1956) Bisdiguanides having antibacterial activity. J Chem Soc Part IV, 4422-4425.
70. Russell, A.D. (2003) Biocide use and antibiotic resistance: the relevance of laboratory findings to clinical and environmental situations. Lancet Infect Dis 3, 794-803.
71. Rye, R.M. and Wiseman, D. (1968) Release of P32-containing compounds from Micrococcus lysodeikticus treated with chlorhexedine. J Pharm Pharmacol 20, 14s-17s.
72. Salt, W.D. and Wiseman, D. (1970) Relationship between uptake of cetyltri-methylammonium bromide by Escherichia coli and its effects on cell growth and viability. J Pharm Pharmacol 22, 261-264.
73. Salton, M.R.J. (1951) The adsorption of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide by bacteria, its action in releasing cellular constituents and its bactericidal effects. J Gen Microbiol 5, 391-404.
74. Salton, M.R.J. (1968) Lytic agents, cell permeability and monolayer permeability. J Gen Physiology 52, 227-252.
75. Senior, K. (2001) Can we keep up with hospital-acquired infections? Lancet Infect Dis April, 8.
76. Singer, S.J. and Nicolson, G.L. (1972) The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membranes. Science 175, 720-731.
77. Smith, T.L., Pearson, M.L. and Wilcox, K.R. (1999) Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med 340, 493-501.
78. Spolsky, V.W. and Forsythe A.B. (1977) Effects of alexidine. 2HCl mouth wash on plaque and gingivitis after six months. J Dent Res 56, 1349-1358.
79. Sreenivasan, P. and Gaffar, A. (2002) Antiplaque biocides and bacterial resistance: a review. J Clin Peridontol 29, 965.
80. Storch, M., Perry, L.C., Davidson, J.M. and Ward, J.J. (2002) A 28-day study of the effect of coated VICRYL plus suture (coated Polyglactin 910 suture with triclosan) on wound healing in guinea pig linear incisional wounds. Surg Infect 3, s89-s98.
81. Thomas, B. and Stickler, D.J. (1979) Chlorhexidine resistance and the lipids of Providencia stuartii. Microbios 24, 141-150.
82. Wagner, M. (1995) Local antisepsis in revision surgery of infected total hip prostheses. Orthopade 24, 319-325.
83. Waldvogel, F.A. (1999) New resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (Editorial). N Engl J Med 340, 556-557.
84. Willenegger, H., Roth, B. and Ochsner, P. (1995) The return of local antiseptics in surgery. Injury 26 (Suppl. 1), 28-33.
85. Wright, N.E. and Gilbert, P. (1987a) Antimicrobial activity of n-alkyltrimethyl ammonium bromides: Influence of growth rate and nutrient limitation. J Pharm Pharmacol 39, 685-690.
86. Wright, N.E. and Gilbert, P. (1987b) Influence of specific growth rate and nutrient limitation upon the sensitivity of Escherichia coli towards chlorhexidine diacetate. J Appl Bacteriol 82, 309-314.