The role of the immune response during SIVagm infection of the African green monkey natural host

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 9, Issue , 2004, Pages 550-564

  Norley, Stephen ^a   Kurth, Reinhard ^a  

^a ROBERT KOCH INSTITUTE   (Germany)

Author keywords

African green monkey; AIDS; Immune response; Natural host; Pathogenesis; Review; Simian immunodeficiency virus; SIV

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY;

ANTIGEN ANTIBODY COMPLEX; CELLULAR IMMUNITY; CERCOPITHECIDAE; DISEASE MODEL; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; HYPOTHESIS; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; LYMPH NODE; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENICITY; REVIEW; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; T LYMPHOCYTE; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; VIRUS INFECTION; VIRUS LOAD; ANIMAL; CERCOPITHECUS; IMMUNOLOGY; MONKEY DISEASE; PHYSIOLOGY; VIROLOGY;

CERCOPITHECIDAE; CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; PRIMATES; SIMIAE; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

ANIMALS; CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS; SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; T-LYMPHOCYTES; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 2542429312     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/1219     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Peeters, M., V. Courgnaud, B. Abela, P. Auzel, X. Pourrut, F. Bibollet-Ruche, S. Loul, F. Liegeois, C. Butel, D. Koulagna, E. Mpoudi-Ngole, G. M. Shaw, B. H. Hahn & E. Delaporte: Risk to human health from a plethora of simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bushmeat. Emerg Infect Dis 8, 451-457 (2002)
2. Georges-Courbot, M. C., C. Y. Lu, M. Makuwa, P. Telfer, R. Onanga, G. Dubreuil, Z. Chen, S. M. Smith, A. Georges, F. Gao, B. H. Hahn & P. A. Marx: Natural infection of a household pet red-capped mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus torquatus) with a new simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 72, 600-608 (1998)
3. Hu, J., W. M. Switzer, B. T. Foley, D. L. Robertson, R. M. Goeken, B. T. Korber, V. M. Hirsch & B. E. Beer: Characterization and Comparison of Recombinant Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus) and Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) Isolates. J Virol 77, 4867-4880 (2003)
4. Clewley, J. P., J. C. Lewis, D. W. Brown & E. L. Gadsby: A novel simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVdrl) pol sequence from the drill monkey, Mandrillus leucophaeus. J Virol 72, 10305-10309 (1998)
5. Jin, M. J., J. Rogers, J. E. Phillips-Conroy, J. S. Allan, R. C. Desrosiers, G. M. Shaw, P. M. Sharp & B. H. Hahn: Infection of a yellow baboon with simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys: evidence for cross-species transmission in the wild. J Virol 68, 8454-8460 (1994)
6. Bibollet-Ruche, F., A. Galat-Luong, G. Cuny, P. Sarni-Manchado, G. Galat, J. P. Durand, X. Pourrut & F. Veas: Simian immunodeficiency virus infection in a patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas): evidence for cross-species transmission from African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) in the wild. J Gen Virol 77 (Pt 4), 773-781 (1996)
7. van Rensburg, E. J., S. Engelbrecht, J. Mwenda, J. D. Laten, B. A. Robson, T. Stander & G. K. Chege: Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) from eastern and southern Africa: detection of a SIVagm variant from a chacma baboon. J Gen Virol 79 (Pt 7), 1809-1814 (1998)
8. Jin, M. J., H. Hui, D. L. Robertson, M. C. Muller, F. Barre-Sinoussi, V. M. Hirsch, J. S. Allan, G. M. Shaw, P. M. Sharp & B. H. Hahn: Mosaic genome structure of simian immunodeficiency virus from west African green monkeys. Embo J 13, 2935-2947 (1994)
