Irregular cycles and steroid hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome

Human Reproduction

Volumn 20, Issue 9, 2005, Pages 2402-2408

  Doi, Suhail A R ^a,d   Al Zaid, Mona ^b   Towers, Philip A ^c   Scott, Christopher J ^c   Al Shoumer, Kamal A S ^a  

^a KUWAIT UNIVERSITY   (Kuwait)

^b MUBARAK AL KABEER HOSPITAL   (Kuwait)

^c CHARLES STURT UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^d NONE   (Kuwait)

Author keywords

Estradiol; Ovulation; Polycystic ovaries; Progesterone

Indexed keywords

ESTRADIOL; PROGESTERONE; STEROID HORMONE;

ADULT; ANOVULATION; ARTICLE; BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMALE; FOLLICULAR PHASE; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HUMAN; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITY; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; STATISTICAL MODEL;

EID: 24044524970     PISSN: 02681161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei093     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Adams J, Polson DW and Franks S (1986) Prevalence of polycystic ovaries in women with anovulation and idiopathic hirsutism. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 293,355-359.
2. Adams JM, Taylor AE, Crowley WF Jr and Hall JE (2004) Polycystic ovarian morphology with regular ovulatory cycles: Insights into the pathophysiology of polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89, 4343-4350.
3. Ali Hassan H, El-Gezeiry D and Nafaa TM (2001) Improved responsiveness of PCOS patients to clomiphene after CYP17a inhibitor. J Assist Reprod Genet 18,608-611.
4. Amer SA, Li TC and Ledger WL (2004) Ovulation induction using laparoscopic ovarian drilling in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: predictors of success. Hum Reprod 19,1719-1724.
5. Andreani CL, Pierro E, Lazzarin N, Lanzone A, Caruso A and Mancuso S (1996) Effect of follicular fluid on granulosa luteal cells from polycystic ovary. Hum Reprod 11,2107-2113.
6. Arroyo A, Laughlin GA, Morales AJ and Yen SS (1997) Inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome: Influence of adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82,3728-3733.
7. Batista MC, Cartledge TP, Zellmer AW, Nieman LK, Merriam GR and Loriaux DL (1992) Evidence for a critical role of progesterone in the regulation of the midcycle gonadotropin surge and ovulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74,565-570.
8. Buffet NC and Bouchard P (2001) The neuroendocrine regulation of the human ovarian cycle. Chronobiol Int 18,893-919.
9. Campbell PJ and Gerich JE (1990) Impact of obesity on insulin action in volunteers with normal glucose tolerance: Demonstration of a threshold for the adverse effect of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70,1114-1118.
10. Carmina E and Lobo RA (1999) Do hyperandrogenic women with normal menses have polycystic ovary syndrome? Fertil Steril 71,319-322.
11. Carmina E and Lobo RA (2001) Polycystic ovaries in hirsute women with normal menses. Am J Med 111,602-606.
12. Chabbert-Buffeta N, Skinner DC, Caraty A and Bouchard P (2000) Neuroendocrine effects of progesterone. Steroids 65,613-620.
13. De Geyter C, De Geyter M, Huber PR, Nieschlag E and Holzgreve W (2002) Progesterone serum levels during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle originate from the crosstalk between the ovaries and the adrenal cortex. Hum Reprod 17,933-939.
14. Derksen J, Moolenaar AJ, Van Seters AP and Kock DF (1993) Semiquantitative assessment of hirsutism in Dutch women. Br J Dermatol 128, 259-263.
15. Devoto E, Aravena L and Gaete X (1998) [Has oligomenorrhea a pathological meaning? The importance of this symptom in internal medicine]. Rev Med Chil 126,943-951.
16. Doi SA, Towers PA, Scott CJ and Al-Shoumer KA (2005) PCOS: An ovarian disorder that leads to dysregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 118,4-16.
17. Doldi N, Gessi A, Destefani A, Calzi F and Ferrari A (1998) Polycystic ovary syndrome: Anomalies in progesterone production. Hum Reprod 13,290-293.
18. Duleba AJ, Banaszewska B, Spaczynski RZ and Pawelczyk L (2003) Success of laparoscopic ovarian wedge resection is related to obesity, lipid profile, and insulin levels. Fertil Steril 79,1008-1014.
19. Eagleson CA, Gingrich MB, Pastor CL, Arora TK, Burt CM, Evans WS and Marshall JC (2000) Polycystic ovarian syndrome: Evidence that flutamide restores sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85,4047-4052.
20. Ehrmann DA, Schneider DJ, Sobel BE, Cavaghan MK, Imperial J, Rosenfield RL and Polonsky KS (1997) Troglitazone improves defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82,2108-2116.
21. Erickson GF, Magoffin DA, Garzo VG, Cheung AP and Chang RJ (1992) Granulosa cells of polycystic ovaries: Are they normal or abnormal? Hum Reprod 7,293-299.
22. Escobar-Morreale HF, Serrano-Gotarredona J, Garcia-Robles R, Sancho J and Varela C (1997) Mild adrenal and ovarian steroidogenic abnormalities in hirsute women without hyperandrogenemia: Does idiopathic hirsutism exist? Metabolism 46,902-907.
