Genetic resources of Curcuma: Diversity, characterization and utilization

Plant Genetic Resources: Characterisation and Utilisation

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 230-251

  Sasikumar, B ^a  

^a INDIAN INSTITUTE OF SPICES RESEARCH   (India)

Author keywords

Breeding and varieties; Characterization; Cultivation and processing; Curcuma; Economic botany; Genetic resources; Taxonomy; Turmeric

Indexed keywords

CAESIA; CURCUMA; CURCUMA AMADA; CURCUMA ANGUSTIFOLIA; CURCUMA AROMATICA; CURCUMA KWANGSIENSIS; CURCUMA LONGA; CURCUMA ROSCOEANA; CURCUMA RUBESCENS; CURCUMA ZEDOARIA; INSECTA; MARANTA ARUNDINACEA; ZINGIBERACEAE;

EID: 25844468313     PISSN: 14792621     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/PGR200574     Document Type: Review

References (172)

1. Abbiw DK, (1993) Traditional and modern methods of plant conservation. In: Adams RP et al. (ed.) Conservation of Plant Genes II. Utilization of Ancient and Modern DNA. Missouri Botanic Garden, pp. 101-112.
2. Apavatjrut P, Anuntalabhochai P, Sirirugsa P and Alisi C (1999) Molecular markers in the identification of some early flowering Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae) species. Annals of Botany 84: 529-534.
3. Balachandran SM, Bhat SR and Chandel KPS (1990) In vitro clonal multiplication of turmeric, Curcuma spp. and ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Plant Cell Reports 8: 521-524.
4. Banerjee A and Nigam SS (1978) Antimicrobial efficacy of the essential oil of Curcuma longa. Indian Journal of Medicine 68: 864-866.
5. Behura S (2000) Gas chromatographic evaluation of Curcuma essential oils. In: Ramana KV, Santhosh JE, Nirmal Babu K, Krishnamurthy KS and Kumar A (eds) Spices and Aromatic Plants - Challenges and Opportunities in the New Century. Proceedings of the Centennial Conference on Spices and Aromatic Plants. Calicut, Kerala: Indian Institute of Spices Research, pp. 291-292.
6. Behura S and Srivastava VK (2004) Essential oils of leaves of Curcuma species. Journal of Essential Oil Research 16: 109-110.
7. Behura S, Sahu S and Srivastava VK (2002) Major constituents in leaf essential oil of Curcuma longa L. and Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Current Science 83: 1312.
8. Bhavani-Shankar TN and Sreenivasa-Murthy V (1979) Effect of turmeric (Curcuma longa) fractions on the growth of some intestinal and pathogenic bacteria in vitro. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 17: 1363-1366.
9. Blasiak J, Trzeciak A, Malecka-Panas E, Drzewoski J, Iwamienko T, Szumiel I and Wojewodzka M (1999) DNA damage and repair in human lymphocytes and gastric mucosa cells exposed to chromium and curcumin. Teratogen, Carcinogen, Mutagen 19: 19-31.
10. Bordoloi AK, Sperkova J and Leclercq PA (1999) Essential oil of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. from North East India. Journal of Essential Oil Research 11: 537-540.
11. Borthakur MP and Bordoloi DN (1992) Micropropagation of Curcuma amada Roxb. Journal of Spices & Aromatic Crops 1: 154-159.
12. Bronet I and Ohshima H (1995) Curcumin - an and tumour promoter and anti inflammatory agent, inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated microphages. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 206: 533-540.
13. Buragohain J and Dutta GN (1998) Evaluation of externally applied herbal gel, AV/AMP/4 for the treatment of bovine subclinical mastitis. Indian Veterinary Journal 75: 734-755.
14. Burkill TH (1966) A Dictionary of Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. Kulalampur: Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives.
15. Chakravorti AK (1948) Multiplication of chromosome numbers in relation to speciation in Zingiberaceae. Science & Culture 14: 137-140.
16. Chandra D and Gupta SS (1972) Antiinflammatory and antiarthritic activities of volatile oil of Curcuma longa '(Haldi)'. Indian Journal of Medical Research 60: 138-142.