9. Beer, B. E., E. Bailes, G. Dapolito, B. J. Campbell, R. M. Goeken, M. K. Axthelm, P. D. Markham, J. Bernard, D. Zagury, G. Franchini, P. M. Sharp & V. M. Hirsch: Patterns of genomic sequence diversity among their simian immunodeficiency viruses suggest that L'Hoest monkeys (Cercopithecus lhoesti) are a natural lentivirus reservoir. J Virol 74, 3892-3898 (2000)
10. Barlow, K. L., A. O. Ajao & J. P. Clewley: Characterization of a Novel Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIVmonNG1) Genome Sequence from a Mona Monkey (Cercopithecus mona). J Virol 77, 6879-6888 (2003)
11. Peeters, M., C. Honore, T. Huet, L. Bedjabaga, S. Ossari, P. Bussi, R. W. Cooper & E. Delaporte: Isolation and partial characterization of an HIV-related virus occurring naturally in chimpanzees in Gabon. Aids 3, 625-630 (1989)
12. Peeters, M., K. Fransen, E. Delaporte, M. Van den Haesevelde, G. M. Gershy-Damet, L. Kestens, G. van der Groen & P. Piot: Isolation and characterization of a new chimpanzee lentivirus (simian immunodeficiency virus isolate cpz-ant) from a wild-captured chimpanzee. Aids 6, 447-451 (1992)
13. Santiago, M. L., F. Bibollet-Ruche, E. Bailes, S. Kamenya, M. N. Muller, M. Lukasik, A. E. Pusey, D. A. Collins, R. W. Wrangham, J. Goodall, G. M. Shaw, P. M. Sharp & B. H. Hahn: Amplification of a complete simian immunodeficiency virus genome from fecal RNA of a wild chimpanzee. J Virol 77, 2233-2242 (2003)
14. Gao, F., E. Bailes, D. L. Robertson, Y. Chen, C. M. Rodenburg, S. F. Michael, L. B. Cummins, L. O. Arthur, M. Peeters, G. M. Shaw, P. M. Sharp & B. H. Hahn: Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature 397, 436-441 (1999)
15. Hahn, B. H., G. M. Shaw, K. M. De Cock & P. M. Sharp: AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science 287, 607-614 (2000)
16. Phillips-Conroy, J. E., C. J. Jolly, B. Petros, J. S. Allan & R. C. Desrosiers: Sexual transmission of SIVagm in wild grivet monkeys. J Med Primatol 23, 1-7 (1994)
17. Hirsch, V. M., R. A. Olmsted, M. Murphey-Corb, R. H. Purcell & P. R. Johnson: An African primate lentivirus (SIVsm) closely related to HIV-2. Nature 339, 389-392 (1989)
18. Jurkiewicz, E., G. Hunsmann, M. Hayami, Y. Ohta, H. Schmitz & J. Schneider: Serological and structural comparison of immunodeficiency viruses from man, African green monkey, rhesus monkey and sooty mangabey. Z Naturforsch [C] 43, 449-454 (1988)
19. Daniel, M. D., Y. Li, Y. M. Naidu, P. J. Durda, D. K. Schmidt, C. D. Troup, D. P. Silva, J. J. MacKey, H. W. Kestler, 3rd, P. K. Sehgal, N. W. King, Y. Ohta, M. Hayami & R. C. Desrosiers: Simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys. J Virol 62, 4123-4128 (1988)
20. Fukasawa, M., T. Miura, A. Hasegawa, S. Morikawa, H. Tsujimoto, K. Miki, T. Kitamura & M. Hayami: Sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey, a new member of the HIV/SIV group. Nature 333, 457-461 (1988)
21. Kraus, G., A. Werner, M. Baier, D. Binniger, F. J. Ferdinand, S. Norley & R. Kurth: Isolation of human immunodeficiency virus-related simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86, 2892-2896 (1989)
22. Allan, J. S., M. Short, M. E. Taylor, S. Su, V. M. Hirsch, P. R. Johnson, G. M. Shaw & B. H. Hahn: Species-specific diversity among simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys. J Virol 65, 2816-2828 (1991)
23. Bibollet-Ruche, F., C. Brengues, A. Galat-Luong, G. Galat, X. Pourrut, N. Vidai, F. Veas, J. P. Durand & G. Cuny: Genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency viruses from West African green monkeys: evidence of multiple genotypes within populations from the same geographical locale. J Virol 71, 307-313 (1997)
24. Kestler, H. W., 3rd, D. J. Ringler, K. Mori, D. L. Panicali, P. K. Sehgal, M. D. Daniel & R. C. Desrosiers: Importance of the nef gene for maintenance of high virus loads and for development of AIDS. Cell 65, 651-662 (1991)