23. Fauser BC, Pache TD, Lamberts SW, Hop WC, de Jong FH and Dahl KD (1991) Serum bioactive and immunoreactive luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels in women with cycle abnormalities, with or without polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73, 811-817.
24. Ferriman D and Gallwey JD (1961) Clinical assessment of body hair growth in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 21,1440-1447.
25. Ficicioglu C, Api M and Ozden S (1996) The number of follicles and ovarian volume in the assessment of response to clomiphene citrate treatment in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 75,917-921.
26. Fisher SA, Reid RL, Van Vugt DA and Casper RF (2002) A randomized double-blind comparison of the effects of clomiphene citrate and the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovulatory function in normal women. Fertil Steril 78,280-285.
27. Franks S, Mason H and Willis D (2000) Follicular dynamics in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 163,49-52.
28. Furuhashi M, Suganuma N and Nishimori K (2002) Successful pregnancy in a patient having high basal serum levels of sex steroid hormones. Arch Gynecol Obstet 267,46-48.
29. Gebre-Medhin G, Husebye ES, Mallmin H, Helstrom L, Berne C, Karlsson FA and Kampe O (2000) Oral dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) replacement therapy in women with Addison's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52,775-780.
30. Gilling-Smith C, Willis DS, Beard RW and Franks S (1994) Hypersecretion of androstenedione by isolated thecal cells from polycystic ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79,1158-1165.
31. Gjonnaess H (1994) Ovarian electrocautery in the treatment of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Factors affecting the results. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 73,407-412.
32. Graham JD and Clarke CL (1997) Physiological action of progesterone in target tissues. Endocr Rev 18,502-519.
33. Greenblatt E and Casper RF (1987) Endocrine changes after laparoscopic ovarian cautery in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156,279-285.
34. Haddad PF (1984) Anovulatory infertility. J Obstet Gynaecol 4,S44-S48.
35. Hasegawa I, Murakawa H, Suzuki M, Yamamoto Y, Kurabayashi T and Tanaka K (1999) Effect of troglitazone on endocrine and ovulatory performance in women with insulin resistance-related polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 71,323-327.
36. Ibanez L, Valls C, Ferrer A, Marcos MV, Rodriguez-Hierro F and de Zegher F (2001) Sensitization to insulin induces ovulation in nonobese adolescents with anovulatory hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86, 3595-3598.
37. Ibanez L, Valls C, Ferrer A, Ong K, Dunger DB and De Zegher F (2002) Additive effects of insulin-sensitizing and anti-androgen treatment in young, nonobese women with hyperinsulinism, hyperandrogenism, dyslipidemia, and anovulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87,2870-2874.
38. Jahanfar S and Eden JA (1993) Idiopathic hirsutism or polycystic ovary syndrome? Aust NZ J Obstet Gynaecol 33,414-416.
39. Judd S, Terry A, Petrucco M and White G (1992) The source of pulsatile secretion of progesterone during the human follicular phase. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74,299-305.
40. Kirk SE, Dalkin AC, Yasin M, Haisenleder DJ and Marshall JC (1994) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency regulates expression of pituitary follistatin messenger ribonucleic acid: A mechanism for differential gonadotrope function. Endocrinology 135,876-880.
41. la Marca A, Morgante G, Paglia T, Ciotta L, Cianci A and De Leo V (1999) Effects of metformin on adrenal steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 72,985-989.
42. la Marca A, Morgante G, Palumbo M, Cianci A, Petraglia F and De Leo V (2002) Insulin-lowering treatment reduces aromatase activity in response to follicle-stimulating hormone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 78,1234-1239.
43. Legro RS, Ary BA, Paulson RJ, Stanczyk FZ and Sauer MV (1993) Premature luteinization as detected by elevated serum progesterone is associated with a higher pregnancy rate in donor oocyte in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod 8,1506-1511.
44. Legro RS, Driscoll D, Strauss JF 3rd, Fox J and Dunaif A (1998) Evidence for a genetic basis for hyperandrogenemia in polycystic ovary syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95,14956-14960.
45. Levy JC, Matthews DR and Hermans MP (1998) Correct homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) evaluation uses the computer program. Diabetes Care 21,2191-2192.
46. Li Q, Niwa K and Hunter MG (2004) Effects of 17beta-estradiol on in vitro maturation of pig oocytes in protein-free medium. J Reprod Dev 50, 305-313.
47. Lopez-Lopez E, Noguera MC, Fuente T, Parrilla JJ and Abad L (1987) Response to clomiphene citrate in the polycystic ovarian syndrome according to different LH/FSH ratios. Hum Reprod 2,635-638.