17. Chandra R, Desai AR, Govind S and Gupta PN (1997) Metroglyph analysis in turmeric (C. longa L.) germplasm in India. Scientia Horticulturae 70: 211-233.
18. Chandra R, Govind S and Desai AR (1999) Growth, yield and quality performance of turmeric (C. longa L.) genotypes in mid altitudes of Meghalaya. Journal of Applied Horticulture 1: 142-144.
19. Chane-Ming J, Vera R, Claude Chalchat J and Cabassu P (2002) Chemical composition of essential oils from rhizomes, leaves and flowers of Curcuma longa L. from Reunion Islands. Journal of Essential Oil Research 14: 249-251.
20. Chattopadhyay I, Biswas K, Bandyopadhyay U and Banerjee RK (2004) Turmeric and curcumin: biological actions and medicinal applications. Current Science 87: 44-53.
21. Chen HW and Huang HC (1998) Effect of curcumin on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in vascular smooth cells. British Journal of Pharmacology 124: 1029-1040.
22. Chen YC, Kuo TC, Lin-Shian SY and Lin JK (1996) Induction of HSP70 gene expression by modulation of 'Ca' ion and cellular of P53 protein by curcumin in cholesterol carcinoma cells. Molecular Carcinogenesis 17: 224-234.
23. Chhabra MB, Kumar R and Gupta SK (1994) Efficacy of dermocept (herbal) cream against mange in camel and buffalo. Indian Veterinary Journal 75: 167-169.
24. Chin Shing C, Doung Liang L, Chang CS and Lin DL (1999) The vase life and storage condition on post harvest longevity of the cut flower Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. Journal of the Chinese Society of Horticultural Science 45: 65-74.
25. Choudhury SN, Ghosh AC, Saika M, Choudhury M and Leclercq PA (1996) Volatile oil constituents of the aerial and underground parts of C. aromatica Salisb. from India. Journal of Essential Oil Research 8: 635-638.
26. Cripps HP (1967) Oleoresin in turmeric, application in pickle production. Glass Packer Process 46: 24.
27. Dan M, George V and Pushpangadan P (2002) Studies on the essential oil of C. haritha Mangaly and Sabu and C. raktakanta Mangaly and Sabu. Journal of Spices & Aromatic Crops 11: 78-79.
28. Deeb D, Xu YX, Jiang H, Gao X, Janakiram N, Chapman RA and Gautam SC (2003) Curcumin (diferoloyl-methane) enhances tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Molecular Cancer Therapy 2: 95-103.
29. Dhar ML, Dhar MM, Dhawan BN, Mehrotra BN and Ray C (1968) Screening of Indian plants for biological activity: I. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 6: 232-247.
30. Dixit W, Jain P and Joshi SC (1988) Hypolipidaemic effect of Curcuma longa L. and Nardostachys jatamansi DC in triton-induced hyperlipidaemic rats. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 32: 299-304.
31. Dutt S and Tayal JN (1941) Chemical composition of essential oil derived from the rhizome of Curcuma amada Roxb. Indian Soap Journal 7: 2000-2005.
32. Eiserle RJ (1966) The role of oleoresin in turmeric in the pickling process. Glass Packer Process 45: 48.
33. Ferreira LAF, Henriques OB, Andreoni AAS, Vital GRF, Campos MMC, Hebermehi GG and Moraes VLG (1992) Antivenom and biological effects of ar-turmerone isolated from Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae). Toxicon 30: 1211-1218.
34. Galati G, Sabzevari O, Wilson JX and O'Brien PJ (2002) Prooxidant activity and cellular effects of the phenoxyl radicals of dietary flavonoids and other polyphenolics. Toxicology 177: 91-104.
35. Garg SK (1974) Effect of Curcuma longa (rhizome) on fertility in experimental animals. Planta Medica 26: 225-227.
36. Geetha M and Prabhakaran PV (1987) Genetic variability, correlation and path coefficient analysis in turmeric. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala 25: 249-254.
37. Gogoi R, Bokolial D and Das DS (2002) Leaf epidermal morphology of some species of Zingiberaceae. Plant Archives 2: 257-262.