25. Johnson, P. R., S. Goldstein, W. T. London, A. Fomsgaard & V. M. Hirsch: Molecular clones of SIVsm and SIVagm: experimental infection of macaques and African green monkeys. J Med Primatol 19, 279-286 (1990)
26. Hirsch, V., D. Adger-Johnson, B. Campbell, S. Goldstein, C. Brown, W. R. Elkins & D. C. Montefiori: A molecularly cloned, pathogenic, neutralization-resistant simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVsmE543-3. J Virol 71, 1608-1620 (1997)
27. Kaur, A., J. Yang, D. Hempel, L. Gritz, G. P. Mazzara, H. McClure & R. P. Johnson: Identification of multiple simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CTL epitopes in sooty mangabeys with natural and experimentally acquired SIV infection. J Immunol 164, 934-943 (2000)
28. Hirsch, V. M., G. Dapolito, P. R. Johnson, W. R. Elkins, W. T. London, R. J. Montali, S. Goldstein & C. Brown: Induction of AIDS by simian immunodeficiency virus from an African green monkey: species-specific variation in pathogenicity correlates with the extent of in vivo replication. J Virol 69, 955-967 (1995)
29. Dehghani, H., C. R. Brown, R. Plishka, A. Buckler-White & V. M. Hirsch: The ITAM in Nef influences acute pathogenesis of AIDS-inducing simian immunodeficiency viruses SIVsm and SIVagm without altering kinetics or extent of viremia. J Virol 76, 4379-4389 (2002)
30. Manns, A., H. Konig, M. Baier, R. Kurth & F. Grosse: Fidelity of reverse transcriptase of the simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkey. Nucleic Acids Res 19, 533-537 (1991)
31. Baier, M., M. T. Dittmar, K. Cichutek & R. Kurth: Development of vivo of genetic variability of simian immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88, 8126-8130 (1991)
32. Muller-Trutwin, M. C., S. Corbet, M. D. Tavares, V. M. Herve, E. Nerrienet, M. C. Georges-Courbot, W. Saurin, P. Sonigo & F. Barre-Sinoussi: The evolutionary rate of nonpathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm) is in agreement with a rapid and continuous replication in vivo. Virology 223, 89-102 (1996)
33. Rey-Cuille, M. A., J. L. Berthier, M. C. Bomsel-Demontoy, Y. Chaduc, L. Montagnier, A. G. Hovanessian & L. A. Chakrabarti: Simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in sooty mangabeys without inducing disease. J Virol 72, 3872-3886 (1998)
34. Norley, S. G., G. Kraus, J. Ennen, J. Bonilla, H. Konig & R. Kurth: Immunological studies of the basis for the apathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87, 9067-9071 (1990)
35. Chen, Z., P. Zhou, D. D. Ho, N. R. Landau & P. A. Marx: Genetically divergent strains of simian immunodeficiency virus use CCR5 as a coreceptor for entry. J Virol 71, 2705-2714 (1997)
36. Edinger, A. L., J. E. Clements & R. W. Doms: Chemokine and orphan receptors in HIV-2 and SIV tropism and pathogenesis. Virology 260, 211-221 (1999)
37. Konig, R. R., E. Flory, S. Steidl, J. Neumann, C. Coulibaly, E. Holznagel, S. Holzammer, S. Norley & K. Cichutek: Engineered CD4- and CXCR4-using simian immunodeficiency virus from African green monkeys is neutralization sensitive and replicates in nonstimulated lymphocytes. J Virol 76, 10627-10636 (2002)
38. Owen, S. M., S. Masciotra, F. Novembre, J. Yee, W. M. Switzer, M. Ostyula & R. B. Lal: Simian immunodeficiency viruses of diverse origin can use CXCR4 as a coreceptor for entry into human cells. J Virol 74, 5702-5708 (2000)
39. Siegel, F., S. Norley, S. Hartung & R. Kurth: B-cell epitope mapping of the entire SIVagm envelope glycoprotein including fine mapping of immunogenic regions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 5, 583-590 (1992)
40. Gicheru, M. M., M. Otsyula, P. Spearman, B. S. Graham, C. J. Miller, H. L. Robinson, N. L. Haigwood & D. C. Montefiori: Neutralizing antibody responses in Africa green monkeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm). J Med Primatol 28, 97-104 (1999)