48. Loverro G, Lorusso F, De Pergola G, Nicolardi V, Mei L and Selvaggi L (2002) Clinical and endocrinological effects of 6 months of metformin treatment in young hyperinsulinemic patients affected by polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 16,217-224.
49. Malcolm CE and Cumming DC (2003) Does anovulation exist in eumenorrheic women? Obstet Gynecol 102,317-318.
50. Marshall JC, Dalkin AC, Haisenleder DJ, Paul SJ, Ortolano GA and Kelch RP (1991) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulses: Regulators of gonadotropin synthesis and ovulatory cycles. Recent Prog Horm Res,188-189. discussion.
51. Marshall JC, Dalkin AC, Haisenleder DJ, Griffin ML and Kelch RP (1992) GnRH pulses - the regulators of human reproduction. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 104,31-46.
52. Marshall JC, Eagleson CA and McCartney CR (2001) Hypothalamic dysfunction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 183,29-32.
53. Mather KJ, Kwan F and Corenblum B (2000) Hyperinsulinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome correlates with increased cardiovascular risk independent of obesity. Fertil Steril 73,150-156.
54. Mather KJ, Hunt AE, Steinberg HO et al. (2001) Repeatability characteristics of simple indices of insulin resistance: Implications for research applications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86,5457-5464.
55. Miller WL, Shafiee-Kermani F, Strahl BD and Huang HJ (2002) The nature of FSH induction by GnRH. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13,257-263.
56. Mitwally MF and Casper RF (2001) Use of an aromatase inhibitor for induction of ovulation in patients with an inadequate response to clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 75,305-309.
57. Mitwally MF and Casper RF (2002) Aromatase inhibition for ovarian stimulation: Future avenues for infertility management. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 14,255-263.
58. Nelson LR and Bulun SE (2001) Estrogen production and action. J Am Acad Dermatol 45,S116-S124.
59. Palter SF, Tavares AB, Hourvitz A, Veldhuis JD and Adashi EY (2001) Are estrogens of import to primate/human ovarian folliculogenesis? Endocr Rev 22,389-424.
60. Pasquali R, Gambineri A, Biscotti D, Vicennati V, Gagliardi L, Colitta D, Fiorini S, Cognigni GE, Filicori M and Morselli-Labate AM (2000) Effect of long-term treatment with metformin added to hypocaloric diet on body composition, fat distribution, and androgen and insulin levels in abdominally obese women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85,2767-2774.
61. Pastor CL, Griffin-Korf ML, Aloi JA, Evans WS and Marshall JC (1998) Polycystic ovary syndrome: Evidence for reduced sensitivity of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator to inhibition by estradiol and progesterone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83,582-590.
62. Patel K, Coffler MS, Dahan MH, Malcom PJ, Deutsch R and Chang RJ (2004) Relationship of GnRH-stimulated LH release to episodic LH secretion and baseline endocrine-metabolic measures in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60,67-74.
63. Quon MJ (2001) Limitations of the fasting glucose to insulin ratio as an index of insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86,4615-4617.
64. Radziuk J (2000) Insulin sensitivity and its measurement: Structural commonalities among the methods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85,4426-4433.
65. Richardson DW, Gordon K, Billiar RB and Little AB (1992) Chronic hyperestrogenemia: Lack of positive feedback action on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-induced luteinizing hormone release and dual site of negative feedback action. Endocrinology 130,1090-1096.
66. Sattar N, Hopkinson ZE and Greer IA (1998) Insulin-sensitising agents in polycystic-ovary syndrome. Lancet 351,305-307.
67. Schoemaker J, Wentz AC, Jones GS, Dubin NH and Sapp KC (1978) Stimulation of follicular growth with "pure" FSH in patients with anovulation and elevated LH levels. Obstet Gynecol 51,270-277.
68. Seli E and Duleba AJ (2002) Should patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome be treated with metformin? Hum Reprod 17,2230-2236.
69. Shulman A, Ghetler Y, Beyth Y and Ben-Nun I (1996) The significance of an early (premature) rise of plasma progesterone in in vitro fertilization cycles induced by a "long protocol" of gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue and human menopausal gonadotropins. J Assist Reprod Genet 13,207-211.
70. van Wely M, Bayram N, van der Veen F and Bossuyt PM (2005) Predictors for treatment failure after laparoscopic electrocautery of the ovaries in women with clomiphene citrate resistant polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod.
71. Vicino M, Loverro G, Bettocchi S, Simonetti S, Mei L and Selvaggi L (2000) Predictive value of serum androstenedione basal levels on the choice of gonadotropin or laparoscopic ovarian electrocautery as ovulation induction in clomiphene citrate-resistant patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 14,42-49.