38. Gomes D de C, Alegrio LV, de Lima ME, Leon LL and Araujo CA (2002) Synthetic derivatives of curcumin and their activity against Leishmania amazonensis. Arzneimittel-Forschung 52: 120-124.
39. Govindarajan VS (1980) Turmeric - chemistry, technology and quality. CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 12: 199-301.
40. Gujral ML, Chowdhary NK and Saxena PN (1983) The effect of certain indigenous remedies on the healing of wounds and ulcers. Journal of the Indian State Medical Association 22: 273-276.
41. Halevy AH (1997a) Curcuma alismatifolia I. Plant morphology and the effect of tuberous root number on flowering date and yield of inflorescence. In: Hagiladii A, Umiel N, Yang XH, Lilien-Kipnis H and Boroaclov A (eds) Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Flower Bulbs, Herzliya, Israel, 10-16 March 1996. Acta Horticulturae 430: 747-755.
42. Halevy AH (1997b) Curcuma alismatifolia II. Effect of temperature and day length on the development of flowers and propagules. In: Hagiladii A, Umiel N, Yang XH, Lilien-Kipnis H and Boroaclov A (eds) Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Flower Bulbs, Herzliya, Israel, 10-16 March 1996. Acta Horticulturae 430: 755-761.
43. Hazra P, Roy A and Bandhopadyay A (2000) Growth characters as rhizome yield components of turmeric. Crop Research 19: 235-246.
44. Hoque MM (1995) Performance of turmeric varieties under different management practices. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 30: 159-163.
45. Hikino H (1985) Antihepatotoxic activity of curde drugs. Yakagaka Zasshi 105: 109-118.
46. Henry B (1998) Use of Capsicum and turmeric as natural colours. Indian Spices 35: 7-14.
47. Jain SK and De Fillips RA (1991) Medicinal Plants of India. Algonac, MI: Reference Publications.
48. Jangde CK, Phadnaik BS and Bisen W (1998) Antiinflammatory activity of C. aromatica Salisb. Indian Veterinary Journal 75: 76-98.
49. Jayaprakasha G, Mohan Rao LJ and Sakariah KK (2002) Improved HPLC method for the determination of curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bisdemethoxy curcumin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50: 3668-3672.
50. Jirovetz L, Buchbouer G, Puschmann C, Shafi MP and Nambiar MKG (2000) Essential oil analysis of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. leaves from South India. Journal of Essential Oil Research 12: 47-49.
51. Joe B and Lokesh BR (1994) Role of capsaicin and dietary-3 fatty acids in lowering the generation of reactive oxygen species in rat peritoneal macrophages. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 1224: 255-263.
52. Joseph R, Joseph T and Jose J (1999) Karyomorphological studies in the genus Curcuma Linn. Cytologia 64: 313-317.
53. Joshi HC, Kumar M, Saxena MJ and Chhabra MB (1996) Herbal gel for the control of subclinical mastitis. Indian Journal of Dairy Science 49: 631-634.
54. Kamal Eldin A, Frank J, Razdan A, Tengblad S, Basu S and Vessby B (2000) Effects of dietary phenolic compounds on tocopherol, cholesterol and fatty acids in rats. Lipids 35: 427-435.
55. Kapoor A (1998) Antifungal activities of fresh juice and aqueous extracts of turmeric and ginger. Journal of Phytological Research 10: 59-62.
56. Kato K, Ito H, Kamei K and Iwamota I (1998) Stimulation of the stress induced expression of stress protein by curcumin in cultured cells and rat tissue in vivo. Cell Stress & Chaperones 3: 152-160.
57. Kawamori T, Lubet R, Kaskey RB, Rao CV and Reddy BS (1999) Chemo preventive effect of curcumin - a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent during the promotion/progression of stage of colon cancer. Cancer Research Baltimore 59: 597-601.
58. Kelly MR, Xu J, Alexander KE and Loo G (2001) Disparate effects of similar phenolic phytochemicals as inhibitors of oxidative damage to cellular DNA. Molecular Research 485: 309-318.
59. Khanna NM (1999) Turmeric - nature's precious gift. Current Science 76: 1351-1356.
60. Kojima H, Yanai T and Toyota A (1998) Essential oil constituents from Japanese and Indian Curcuma aromatica Salib. rhizome. Planta Medica 64: 380-381.