41. Werner, A., G. Winskowsky & R. Kurth: Soluble CD4 enhances simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm infection. J Virol 64, 6252-6256 (1990)
42. Allan, J. S., J. Strauss & D. W. Buck: Enhancement of SIV infection with soluble receptor molecules. Science 247, 1084-1088 (1990)
43. Siegel, F., R. Kurth & S. Norley: Neither whole inactivated virus immunogen nor passive immunoglobulin transfer protects against SIVagm infection in the African green monkey natural host. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 8, 217-226 (1995)
44. Norley, S. G., U. Mikschy, A. Werner, S. Staszewski, E. B. Helm & R. Kurth: Demonstration of cross-reactive antibodies able to elicit lysis of both HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected cells. J Immunol 145, 1700-1705 (1990)
45. Vogel, T. U., B. E. Beer, J. zur Megede, H. G. Ihlenfeldt, G. Jung, S. Holzammer, D. I. Watkins, J. D. Altman, R. Kurth & S. Norley: Induction of anti-simian immunodeficiency virus cellular and humoral immune responses in rhesus macaques by peptide immunogens: correlation of CTL activity and reduction of cell-associated but not plasma virus load following challenge. J Gen Virol 83, 81-91 (2002)
46. Borrow, P., H. Lewicki, X. Wei, M. S. Horwitz, N. Peffer, H. Meyers, J. A. Nelson, J. E. Gairin, B. H. Hahn, M. B. Oldstone & G. M. Shaw: Antiviral pressure exerted by HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during primary infection demonstrated by rapid selection of CTL escape virus. Nat Med 3, 205-211 (1997)
47. Kuroda, M. J., J. E. Schmitz, D. H. Barouch, A. Craiu, T. M. Allen, A. Sette, D. I. Watkins, M. A. Forman & N. L. Letvin: Analysis of Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys by cell staining with a tetrameric major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide complex. J Exp Med 187, 1373-1381 (1998)
48. Kuroda, M. J., J. E. Schmitz, W. A. Charini, C. E. Nickerson, C. I. Lord, M. A. Forman & N. L. Letvin: Comparative analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in lymph nodes and peripheral blood of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. J Virol 73, 1573-1579 (1999)
49. Larsson, M., X. Jin, B. Ramratnam, G. S. Ogg, J. Engelmayer, M. A. Demoitie, A. J. McMichael, W. I. Cox, R. M. Steinman, D. Nixon & N. Bhardwaj: A recombinant vaccinia virus based ELISPOT assay detects high frequencies of Pol-specific CD8 T cells in HIV-1-positive individuals. Aids 13, 161-111 (1999)
50. Jordan, H. L., M. J. Kuroda, J. E. Schmitz, T. Steenbeke, M. A. Forman & N. L. Letvin: Detection of simian immunodeficiency virus Gag-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes in semen of chronically infected rhesus monkeys by cell staining with a tetrameric major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide complex. J Virol 73, 4508-4512 (1999)
51. Kaur, A., R. M. Grant, R. E. Means, H. McClure, M. Feinberg & R. P. Johnson: Diverse host responses and outcomes following simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac239 infection in sooty mangabeys and rhesus macaques. J Virol 72, 9597-9611 (1998)
52. Holznagel, E., S. Norley, S. Holzammer, C. Coulibaly & R. Kurth: Immunological changes in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV(agm))-infected African green monkeys (AGM): expanded cytotoxic T lymphocyte, natural killer and B cell subsets in the natural host of SIV(agm). J Gen Virol 83, 631-640 (2002)
53. Ennen, J., H. Findeklee, M. T. Dittmar, S. Norley, M. Ernst & R. Kurth: CD8+ T lymphocytes of African green monkeys secrete an immunodeficiency virus-suppressing lymphokine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 7207-7211 (1994)
