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We thank M. Bentsen for model development, P. Rhines for commenting on the paper; M. Miles for language editing, and S. Häkkinen for the extended gyre index in Fig. 2A, based on altimetry. The work is supported by the Nordic Council of Ministers program Vestnordisk Oceanklima; the Ocean Surface Topography Science Team of NASA; the Research Council of Norway through RegClim, NOClim, and the Program of Supercomputing; and the European Union DG-XII Climate and Environment Program through DYNAMITE (GOCE-0093903) and NOCES (EVK2-2001-00115).
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