61. Krishnamurthy MN, Padma Bhai R, Natarajan CP and Kuppusamy S (1976) Colour content of turmeric varieties and studies of its processing. Journal of Food Science Technology (India) 12: 12-14.
62. Kuo ML, Huang TS and Linn JK (1996) Curcumin - an antioxidant and anti tumour promoter induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 13: 95-100.
63. Kuttan R, Bhanumathy P, Nirmala K and George MC (1985) Potential anticancer activity of turmeric (Curcuma longa). Cancer Letters 29: 197-202.
64. Lalitha S, Phil M and Selvam R (1999) Prevention of CC 14 induced heptatoxicity by aqueous extract of turmeric. Nutrition Research 19: 429-441.
65. Lans C and Brown G (1998) Ethno veterinary medicine used for ruminant in Trinidad and Tobago. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 35: 149-163.
66. Lechtenberg M, Quandt B and Nahrstedt A (2004) Quantative determination of curcuminoids in Curcuma rhizomes and rapid differentiation of C. domestica Val. and C. xanthorrhiza Roxb. by capillary electrophoresis. Phytochemical Analysis 15: 152-158.
67. Lee CJ, Lee JH, Seok JH, Hur GM, Park YC, Seol IC and Kim YH (2003) Effects of baicalcin, berberine, curcumin and hespiridin on mucin release from airway goblet cells. Planta Medica 69: 523-526.
68. Leun Mau J, Eric YC, Wang NP, Chou-Chen C, Huarng Chang C and Cherng Chyan C (2003) Composition and antioxidant activity of the essential oil from Curcuma zedoana. Food Chemistry 82: 583-591.
69. Liu N and Wu TL (1999) Notes on Curcuma in China. Journal of Tropical and Subtropical Botany 7: 146-150.
70. Lutomski J, Kedzia B and Debska W (1974) Effect of an alcohol extract and of active ingredient from Curcuma longa on bacteria and fungi. Planta Medica 26: 9-19.
71. Lynrah PG, Barua PK and Chakrabarti BK (1998) Pattern of genetic variability in a collection of turmeric genotypes. Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 28: 201-207.
72. Mandal MK and Chauhan JPS (2000) A survey of ethnoveterinary medicine practices in West Bengal. Indian Journal of Veterinary Medicine 20: 90-91.
73. Mangaly JK and Sabu M (1993) A taxonomic revision of the South Indian species of Curcuma Linn. (Zingiberaceae). Rheedea 3: 139-171.
74. Marwah J and Shetty SN (2000) Essential oil and aromatherapy in holistic healing. Indian Perfumer 44: 215-219.
75. Mathai CK (1976) Variability in turmeric (Curcuma) species germplasm for essential oil and curcumin. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 25: 227-230.
76. Mazumdar A, Raghavan K, Weinstein J, Kohn KW and Pommer Y (1995) Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type I integrase by curcumin. Biochemical Pharmacology 49: 1165-1170.
77. Misra SK and Sahu KC (1977) Screening of some indigenous plants for antifungal activity against dermatophytes. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 9: 269-272.
78. Mood J and Larsen K (2001) New Curcuma specie from South East Asia. New Plantsman 8: 207-217.
79. Nadagauda RS, Mascarenhas AF, Hedra RR and Jagannathan V (1978) Rapid multiplication of turmeric (C. longa L.) by plant tissue culture. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 16: 120-122.
80. Nagabhushan M and Bhide SV (1987) Antimutagenicity and anticancerogenicity of turmeric. Journal of Nutrition, Growth and Cancer 4: 83.
81. Narayanasamy A, Namasivayam N and Radha R (2002) Effect of turmeric on the enzyme of glucose metabolism in diabetic rats. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Aromatic Plants 10: 75-84.
82. Nazeem PA and Menon R (1994) Blossom biological and hybridization studies in turmeric (C. longa L.). South Indian Horticulture 42: 1045-1051.
83. Nguyen XD, Nguyen TBT and Leclercq PA (1995a) Characterization of leaf oil of C. aeruginosa Roxb. from Vietnam. Journal of Essential Oil Research 7: 657-659.