54. Murayama, Y., A. Amano, R. Mukai, H. Shibata, S. Matsunaga, H. Takahashi, Y. Yoshikawa, M. Hayami & A. Noguchi: CD4 and CD8 expressions in African green monkey helper T lymphocytes: implication for resistance to SIV infection. Int Immunol 9, 843-851 (1997)
55. Beer, B., J. Denner, C. R. Brown, S. Norley, J. zur Megede, C. Coulibaly, R. Plesker, S. Holzammer, M. Baier, V. M. Hirsch & R. Kurth: Simian immunodeficiency virus of African green monkeys is apathogenic in the newborn natural host. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 18, 210-220 (1998)
56. Baier, M., A. Werner, N. Bannert, K. Metzner & R. Kurth: HIV suppression by interleukin-16. Nature 378, 563 (1995)
57. Baier, M., N. Bannert, A. Werner, K. Lang & R. Kurth: Molecular cloning, sequence, expression, and processing of the interleukin 16 precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94, 5273-5277 (1997)
58. Bannert, N., H. S. Adler, A. Werner, M. Baier & R. Kurth: Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of interleukin 16 from nonhuman primates and from the mouse. Immunogenetics 47, 390-397 (1998)
59. Baba, T. W., Y. S. Jeong, D. Pennick, R. Bronson, M. F. Greene & R. M. Ruprecht: Pathogenicity of live, attenuated SIV after mucosal infection of neonatal macaques. Science 267, 1820-1825 (1995)
60. Hartung, S., K. Boller, K. Cichutek, S. G. Norley & R. Kurth: Quantitation of a lentivirus in its natural host: simian immunodeficiency virus in African green monkeys. J Virol 66, 2143-2149 (1992)
61. Beer, B., J. Scherer, J. zur Megede, S. Norley, M. Baier & R. Kurth: Lack of dichotomy between virus load of peripheral blood and lymph nodes during long-term simian immunodeficiency virus infection of African green monkeys. Virology 219, 367-375 (1996)
62. Pantaleo, G., C. Graziosi, J. F. Demarest, L. Butini, M. Montroni, C. H. Fox, J. M. Orenstein, D. P. Kotler & A. S. Fauci: HIV infection is active and progressive in lymphoid tissue during the clinically latent stage of disease. Nature 362, 355-358 (1993)
63. Embretson, J., M. Zupancic, J. L. Ribas, A. Burke, P. Racz, K. Tenner-Racz & A. T. Haase: Massive covert infection of helper T lymphocytes and macrophages by HIV during the incubation period of AIDS. Nature 362, 359-362 (1993)
64. Mellors, J. W., C. R. Rinaldo, Jr., P. Gupta, R. M. White, J. A. Todd & L. A. Kingsley: Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 272, 1167-1170 (1996)
65. Ten Haaft, P., B. Verstrepen, K. Uberla, B. Rosenwirth & J. Heeney: A pathogenic threshold of virus load defined in simian immunodeficiency virus- or simian-human immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques. J Virol 72, 10281-10285 (1998)
66. Stanley, S., M. A. Ostrowski, J. S. Justement, K. Gantt, S. Hedayati, M. Mannix, K. Roche, D. J. Schwartzentruber, C. H. Fox & A. S. Fauci: Effect of immunization with a common recall antigen on viral expression in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. N Engl J Med 334, 1222-1230 (1996)
67. Ostrowski, M. A., S. K. Stanley, J. S. Justement, K. Gantt, D. Goletti & A. S. Fauci: Increased in vitro tetanus-induced production of HIV type 1 following in vivo immunization of HIV type 1-infected individuals with tetanus toxoid. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 13, 473-480 (1997)
68. Ostrowski, M. A., D. C. Krakauer, Y. Li, S. J. Justement, G. Learn, L. A. Ehler, S. K. Stanley, M. Nowak & A. S. Fauci: Effect of immune activation on the dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus replication and on the distribution of viral quasispecies. J Virol 72, 7772-7784 (1998)
69. Holzammer, S., E. Holznagel, A. Kaul, R. Kurth & S. Norley: High virus loads in naturally and experimentally SIVagm-infected African green monkeys. Virology 283, 324-331 (2001)
70. Wei, X., S. K. Ghosh, M. E. Taylor, V. A. Johnson, E. A. Emini, P. Deutsch, J. D. Lifson, S. Bonhoeffer, M. A. Nowak, B. H. Hahn, M. S. Saag & G. M. Shaw: Viral dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Nature 373, 117-122 (1995)