84. Nguyen XD, Nguyen TBT and Leclercq PA (1995b) Volatile oil constituents of the rhizome, stem and leaf oil of C. pierreana Gagnep. from Vietnam. Journal of Essential Oil Research 7: 261-264.
85. Nguyen XD, Pham XT, Pham Tky and Leclercq PA (1997) Volatile oil constituents of the leaf, stem, rhizome, root and flower oil of C. harmandii Gagnep. from Vietnam. Journal of Essential Oil Research 9: 677-3681.
86. Nirmal Babu K, Sasikumar B, Ratnambal MJ, Johnson KG and Ravindran PN (1993) Genetic variability in turmeric (C. longa L.). Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 53: 91-93.
87. Nirmala C and Puvanakrishnan R (1996) Protective role of curcumin against isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction in rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 159: 85-93.
88. Olajide OA (1999) Investigation of the effects of selected medicinal plants on experimental thrombosis. Phytotherapy Research 13: 231-232.
89. Paisookasantivatana Y and Thepsen O (2001) Phenetic relationships of some Thai Curcuma species (Zingiberaceae) based on morphological, palynological and cytological evidences. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science 34: 47-57.
90. Paisookasantivatana Y, Kako S and Seko H (2001) Isozyme polymorphism in Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. (Zingiberaceae) populations from Thailand. Scientia Horticulturae 88: 244-307.
91. Park E, Jean CM, Ko GN, Kim JB and Sohn HD (2000) Protective effect of curcumin in rat liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. Journal of Pharmacology 52: 437-440.
92. Park SY and Kim DSHL (2002) Discovery of natural products from Curcuma longa that protect cells from beta-amyloidal insult, a drug discovery effort against Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Natual Products 65: 1227-1231.
93. Perotti AG (1975) Curcumin - a little known but useful vegetable colour. Indian Ailment Prod. Veg. 14: 66.
94. Peter KV (1999) Informatics on turmeric and ginger. Indian Spices 36: 12-14.
95. Pham TKy, Van de Ven LJM, Leclercq PA and Nguyen XD (1994) Volatile oil constituents of the essential oil of C. trichosantha Gagnep. from Vietnam. Journal of Essential Oil Research 6: 213-214.
96. Polasa K, Sasikiran B and Krishnaswamy K (1990) Antimutagenicity of curcumin and turmeric. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society of India 36: 102.
97. Prakash S, Elangomathavan R, Seshadri S and Ignacimuthu S (2004) Efficient regeneration of C. amada Roxb. plantlets from rhizome and leaf sheath explants. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 78: 159-165.
98. Pitasawat B, Choochote W, Tuetun B, Tippawangkosol P, Kanjanapothi D, Jitpakdi A and Riyong D (2003) Repellency of aromatic turmeric C. aromatica, under laboratory and field conditions. Journal of Vector Ecology 28: 234-240.
99. Purseglove JW (1968) Tropical Crops: Monocotyledons. London: Longman.
100. Purseglove JW, Brown EG, Green CL and Robin SRJ (eds) (1981) Turmeric. In: Spices, Vol. II. New York: Longman, pp. 532-580.
101. Raghavan TS and Arora CM (1958) Chromosome number of Indian medicinal plants II. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science Series B 47: 352-358.
102. Raghavan TS and Venkatasubban KR (1943) Cytological studies in the family Zingiberaceae with special reference to chromosome number and cyto taxonomy. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science Series B 17: 118-132.
103. Rajakrishnan V and Menon VB (2002) Effect of curcumin on carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins in alcohol induced heptatoxicity. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Aromatic Plants 9: 19-28.
104. Rajakrishnan V, Vishwanathan P, Rajasekharan KN and Menon VP (1999) Neuroprotective role of curcumin from Curcuma longa on ethanol induced brain damage. Phytotherapy Research 13: 571-574.
105. Ramachandraiah OS, Azeemoddin G and Krishnama C (1998) Turmeric leaf oil, a new essential oil for perfume industry. Indian Perfumer 42: 124-127.
106. Ramachandran K (1961) Chromosome numbers of genus Curcuma Linn. Current Science 30: 194-196.
107. Ramprasad C and Sirsi M (1956) Studies on Indian medicinal plants - Curcuma longa on bile secretion. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 15: 262-265.
108. Ramsewak RS, De Witt HDL and Nair MG (2000) Cytotoxicity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of curcumin I-III from Curcuma longa. Phytomedicine 7: 303-308.
109. Rao JT and Nigam SS (1974) Essential oil from the rhizome of C. aromatica Salisb. Flavour Industry 5: 234-236.
110. Rao SD, Chandrasekhara N, Satyanarayana MN and Srinivasan M (1970) Effect of curcumin on serum and liver cholesterol levels in the rat. Journal of Nutrition 100: 1307-1315.
111. Rasmussen HB, Christensen SB, Kvist LP and Karazmi A (2000) A simple and effective separation of the curcumin, the anti-protozoal constituents of C. longa. Planta Medica 66: 296-298.
112. Ratnambal MJ (1986) Evaluation of turmeric accessions for quality. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 36: 243-252.
113. Remya R, Syamkumar S, Beena KM, Santhosh JE and Sasikumar B (2003) Development of a Curcuma species database. In: Proceedings of the Agricultural Bioinformatics Workshop, 29-30 October 2003. Calicut, Kerala: Indian Institute of Spices Research, pp. 15-19.
114. Revarkar GD and Sen DP (1975) Antioxidant activity of curcumin and related compounds. Journal of the Oil Technology Association 21: 1210-1214.
115. Ridley HN (1912) Spices. London: Macmillan.
116. Ritha Porn T, Monga M and Rajasekharan M (2003) Curcumin - a potential vaginal contraceptive. Contraception 68: 219-225.
117. Saigura T (1936) Studies on the chromosome numbers in higher plants. Cytologia 7: 544-595.
118. Sanghamitra N and Nayak S (2000) In vitro multiplication and micro rhizome induction in C. aromatica Salisb. Plant Growth Regulators 32: 41-47.
119. Sasaki Y, Fushimi H, Hui C, Shao Qing C and Komatsu K (2002) Sequence analysis of Chinese and Japanese Curcuma drugs on the 18S rRNA genes and trnK gene and the application of amplification refractory mutation system analysis for their authentication. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 25: 1593-1599.
120. Sasikumar B (2001) Turmeric. In: Peter KV (ed.) Handbook of Herbs and Spices, Vol. 1. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, pp. 297-308.
121. Sasikumar B and Sardana S (1989) Genetic variability in turmeric. Journal of Hill Research 2: 187-191.
122. Sasikumar B, Ravindran PN and Johnson KG (1994) Breeding ginger and turmeric. Indian Cocoa, Arecanut & Spices Journal 18: 10-12.
123. Sasikumar B, Johnson KG, Zachariah TJ, Ratnambal MJ, Nirmal Babu K and Ravindran PN (1996) IISR Prabha and IISR Prathibha - two high yielding and high quality turmeric (C. longa L.) varieties. Journal of Spices & Aromatic Crops 5: 34-40.
124. Sasikumar B, Krishnamoorthy B, Johnson KG, Saji KV, Ravindran PN and Peter KV (1999) Biodiversity and conservation of major spices in India. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 118: 19-26.
125. Sasikumar B, Syamkumar S, Remya R and Zachariah TJ (2004) PCR based detection of adulteration in market samples of turmeric powder. Food Biotechnology 18: 299-306.
126. Shah NC (1997) Traditional uses of turmeric (C. longa L.) in India. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Science 19: 948-954.
127. Shamina A, Zachariah TJ, Sasikumar B and Johnson KG (1998) Biochemical variation in turmeric (C. longa) accessions based on isozyme polymorphism. Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 73: 479-483.
128. Shao ZM, Shen ZZ, Liu CH, Sartippour MR, Go VL, Heber D and Nguyen M (2002) Curcumin exerts multiple suppressive effects on human breast carcinoma cells. International Journal of Cancer 98: 234-240.