71. Piatak, M., Jr., M. S. Saag, L. C. Yang, S. J. Clark, J. C. Kappes, K. C. Luk, B. H. Hahn, G. M. Shaw & J. D. Lifson: High levels of HIV-1 in plasma during all stages of infection determined by competitive PCR. Science 259, 1749-1754 (1993)
72. Bagnarelli, P., S. Menzo, A. Valenza, A. Manzin, M. Giacca, F. Ancarani, G. Scalise, P. E. Varaldo & M. Clementi: Molecular profile of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in symptomless patients and in patients with AIDS. J Virol 66, 7328-7335 (1992)
73. Lewin, S. R., M. Vesanen, L. Kostrikis, A. Hurley, M. Duran, L. Zhang, D. D. Ho & M. Markowitz: Use of real-time PCR and molecular beacons to detect virus replication in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals on prolonged effective antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 73, 6099-6103 (1999)
74. Cozzi Lepri, A., T. L. Katzenstein, H. Ullum, A. N. Phillips, P. Skinhoj, J. Gerstoft & B. K. Pedersen: The relative prognostic value of plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4 lymphocyte counts in advanced HIV infection. Aids 12, 1639-1643 (1998)
75. Ho, D. D., A. U. Neumann, A. S. Perelson, W. Chen, J. M. Leonard & M. Markowitz: Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 373, 123-126 (1995)
76. Broussard, S. R., S. I. Staprans, R. White, E. M. Whitehead, M. B. Feinberg & J. S. Allan: Simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in naturally infected African green monkeys without inducing immunologic or neurologic disease. J Virol 75, 2262-2275 (2001)
77. Goldstein, S., I. Ourmanov, C. R. Brown, B. E. Beer, W. R. Elkins, R. Plishka, A. Buckler-White & V. M. Hirsch: Wide range of viral load in healthy african green monkeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 74, 11744-11753 (2000)
78. Diop, O. M., A. Gueye, M. Dias-Tavares, C. Kornfeld, A. Faye, P. Ave, M. Huerre, S. Corbet, F. Barre-Sinoussi & M. C. Muller-Trutwin: High levels of viral replication during primary simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm infection are rapidly and strongly controlled in African green monkeys. J Virol 74, 7538-7547 (2000)
79. Onanga, R., C. Kornfeld, I. Pandrea, J. Estaquier, S. Souquiere, P. Rouquet, V. P. Mavoungou, O. Bourry, S. M'Boup, F. Barre-Sinoussi, F. Simon, C. Apetrei, P. Roques & M. C. Muller-Trutwin: High levels of viral replication contrast with only transient changes in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell numbers during the early phase of experimental infection with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmnd-1 in Mandrillus sphinx. J Virol 76, 10256-10263 (2002)
80. Hazenberg, M. D., D. Hamann, H. Schuitemaker & F. Miedema: T cell depletion in HIV-1 infection: how CD4+ T cells go out of stock. Nat Immunol 1, 285-289 (2000)
81. Hazenberg, M. D., J. W. Stuart, S. A. Otto, J. C. Borleffs, C. A. Boucher, R. J. de Boer, F. Miedema & D. Hamann: T-cell division in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is mainly due to immune activation: a longitudinal analysis in patients before and during highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Blood 95, 249-255 (2000)
82. Chakrabarti, L. A., S. R. Lewin, L. Zhang, A. Gettie, A. Luckay, L. N. Martin, E. Skulsky, D. D. Ho, C. Cheng-Mayer & P. A. Marx: Normal T-cell turnover in sooty mangabeys harboring active simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 74, 1209-1223 (2000)
83. Bostik, P., A. E. Mayne, F. Villinger, K. P. Greenberg, J. D. Powell & A. A. Ansari: Relative resistance in the development of T cell anergy in CD4+ T cells from simian immunodeficiency virus disease-resistant sooty mangabeys. J Immunol 166, 506-516 (2001)