129. Sharma AK and Bhattacharyya NK (1959) Cytology of several members of Zingiberaceae. La Cellule 59: 197-346.
130. Sharma MC and Joshi C (2004) Plants used in skin diseases of animals. Natural Product Radiance 3: 293-299.
131. Sharma OP (1976) Antioxidant activity of curcumin and related compounds. Biochemical Pharmacology 25: 1811-1812.
132. Sharma RK, Misra BP, Sarma TC, Bordoloi AK, Pathak MG and Leclercq PA (1997) Essential oil of Curcuma longa from Bhutan. Journal of Essential Oil Research 9: 589-592.
133. Sharma SC, Mukhtar H, Sharma SK and Krishna Murtui CR (1972) Lipid peroxide formation in experimental inflammation. Biochemical Pharmacology 21: 1210-1214.
134. Sherlija KK, Remasree AB, Unnikrishnan K and Ravindran PN (1998) Comparative rhizome anatomy of four species of Curcuma. Journal of Spices & Aromatic Crops 7: 103-109.
135. Singh G, Singh OP, de Lampasona MP and Catalan C (2003) Curcuma amada Roxb. chemical composition of rhizome oil. Indian Perfumer 47: 143-148.
136. Sinha M, Mukherjee BP, Mukherjee B and Dasgupta SR (1974) Effect on the 5-hydoxytryptamine contents in guinea pig stomach with regulation in phenylbutazone induced gastic ulcers and the effect of curcumin thereon. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 6: 87-96.
137. Singh S and Aggarwal BB (1995) Activation of transcription factor NF-Kappa B is suppressed by curcumin (diferuloylmethane). Journal of Biological Chemistry 270: 24995-25000.
138. Sirat HM, Jamil S and Rahman AA (1997) Rhizome oil of C. ochrorhiza Val. Journal of Essential Oil Research 9: 351-353.
139. Sirat HM, Jamil S and Hussain J (1998) Essential oil of C. aeruginosa Roxb. from Malaysia. Journal of Essential Oil Research 10: 453-458.
140. Sirirugsa P and Newman M (2000) A new species of Curcuma L. (Zingiberaceae) from S.E. Asia. New Plantsman 7: 196-199.
141. Sopher DE (1964) Indigenous uses of turmeric (C. domestica) in Asia and Oceania. Anthropos 59: 93-127.
142. Sreeja, SG Molecular characterization of Curcuma species using RAPD markers. MSc (Biotech.) Thesis, Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, India.
143. Srihari Rao T, Basu N and Siddiqui HH (1982) Anti inflammatory activity of curcumin analogues. Indian Journal of Medical Research 75: 574-578.
144. Srimal RC and Dhawan BN (1985) Rhizoma Curcuma Longae. In: Arora BB (ed.) Development of Unani Drugs from Herbal Sources and the Role of Elements in their Mechanism of Action. New Delhi: Hamdard National Foundation Monograph.
145. Srinivas L, Shalini VK and Shylaja M (1992) Turmerin: a water-soluble antioxidant peptide from turmeric. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 292: 717.
146. Srivastava AK, Srivastava SK and Shah NC (2001) Constituents of rhizome essential oil of Curcuma amada Roxb. from India. Journal of Essential Oil Research 13: 63-66.
147. Srivastava R and Srimal RC (1985) Modification of certain inflammation induced biochemical changes by curcumin. Indian Journal of Medical Research 81: 215-223.
148. Srivastava R, Dikshit M, Srimal RC and Dhawan BN (1985) Anti thrombotic effect of curcumin. Thrombosis Research 40: 413-417.
149. Surh YJ (2002) Antitumor promoting potential of selected spice ingredients with antioxidants and anti inflammatory activities: a short review. Food and Chemical Toxicology 40: 1091-1097.
150. Surh YJ, Chun KS, Cha HH, Han SS, Keum YS, Park KK and Lee SS (2001) Molecular mechanism underlying chemo preventive activities of antiinflammatory phytochemicals: down regulation. Molecular Research 480: 243-268.
151. Suryanarayana P, Krishnaswamy K and Reddy GB (2003) Effect of curcumin on galactose induced cataractogenesis in rats. Molecular Vision 9: 223-230.
152. Thiyagarajan M and Sharma SS (2004) Neuroprotective effect of curcumin in middle cerebral artery occlusion induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Life Science 74: 969-985.