84. Silvestri, G., D. L. Sodora, R. A. Koup, M. Paiardini, S. P. O'Neil, H. M. McClure, S. I. Staprans & M. B. Feinberg: Nonpathogenic SIV infection of sooty mangabeys is characterized by limited bystander immunopathology despite chronic high-level viremia. Immunity 18, 441-452 (2003)
85. Tsujimoto, H., R. W. Cooper, T. Kodama, M. Fukasawa, T. Miura, Y. Ohta, K. Ishikawa, M. Nakai, E. Frost, G. E. Roelants, J. Roffi & M. Hayami: Isolation and characterization of simian immunodeficiency virus from mandrills in Africa and its relationship to other human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. J Virol 62, 4044-4050 (1988)
86. Emau, P., H. M. McClure, M. Isahakia, J. G. Else & P. N. Fultz: Isolation from African Sykes' monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) of a lentivirus related to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. J Virol 65, 2135-2140 (1991)
87. Beer, B. E., B. T. Foley, C. L. Kuiken, Z. Tooze, R. M. Goeken, C. R. Brown, J. Hu, M. St Claire, B. T. Korber & V. M. Hirsch: Characterization of novel simian immunodeficiency viruses from red-capped mangabeys from Nigeria (SIVrcmNG409 and -NG411). J Virol 75, 12014-12027 (2001)
88. Beer, B. E., E. Bailes, R. Goeken, G. Dapolito, C. Coulibaly, S. G. Norley, R. Kurth, J. P. Gautier, A. Gautier-Hion, D. Vallet, P. M. Sharp & V. M. Hirsch: Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from sun-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus solatus): evidence for host-dependent evolution of SIV within the C. lhoesti superspecies. J Virol 73, 7734-7744 (1999)
89. Schmitz, J., J. van Lunzen, K. Tenner-Racz, G. Grossschupff, P. Racz, H. Schmitz, M. Dietrich & F. T. Hufert: Follicular dendritic cells retain HIV-1 particles on their plasma membrane, but are not productively infected in asymptomatic patients with follicular hyperplasia. J Immunol 153, 1352-1359 (1994)
90. Courgnaud, V., X. Pourrut, F. Bibollet-Ruche, E. Mpoudi-Ngole, A. Bourgeois, E. Delaporte & M. Peeters: Characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus from guereza colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza) in Cameroon: a new lineage in the nonhuman primate lentivirus family. J Virol 75, 857-866 (2001)
91. Courgnaud, V., M. Salemi, X. Pourrut, E. Mpoudi-Ngole, B. Abela, P. Auzel, F. Bibollet-Ruche, B. Hahn, A. M. Vandamme, E. Delaporte & M. Peeters: Characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus with a vpu gene from greater spot-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans) provides new insights into simian/human immunodeficiency virus phylogeny. J Virol 76, 8298-8309 (2002)
92. Courgnaud, V., P. Formenty, C. Akoua-Koffi, R. Noe, C. Boesch, E. Delaporte & M. Peeters: Partial molecular characterization of two simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) from African colobids: SIVwrc from Western red colobus (Piliocolobus badius) and SIVolc from olive colobus (Procolobus verus). J Virol 77, 744-748 (2003)
93. Pandrea, I., R. Onanga, P. Rouquet, O. Bourry, P. Ngari, E. J. Wickings, P. Roques & C. Apetrei: Chronic SIV infection ultimately causes immunodeficiency in African non-human primates. Aids 15, 2461-2462 (2001)
94. Chakrabarti, L. A., S. R. Lewin, L. Zhang, A. Gettie, A. Luckay, L. N. Martin, E. Skulsky, D. D. Ho, C. Cheng-Mayer & P. A. Marx: Age-dependent changes in T cell homeostasis and SIV load in sooty mangabeys. J Med Primatol 29, 158-165 (2000)
95. Novembre, F. J., M. Saucier, D. C. Anderson, S. A. Klumpp, S. P. O'Neil, C. R. Brown, 2nd, C. E. Hart, P. C. Guenthner, R. B. Swenson & H. M. McClure: Development of AIDS in a chimpanzee infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 71, 4086-4091 (1997)
96. Bailes, E., F. Gao, F. Bibollet-Ruche, V. Courgnaud, M. Peeters, P. A. Marx, B. H. Hahn & P. M. Sharp: Hybrid origin of SIV in chimpanzees. Science 300, 1713 (2003)