153. Thugnaigat AK, Bhargava MK, Chandrapuria VP, Pandey SK and Quadiri MA (2000) Efficacy of C. longa and Helianthus annus in tissue repair in calves - clinical and biochemical studies. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery 21: 76-78.
154. Tonnesen HH (1986) Chemistry, stability and analysis of curcumin and related component. Journal of Chromatography 259: 367-371.
155. Tripathi AK, Prajapati V, Verma N, Bahl JR, Bansal RP, Khanuja SPS and Kumar S (2001) Bioactivities of leaf essential oil of C. longa (Var. Ch-66) on three species of stored product beetles (Coleoptera). Journal of Economic Entomology 95: 183-189.
156. Tripathi S (2001) Curcuma prakasha sp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from North Eastern India. Nordic Journal of Botany 21: 549-550.
157. Unnikrishnan MK and Rao MN (1995) Inhibition of nitric-induced oxidation of haemoglobin by curcuminoids. Pharmazie 50: 490-492.
158. Vajragupta O, Boonchoong P, Watanabe H, Tohda M, Kummasud N and Sumanont Y (2003) Manganese complexes of curcumin and its derivatives, evaluation for the radical scavenging ability and pauroprotective activity. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 35: 1632-1644.
159. Valeton TH (1918) New notes on the Zingiberaceae of Java and Malaya. Bull. Jard. Buitenzorg Ser. II 27: 1-81.
160. Van Dau N, Ngoc Ham N, Huy Khac D, Thin Lam N, Tongson P, Thi Tan N, Due Van D, Dhalrgen S, Grabe M, Johansson R, Lindgren G and Stzernstrom N (1998) The effect of a traditional drug, turmeric and placebo on the healing of duodenal ulcer. Phytomedicine 5: 29-34.
161. Varghese J (1999) Curcuminoids, the magic dye of C. longa L. rhizome. Indian Spices 36: 19-26.
162. Varma SP, Golden BR and Lin PS (1998) The inhibition of the esterogenic effect of pesticides and environmental chemicals by curcumin and isoflavonoids. Environmental Health Perspectives 106: 807-813.
163. Velayudhan KC, Amalraj VA and Muralidharan VK (1996) The conspectus of the genus Curcuma in India. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 20: 345-382.
164. Velayudhan KC, Muralidharan VK, Amalraj VA, Gautam PL, Mandai S and Dinesh Kumar (1999) Curcuma Genetic Resources. Scientific Monograph No. 4. New Delhi: National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources.
165. Wang Y, Yan HW and Zou WM (1999) HPLC determination of three curcuminoid constituents in rhizoma Curcumae. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica 34: 467-470.
166. Wannakrairoj S (1997) Clonal propagation of 'patumma', Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep. Kasetsert Journal of Natural Science 31: 353-358.
167. Winner MA and Goldbatch HE (1999) A miniaturised curcumin method for estimation boron in solutions and biological samples. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 162: 15-19.
168. Wong KC, Chong TC and Chee SG (1999) Essential oil of C. mangga Val. and Van Zijp. rhizome. Journal of Essential Oil Research 11: 349-351.
169. Xiao XM, Xia WJ, Qin SY, Li JL, Fang QM, Shu GM and Su ZW (2001) Pattern of recognition of stereoscopic features of the leaves epidermis of medicinal Curcuma plants in China by image analysis. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 26: 523-528.
170. Yegnanarayan R, Saraf AP and Balwani JH (1976) Comparison of anti-inflammatory activity of various extracts of Curcuma longa (Linn.). Indian Journal of Medical Research 64: 601-608.
171. Zachariah TJ, Sasikumar B and Nirmal Babu K (1998) Diversity for quality components in ginger and turmeric germplasm and interaction with environment. In: Sasikumar B, Krishnamoorthy B, Rema J, Ravindran PN and Peter KV (eds) Proceedings of the Golden Jubilee National Symposium on Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Biodiversity, Conservation and Utilization. Kerala, Calicut: Indian Institute of Spices Research, pp. 116-120.
172. Zwaving JH and Bos R (1992) Analysis of essential oils of five Curcuma species. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 7: 19-22.